Short answer questions after understanding
The basic characteristics of romantic literature;
1 Strong subjective color, preferring to express subjective thoughts and paying attention to expressing personal feelings and experiences. Attach importance to subjectivity, ignore objectivity and self-expression, and ignore objective imitation.
I like to describe and praise nature. (particularly prominent)
The author likes to put the characters he understands in the pure and quiet nature, which sets off the ugliness of the real society and the beauty he understands.
3 Pay attention to medieval folk literature. Rich imagination, sincere feelings, free expression and simple and natural language.
Pay attention to artistic effect: exotic Qingdao sentiment, contrast, exaggeration and extraordinary characters.
The development of romantic literature;
German literature
Jena faction:
1 The earliest romantic literary school in Germany. Represented by the Schlegel brothers.
219th century, they first put forward the name of romanticism in the magazine founded by Jena, and systematically expounded their romantic literary thoughts: emphasizing imagination and emotion, emphasizing the absolute freedom of literary creation, and pursuing the mystery and symbol of religion.
Heidelberg Romantic School:
11In the 9th century, a group of writers founded Hermit Newspaper in Heidelberg, forming the Heidelberg School.
Achievements: collecting and sorting out German folk literature. The collection of folk songs "Children's Strange Horn" compiled by Anim and brentano, and the collection of children's and family's fairy tales compiled by Brothers Grimm are all important contributions to German national literature.
Main writers and works:
The works of Hoffman and Chamico are full of mysterious and grotesque colors.
Heine: Under the influence of romanticism, he began to embark on the road of creation.
The publication of On Romanticism ended the leading position of romanticism in German literature.
Early representative works: Silesia textile workers
Later masterpiece: Germany-A Fairy Tale in Winter (a lyric poem) expresses hatred and abhorrence of German feudal system and stagnant social reality.
English literature
Lake poet (first generation English romantic poet)
1 The earliest romantic writers in England were three poets of the Lake School: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.
They are far away from the city and live in seclusion in the lake area. They all like to praise nature and describe the patriarchal rural life in order to resist the capitalist urban civilization.
Wordsworth (the highest achievement of lake poets):
Lyric ballads? The preface is called the epoch-making declaration of British romanticism.
The cooperation between lyric songs and Coleridge.
Coleridge: I like to describe supernatural people and things. The masterpiece Ode to the Ancient Ship
The second generation of English romantic poets (Byron, Shelley);
Shelley (Engels called him a "genius prophet");
Queen Mabel: (long poem) Shelley's "prophecy" was first reflected.
Prometheus, the liberated "understanding society".
Natural Landscape Poetry: Lark and ode to the west wind: "If winter comes, can spring be far behind?"
Qi Ci Ode to a Nightingale (Ode): It is famous for its exquisiteness.
Scott: (famous for his historical novels) Ivanhoe, the masterpiece of "Waverly Novels"
Scott's death marked the end of English romanticism.
Jane? Austin: Pride and prejudice, Emma.
French literature
The publication of Hugo's Preface (Cromwell) sets the banner of romanticism and is a declaration of French romanticism.
/kloc-the pioneer of French romanticism in the 0 th and 9 th centuries;
Chateaubriand:
The true meaning of Christianity; Include two novellas:
Adala: It wrote a story that happened in the virgin forest of North America. This is the first romantic novel in France. Hero: Indian: Shaktas, daughter of tribal chief: Adala.
Rene: It's about the confession of an aristocratic youth.
Short answer questions after understanding
On the image of "diseases of the century" in chateaubriand s works;
11At the beginning of the 9th century, René, the hero in the work René by chateaubriand, a pioneer of French romantic literature, was withdrawn and melancholy, which was incompatible with the people around him. He is worried all day, wandering outside alone. This is the first image of "the disease of the century" in the history of literature.
The hero in the novel is an aristocratic youth who lost everything under the impact of the Great Revolution. It shows that they can't find their place in real life, that kind of pessimistic and desperate mental state, dark psychology and unhappy feelings.
Madame de stael:
Main works: delfina and Corina; Theoretical works Literature and On Germany
Lamartin: Poems, Meditations.
