In the late Northern Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian had a great influence on the poetic world. Many poets followed and imitated Huang Tingjian, and gradually formed a poetic school centered on Huang Tingjian. When he was in Song Huizong, Lu Benzhong wrote the Sect Map of Jiangxi Poetry Society, and respected Huang Tingjian as the ancestor of poetry school. The following Chen Shidao, Pan Dalin, Xie Yi, Hong Chu, Rao Jie, Monk Zuke, Xu Fu, Hong Peng, Lin Minxiu, Hong Yan, Wang Ge, Li Ke, Han Ju, Li Peng, Chao Chongzhi, Jiang Duanben and Yang Fu. It is believed that these poets are in the same strain as Huang Tingjian. Not all the poets are from Jiangxi. Later, Lv Benzhong, Zeng Yi and Chen Yuyi were classified as Jiangxi Poetry School. Later, Hong Zeng, Zeng Si and others were added to Jiangxi Poetry School.
artistic style
most of the members of the poetry school are Du Fu, a mathematician. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Fang Hui called Du Fu, Huang Tingjian, Chen Shidao and Chen Yuyi the first three schools of Jiangxi poetry school. The poetry theory of Jiangxi Poetry School emphasizes "taking the fetus to change the bone" and "turning iron into gold", that is, inheriting the words of predecessors or the meaning of predecessors; Advocating thin, hard and strange poetic style; The pursuit of every word has a source. In the creative practice, the school of poetry "takes the old as the new", and the poems of important writers have different styles and become the most influential school of poetry in the Song Dynasty. Its influence spread throughout the Southern Song Dynasty, and its aftermath extended to modern Tongguang poets.
representative figure
Huang tingjian (145-115)
as the pioneer of Jiangxi poetry school, Huang tingjian's poetry theory has great influence. His poetry theory covers a wide range, such as poetry ontology, creation theory, appreciation theory, poet theory and the realm and style of poetry. But it is mainly in the category of poetry creation theory. Huang Tingjian, its patriarch, advocates innovation and change, and should innovate and form his own family on the basis of extensively absorbing the literary heritage of predecessors. This thought also runs through the whole development and evolution history of Jiangxi Poetry School.
The most famous ideas in Huang Tingjian's poetic theory are: "taking a fetus for a bone" and "turning iron into gold". That is, a method of inheriting the words of predecessors or the meaning of predecessors is aimed at "making the old new" in poetry creation. He advocated reading more predecessors' works, absorbing artistic nutrition from them, mastering writing skills such as refining words, making sentences and planning articles skillfully, and at the same time trying to break the shackles of skills and enter the realm of "cutting without bothering with ropes" and strive to surpass predecessors and become a family of its own. He highly praised Du Fu and regarded his late poems as a reference model for the aesthetic ideal of Song Dynasty. His view of respecting Du Fu can best reflect the spirit of the times in Song Dynasty poetics. He advocated making positive reference to the language art of previous generations' poems. He said: "It's the hardest thing to make your own words. Lao Du wrote poems, but he retired his composition, and there was no place for a word. Gai's descendants read less, so they said that Han and Du made their own words. Therefore, those who can write articles can really cultivate all things, although they take the words of the ancients into calligraphy, such as a panacea, and the iron is turned into gold. " Even so, Jiangxi experimental school, represented by Huang Tingjian, was also dissatisfied with the ethos of advocating late Tang poetry at that time. Plain and simple, clean and restrained, reflecting the mature realm of Huang Shi. This shows that plain beauty is the holistic pursuit of poetry in Song Dynasty, and Huang Tingjian's creative path also takes this as the ultimate goal.
Chen Shidao (153-112)
is also an important poet in Su Shi's school, and one of the six bachelor's degrees in Su Shi. He is a regular character, and he has no words of his own. He was born in Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Because he was dissatisfied with the new study, he should not take the imperial examination. At the age of 35, he was recommended by Su Shi and became a professor of state studies. He regarded Su Shi as a teacher, and once left the country without permission to see Su Shi off in Hangzhou despite the court's ban. However, Chen Shidao's poetic style of "looking for sentences behind closed doors" is quite different from that of Su Shi. Therefore, he did not learn from Su Shi when writing poetry, but took Huang Tingjian, who also attached importance to scrutiny and exercise, as a teacher, claiming that "there are thousands of servants who are devoted to poetry, few who are good at it, and never tire of being old." And when I saw Huang Yuzhang, I burned his manuscript and learned. " (Answering the Book of Qin Dynasty) Although Chen Shidao's poems eventually became self-contained, after all, they have a relationship with Huang's poems, so he and Huang Tingjian are also called "Huang Chen". Chen Shiyun's words and expressions are very skillful, but they are literally washed and beautiful. This is a manifestation of Song poetry's characteristics of taking plainness as beauty and being good at thinking and reasoning.