Miao Sai (known as Shakespeare of France);
Confessions of the Son of the Century (autobiographical novel): Created the image of Akdaf, a patient with "the disease of the century".
Dumas: The Count of Monte Cristo and three musketeers.
George? Sang:
Antia: A famous work.
The Grinders of Concevelo and Angelburg: Novels with Utopian Socialist Tendency.
Magic swamp: an idyllic novel
Dumas: La Traviata exposes hypocritical social morality and family values through the love tragedy of prostitutes Margaret and Hammans.
Russian literature (19th century, Russia was a serfdom country ruled by the czar)
Praising freedom and yearning for democracy is the main theme of Russian romantic literature (anti-autocracy and striving for freedom).
Zhukovsky, the founder of Russian romantic poetry, is known as "the first lyric poet in the history of Russian literature".
The creation of Pushkin and Ryliyev (members of The Decemberists) formed the climax of Russian romantic literature.
Lermontov: (The basic theme of poetry: the desire for freedom)
The Devil represents the highest achievement of lermontov's romantic creation.
Contemporary Heroes: Masterpieces of Early Russian Novels: The protagonist Bi Qiao Lin is a typical "superfluous person" after onegin. The protagonist's self-analysis and diary form are known as "the first social psychological novel in Russia".
American literature
Irving (Father of American Literature): A Masterpiece of Experience Notes.
Cooper (known as "Walter of America? Scott "):
The sailor is known as "the first American maritime adventure novel"
The series of frontier novels include The Last mohicans, Grassland and Pathfinder.
Allen. Poe: a writer with aesthetic tendency in the history of American literature, known as "the originator of western modernism"
Mystery novels: Mao Mu street murder and stolen letters.
Horror novels: the collapse of old houses and black cats in Ascher
Emerson: Prose.
Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter (novel) The protagonist: Hester? Prynne, Reverend: Dimmesdale.
It shows the destruction of human nature by religion and exposes the hypocrisy of religion, which is called "psychological romance"
Whitman (the greatest romantic poet in America);
Leaves of Grass is the product of the peak of American romantic literature. Including:
The authors of "Hearing American Singing, I Sing Electrified" and "Song of Me" abandoned the traditional rhythm of poetry and created "free verse".
Literature of other countries:
Mis Kevic:/kloc-the greatest Polish poet in the 9th century. Masterpieces: Poetic drama "Sacrifice to Ancestors" and long poem "Mr. Zhong".
Petofi:/kloc-the greatest Hungarian poet in the 9th century. Masterpiece: Freedom and Love
Byron (UK)
Terminology explanation
Oriental narrative poems:
11813-1816 Byron completed a series of stories with the theme of oriental stories, which are called oriental narrative poems.
The protagonists in narrative poems are called "Byronic heroes", and these narrative poems are also called "rebel narrative poems".
Byronic hero:
1 Most of these heroes come from Byron's oriental narrative poems.
They are all enthusiastic, brave, strong-willed, proud and lonely. They are worried about human sorrow, but they do not hesitate to fight against their fate, and all of them end in failure and death.
The first book of poetry: idle time
Satire: English poet and Scottish critic
Manfred: It expresses Byron's philosophy of "world sorrow". Manfred, the hero, became the most "Byronic hero"
Mature image.
Cain (Poetic Drama): Based on the protagonist in the Bible, Cain is a representative of a young man who dares to doubt and think and has his own desires and demands.
"Don? Juan: (an unfinished long satirical narrative poem or poetic novel): Through the protagonist Tang? The adventures of Huang, an "old friend", spread almost all over Europe, showing the vast social reality in Europe from 18 to 19 century.
The basic structure is composed of Tang? The composition of Juan's two trips.
Short answer questions after understanding
Analysis of Tang? The main artistic achievements of the characters and their works in Juanjuan.
Characters: 1 satirical poem "Tang? Among all Byron's heroic images, the hero in Juan is unique. He is enthusiastic and cynical, but he is not desperate or melancholy.
He goes with the flow, resigned to his fate, and has no spirit of resistance and initiative (negative).
His natural nature, which is not bound by moral dogma, plays an important role in satirizing hypocritical morality in the tortuous love adventure.
Artistic achievements: 1 The most striking artistic feature is pungent satire, which directly refers to the vast social life in Europe at the end of 18 and becomes an "encyclopedia of satire".
2. Interrupt: Interrupt the argument from time to time and on a large scale during the narrative process.
The theme and style are constantly changing, mixed with tragic, humorous, teasing and warm styles.
4. Achieve the highest achievement in oral English. (eight-line poem)
Analysis of childe? The gist of Harold's travels. (autobiographical long narrative poem)
Byron's autobiographical long narrative poem Childe? Harold's travels mainly praise the European national democratic liberation movement. (Oppose tyranny and aggression)
The first chapter mainly describes the hero's experience in Portugal and Spain, reflecting the sufferings, resistance and desire for freedom of the local people under Napoleon's iron hoof.
The second chapter is mainly interested in scenery and adventure. The author remembers Greece's glorious past, laments its cowardice now, and hopes that they can get rid of Turkey's rule on their own.
Chapter three: The image of the lyric hero finally surpasses and covers the image of the tourist hero. Pay tribute to the battlefield of Waterloo, recite Napoleon's fate, attack the holy alliance, and recall the enlighteners Voltaire and Rousseau.
In the fourth chapter, his confidence and hope became the clearest and most powerful, and he called on the Italian people to fight for independence with a high degree of freedom.
Hugo (the chief commander and leader of French romanticism)
Terminology explanation
Beauty and ugliness contrast principle:
Hugo put forward the famous "principle of contrast between beauty and ugliness" in the preface to Cromwell.
2. Main contents:
1 Beauty and ugliness coexist in nature.
If art wants to achieve good results, it must pass a strong contrast between beauty and ugliness, and at the same time adopt artistic exaggeration.
Zhang.
So "small becomes big, deformed becomes beautiful".
Hugo has made outstanding achievements in novels (humanitarianism is the main line);
Marine laborers: praising the noble character of laborers.
Smiling man: romantic style.
93. The most important novel in his later years is a work describing the French Revolution (1793).
In the novel, the author puts forward the viewpoint that "there is absolutely correct humanism on top of absolutely correct revolution".
Main character: The Marquis of Lantenac is Guo Wen, the leader of the rebel army and the revolutionary army.
Notre Dame de Paris (the first novel);
Loving Melar is the embodiment of "beauty" in the author's ideal.
Quasimodo is the embodiment of "evil" in the author's ideal (scary and funny in appearance). The characters created by the author are based on the aesthetic principle of "ugliness is next to beauty, deformity is close to beauty, vulgarity is hidden behind sublimity, and evil and good coexist".
Claude, the vice bishop, is the representative of religious evil forces. He is hypocritical and insidious.
Artistic features: Using the method of comparison: 1 The characters themselves (appearance, heart) quasimodo, Claude.
Between characters: quasimodo and Claude.
There are two classes and two empires: Louis Xi and the civilian kingdom.
Les Miserables: the main figures in humanitarian thought: Jean Valjean, Fantine and Little Cosette.
Comprehensive essay questions
Taking Les Miserables as an example, this paper analyzes Hugo's bourgeois humanism.
Hugo's masterpiece Les Miserables fully embodies the author's bourgeois humanism.
1 Expressing deep sympathy for the unfortunate experiences of the poor, and criticizing the society at that time.
For example, Jean Valjean was imprisoned for "stealing only a piece of bread" 19 years; Fantine was persecuted from an innocent and kind girl into a prostitute and eventually died of poverty and disease.
He enthusiastically praised the heroic struggle spirit of * * and party member, and expressed his humanitarian ideal.
Through the bishops Miriam and Jean Valjean, the novel preaches humanitarianism centered on "benevolence" and "charity". Bishop Miriam is the embodiment of Hugo's good ideal. He accepted Jean Valjean, influenced him with kindness, and made Jean Valjean, who was bent on taking revenge on the society, become a mayor who was charitable and gave alms to the poor.