After the death of Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao, the atmosphere in the poetry circle tends to solidify. Through the efforts of Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Chen Shidao and others, the characteristics of Song poetry have been basically stereotyped, and Huang and Chen's strict creation has provided rules and norms for young poets, while the harsh political situation has made the poet's mentality more introverted from the outside. Therefore, chanting the life of the study and scrutinizing the writing skills became the creative tendency of Jiangxi poetry school, which was also the tendency of the whole poetry circle at that time.
The sudden Jingkang Incident broke the dreary atmosphere of poetry. The Jin State, which rose in the northeast, destroyed Liao in the seventh year of Xuanhe in Song Huizong (1125) and captured Bianjing the next year. In the second year of Song Qinzong Jingkang (1127), the Northern Song Dynasty perished, the Southern Song Dynasty was established, and the north of Huaihe River became the territory of Jin. In just two years, great changes have taken place, and the quiet study life of poets has been completely broken by Jin Bing's iron horse Hu Jia, and the whole poetry world has been shocked, thus the Jiangxi poetry school, which represents the atmosphere of poetry world, has undergone profound changes.
When Jin Bing besieged Bianjing, Lu Benzhong was in the city. He first recorded the incident with poems. The Guardians of the City described the brave resistance of the anti-Jin soldiers, The Story of the City described the tragic situation of the people suffering from the war, and The Chronicle of the City accused the enemy of burning, killing and looting. After the nomads from the army retreated, Lv Benzhong wrote 29 pieces of "Miscellaneous Poems after the Rebellion" to express his anger. One of them wrote:
At night, when soldiers are gathered everywhere.
after death, I became tired, and I lived an ignoble life.
if you are worried, you will sleep less, and if you are robbed, you will be hungry for a long time.
if you want to chase the younger generation, you should unite with the insurgents!
depressed and tragic, he wrote the * * * sympathy of patriotic scholar-officials.
Other Jiangxi poets who experienced the Jingkang Incident also have similar works. For example, Han Ju's Poems of Mr. Lingyang contains many poems calling for resistance to gold. Even in the traditional themes of chanting things and history, we can sometimes see their thoughts of worrying about the country and hurting the time, such as Hong Yan's Second Rhyme Thunderstorm and Xu Fu's Ode to History:
Thunder is about to pull out three mountains, and the sound of sudden rain is like a hundred rivers. But dreaming of a strange cold invading the guest, if it is a shock and quiet smoke? In recent years, the countryside is full of thorns and rivers. It is not a big deal to deduct the nine customs and write the emperor's office.
Chu and Han argue about scholars' worries, but where does the east go to cut the gap? Jun Zheng Liyi is unknown, and Xiang Bo Hu Yan Ken is surnamed Liu?
The previous song expressed nostalgia for the fallen mountains and rivers. The latter poem satirizes the present through the ancient times, and relates to the fact that Xu Fu deliberately named his handmaid "Chang Nu" when he usurped the throne in Zhang Bangchang. The poem definitely contains the meaning of advocating national integrity. With the signing of the Song-Jin peace talks, Jiangxi poets gradually resumed their early themes, but their once-revival after the Jingkang Incident is worthy of attention.
in the early southern song dynasty, Jiangxi poetry school also had profound changes in artistic style. Huang Tingjian's poetic theory originally contains the spirit of seeking novelty and variety, and several outstanding poetic theorists in Jiangxi Poetry School have understood and inherited this spirit. Zeng Ji-li pointed out in "Poems in Boat Village": "Houshan talks about changing bones, Donghu talks about being in the middle, Donglai talks about living, and Zi Cang talks about being full of participation. Although the entrance is different, it is actually a barrier, and you must know that you must realize it. Indeed, from Chen Shidao and Xu Fu to Lv Benzhong and Han Ju, the members of Jiangxi Poetry School are not immutable in their poetic views. They pioneered Lv Benzhong's theory of "living method" in the basic spirit of Huang Tingjian's poetic theory.
Lv Benzhong (184 ~ 1145)
was the most important poetic theorist of Jiangxi poetry school in the later period. He wrote poems in his early years, taking Huang Tingjian as a model, creating a new and profound meaning. But Huang Tingjian advocated sui generis, and Lv Benzhong got the message, so he tried to create his own new style. After entering the Southern Song Dynasty, the influence of Huang Tingjian's poetic style gradually weakened in Lu's poems, and it was replaced by a new style of lightness and roundness, such as "Spring Festival Evening in the Suburb":
Liu Wailou is high and green, and sad spring scenery is all over the world. The curtain of depression is raining, and the garden is full of flowers. The eaves and shadows have flown to the new society, and the water marks are not as sand as last year. There is no rut on the ground, and the sweeping path is inclined.