Laws condemning the bourgeoisie. The existing law is a low-level law, which allows criminals to repeat crimes, while humanitarianism is a high-level law, which allows criminals to abandon evil and do good and stop crimes.
4 created the highest humanitarian ideal "Jean Valjean".
For example, under the influence of Bishop milian, Jean Valjean returned good for evil like a bishop, and finally revived Javert's "humanity". Finally, he had a nervous breakdown and committed suicide by throwing himself into the river.
Limitations of humanitarianism: It is impossible and corrosive to influence the contradictions of the ruling class with humanitarianism.
On the artistic achievements of Les Miserables.
1 the organic combination of realism and romanticism.
Realism: Jean Valjean's forced experience, Fantine's tragic experience, the Battle of Waterloo, etc.
Romanticism: Jean Valjean's superhuman strength and amazing spirit of self-sacrifice.
Romantic color is reflected in the arrangement of the plot.
Jean Valjean climbed the crossbar to save the sailors and fell into the sea himself; Cosette was chased by the police to a monastery, and the first person he met was Grandpa Fauchelevent, whom he had saved. The plot is bizarre.
3 politics.
The language is high, intense and enthusiastic, and the narrative has an epic style.
Pushkin (Russia)
An important representative of Russian romantic literature and the founder of Russian realistic literature. Known as "the father of Russian literature" and "the sun of Russian poetry". Birth: The family of a declining aristocrat.
Main works:
To Cha Adayev: After joining the party member Green Light Club in December, this poem was carved behind party emblem.
Robber: a poem that attacks tyranny and praises freedom.
Short Sword: Publicly calling for actions against tyranny and praising assassins who are not afraid of violence.
To the Prisoners of Siberia: party member who enthusiastically encouraged hard labor in December.
Tzgang Man: the symbol of Pushkin's transition from romanticism to realism.
Boris? Godunov: the most famous historical tragedy.
Belgin's collection of short stories (consisting of five short stories): The Postman is the best short story, which initiated the Russian literature to express the fate of little people.
Known as the "encyclopedia of Russian life" is:
The Captain's Daughter: A peasant novel (long), which is a reflection of Pougatcheff's uprising. and
"Eugene? Onegin: (Poetic novel, the cornerstone of Russian realism)
Short answer questions after understanding
On the image of onegin;
Pushkin's poetic novel Eugene? Onegin in onegin is a typical image of an aristocratic intellectual who began to wake up during the Russian aristocratic revolution and could not find a way out.
1 He was enlightened by western European democratic thoughts, with humanitarianism and democratic thoughts, and his personality and temperament were higher than those of the aristocratic children around him.
He has no clear political views and social ideals, and there is no way out and hope in the real society, so he is extremely indifferent to the life of depression, hesitation, melancholy and pain.
He wants to change the status quo, but it is impossible to break with the society, so he will not resist the society, and his attitude towards life is passive escape. It is the first "superfluous man" model in the history of Russian literature.
"Eugene? Tatiana is the author's favorite character in onegin, calling her "my lovely ideal".
This work is the author's "fantasy darling", and it adopts four younger sonnets, which is called "onegin's poetic style".
Terminology explanation
Redundant people (/kloc-a typical example of aristocratic intellectual youth in Russian critical realism literature in the 9 th century)
1, the product of Russian aristocratic revolution, is a typical example of progressive intellectuals in feudal serfdom society.
They began to wake up, but they could not find a way out. They can't get used to the vulgar life of the nobility, and they can't get rid of their own bourgeois egoism. That is, they don't want to go along with the nobles, can't stand on the side of the peasants, and become "redundant people" who have accomplished nothing. The weakness of "redundant people" is that they are divorced from the people.
"Extra people" series of pictures:
Eugene of Pushkin? Onegin: onegin is the first "superfluous man" image in Russian literary history.
Lermontov's Contemporary Hero: Bi Qiao Lin
Herzen's Whose Crime: Bertov
Luo Ting in Turgenev: Luo Ting's aristocratic residence: Lavretski.
Goncharov's Hobreau Muff: Hobreau Muff