Flowing and graceful are quite different from the style of Huang poetry. At the same time, Lv Benzhong put forward the theory of "living method" in theory: "Learning poetry should be a living method. The so-called living law, the rules are available and can be out of the rules, and the changes are unpredictable and not contrary to the rules. " (See Liu Kezhuang's Complete Works of Mr. Houcun, Volume 95, Preface to the Collection of Xia Junfu) The so-called "living method" is that it advocates getting rid of the existing laws and has its own income, in which there is no specific style theory content. However, because the prevailing poetic rules at that time originated from Huang Tingjian's Jiangxi poetic method, it meant a new change within Jiangxi poetic school.
in the early years of the southern song dynasty, Lv Benzhong was the figure who changed the atmosphere in the poetry circle, but Chen Yuyi and Zeng Tian were the poets with higher creative achievements. Both Chen and Zeng have written some successful patriotic poems, such as Chen Yuyi's Wounded Spring and a few years ago's Living in Wu Guang.
Chen Yuyi and Zeng Dou are closely related to Jiangxi Poetry School. Although his previous poetic style was different from that of Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao, he admired Huang and Chen very much. He once said, "Hua Zong has a back hill, and his sentence is strict. Yu Zhang is his teacher, and the Ministry of Industry thinks it is his ancestor. " ("The Second Chen Shaoqing sees the gift rhyme") He also vaguely pretends to be the successor of the Jiangxi Poetry School: "The old Du Poet was the first ancestor, and Fu Weng was the syntactic Cao Xi. As far as Yuanyuan is concerned, he was sent to Jiangxi. " (The second part of Li Shangcuo's Scholar's Seeking for the Name of Zhai in Wang Yuanbo, Taking the Name of "Nourishing the Source" and Seeking Poetry) People in the Southern Song Dynasty mostly regarded Zeng as a middleman in Jiangxi Poetry School, and Liu Kezhuang thought that "compared with Zen, the first ancestor of the valley, Lu and Zeng were also in the north and south." (Preface to Selected Poems of Chashan Chengzhai) Indeed, Lu Benzhong was once a key figure in the transformation of Jiangxi Poetry School, and other poets in the Southern Song Dynasty were influenced by Jiangxi Poetry School, mostly through them.
The situation in Chen Yuyi is more complicated. Chen Yuyi highly admired Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao, and he was influenced by Huang and Chen's poetic style in his creation. However, his main style and main theme orientation are far from Jiangxi Poetry School. Ge Shengzhong said that in his later years, he "gave praise to his outstanding work, and the gentry struggled to tell it ... so-called' new style'." (Preface to Chen Qufei's Poems) was called "new style" when the poetic style of Jiangxi School still enveloped the poetic world, which shows that its poetic style has broken through the barriers of Huang and Chen. However, some people still regard Chen Yuyi as a school of Jiangxi poetry. In Yan Yu's Poems on Canglang Poetry Style, he said that he was "a school of Jiangxi but slightly different", and Fang Hui at the end of the Song Dynasty even described him as a "case" of Jiangxi poetry school. In fact, in the development of Jiangxi Poetry School, Chen Yuyi played a less important role than Lu Benzhong, but he was the most outstanding poet in the early Southern Song Dynasty who was related to Jiangxi Poetry School.
in a word, the rise of Jiangxi poetry school is the most important literary phenomenon in the poetry world in the 4-5 years after Su Shi and Huang Tingjian and before the four great poets such as Lu You. The evolution of Jiangxi Poetry School itself also represents the transformation of the poetic style of the Northern Song Dynasty to that of the Southern Song Dynasty. Although this evolution was stimulated by external factors such as the Jingkang Incident, the more important reason is the development law of poetry itself. Jiangxi Poetry School is an important link in the development of Song poetry. The influence of Jiangxi Poetry School was very significant in the late Northern Song Dynasty. For example, Wang Zao and others at that time were not regarded as poets, but they were also greatly influenced by Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao in their creation. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the influence of Jiangxi Poetry School spread throughout the whole poetry circle, and famous poets such as Yang Wanli, Lu You and Jiang Kui were all influenced by Jiangxi Poetry School in art. The influence of Jiangxi Poetry School was endless after the Song Dynasty, and the rest of the waves extended to modern Tongguang poets.