Tao Xingzhi
Date of birth: October 18, 1891 (September 6, the 17th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty in the lunar calendar)
Date of death: 1946 July 25
Place of Birth: Huangtanyuan Village, Xixiang, She County, Anhui Province
Family: Father, Tao Weichao; mother, Cao Cuibin; sister, Tao Wenzhi; wife, Wang Chunyi, After Wang died of illness, he married Wu Shuqin; the eldest son, Tao Hongsheng; the second son, Tao Xiaoguang; the third son, Tao Gang
Tao Xingzhi, Chinese people's educator and democratic revolutionary. The original name was Wenya, but later it was renamed Zhixing, and then renamed Xingzhi. He graduated from Jinling University in 1914 and later went to the United States to study. He returned to China in 1917 and served successively as professor and academic director of Nanjing Normal University, opposing "following the old methods and alienating other countries." Promote civilian education.
After the May 4th Movement, he engaged in the civilian education movement and founded Xiaozhuang Normal University. In April 1930, the reactionary Kuomintang government closed Xiaozhuang School by force on the pretext of "collusion with rebellion and conspiracy." Tao Xingzhi was wanted and was forced to take temporary refuge in Japan. In the spring of 1931, Dow returned to Shanghai and served as a consultant to the General Management Office of Shenbao. He played a considerable role in the innovation of Shenbao at that time.
Since 1932, he has successively founded the "Shanhai Engineering Group", "Morning Public School Group", "Labor Children's Group", pioneered the "primary school system", and established the "China Popular Education Assistance Association". Carry out a popular education campaign of “knowing and spreading”. In 1934, he edited the bimonthly "Life Education". In July, he officially announced that he would change his name from "Zhixing" to "Xingzhi"
After the "September 18th" incident, Tao Xingzhi actively engaged in the anti-Japanese and national salvation movement. In 1936, he was elected as the executive member and standing committee member of the National Federation for National Salvation. In July, he and Shen Junru, Zou Taofen, and Zhang Naiqi jointly issued the "Declaration of Unity to Defend Infliction", and Chairman Mao Zedong responded to the letter expressing support. Then, entrusted by the National Salvation Federation, he served as a national diplomatic envoy and visited 28 countries and regions in Europe, the United States, Asia and Africa, and attended the "World Peace Conference" and the seventh annual meeting of the "World New Education Conference".
In August 1938, Dow passed through Hong Kong when he returned to China and initiated the establishment of the "Chinese Amateur School" to encourage Hong Kong compatriots to go to the country to fight for the national calamity.
In July 1939, a nurturing school for children was established in the Gusheng Temple near Chongqing, Sichuan, to cultivate children with special talents. In 1945, Tao Xingzhi was elected as a member of the Central Standing Committee of the China Democratic League and chairman of the Education Committee. In January 1946, Tao Xingzhi founded a social university in Chongqing to promote democratic education.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Tao Xingzhi returned to Shanghai and immediately devoted himself to the struggle against dictatorship, democracy, civil war, and peace. Democratic fighters Li Gongpu and Wen Yiduo were assassinated by Kuomintang agents, and Tao Xingzhi was listed as third on the blacklist. While he was prepared for the sacrifice of "I am waiting for the third shot", he continued to fight and regarded death as his own, always standing at the forefront of the democratic movement. He died of cerebral hemorrhage on July 25, 1946 at the age of fifty-five due to "overwork, poor health, and excessive stimulation."
Study Tao Xingzhi
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●Tao Xingzhi is a great people’s educator
Tao Xingzhi He has the highest moral cultivation and the highest ideals. He critically absorbed advanced Western educational theories and created a complete set of educational theories based on China's national conditions. He put them into practice with the greatest courage and achieved great results. Big results. His moral character, cultivation and theories are worth learning and inheriting.
●Tao Xingzhi is a strong democratic fighter
After the end of the Anti-Japanese War, the majority of the people demanded peace and opposed civil war. Tao Xingzhi joined the China Democratic League and served as a member of the Central Committee of the Democratic League. , he fought resolutely against the Kuomintang reactionaries for democracy and peace. Famous democrats and scholar Li Gongpu (vice principal of Yucai School) and poet Wen Yiduo were shot dead by Chiang Kai-shek. There was news that Tao Xingzhi had been included in the assassination list. Tao said, "I'm waiting for the third shot," but he died of fatigue, worry and anger. (Before this, from 1936 to 1938, Tao Xingzhi was entrusted by the National Salvation Federation of all walks of life to travel to 26 countries, participate in various international conferences, publicize various anti-Japanese ideas, and made significant contributions).
●Tao Xingzhi is a poet
The poetry created by Tao Xingzhi is characterized by its popularity. His poems were written for the general public. He said that his poems must be understood by his mother (an uneducated old man) in order to pass the poem. Many of his poems were composed into songs, such as the hoe dance song, the sickle dance song, and the hand-brain song.
●Life Education
Life is education, society is school
Tao Xingzhi said that "life is education" means that life is what it is. Education
1. A healthy life is a healthy education, and an unhealthy life is an unhealthy education.
2. A life of labor is an education of labor, and a life of no labor is an education of no labor.
3. A scientific life is a scientific education, an unscientific life is an unscientific education.
4. A life of art is an education of art.
5. Life that transforms society is education that transforms society.
First of all, we should understand: "Life education is education that provides the needs of life, not artificial education that has nothing to do with people."
●Understand
People receive education There are two ways - one is book knowledge (indirect, including listening to lectures), and the other is direct, that is, obtained from practice. Life education includes these two parts and does not exclude reading from life. Tao Xingzhi said that "life is education" is a big concept. The so-called "life", Tao Xingzhi said that life is the endless activity of living things in an environment. Therefore, it can be said that all activities are life, and education is also life.
●About "Life is Education" and "Education is Life"
Life education is a general concept in all of Mr. Tao's theories, so he explained it more than once.
The concept of "life education" was proposed by Mr. Tao's teacher Dewey, but the meaning is completely different. What Dewey proposed was "education is life", and Mr. Tao turned it over half a somersault and changed it to "life is education." Tao Xingzhi advocated that life is education and opposed education as life. He said, "Life is education, which is putting a bird in the forest; education is life, which is putting the bird in a cage."
"Life is education" is from books to life.
●Teaching and Doing as One
“Teaching and Doing as One” is the motto of Xiaozhuang Normal School, which is the outstanding creation of Mr. Tao.
The establishment of "integration of teaching and doing"
1. After Tao Xingzhi returned to China, he saw the situation in domestic schools where teachers only teach and students only teach, so he believed that Chinese education There was a need for reform, and at that time it was advocated to replace "teaching method" with "teaching method".
2. The proposal failed to pass after two hours of debate at the Nanjing Normal University school meeting.
3. The "May 4th Movement" broke out, and Mr. Tao published an article "The Integration of Teaching". Affected by this, Nanjing's colleges and universities all changed to teaching methods.
4. Two years later, the theory of teaching and doing was established, and the integration of teaching and doing was finally determined, with doing as the center.
●Compare "teaching method" and "teaching method"
The concept of "integration of teaching and doing" is first from teaching, to teaching students, to teaching students to learn (more proactive ), use your own knowledge to connect it and implement it in practice.
●Past education, present education and future education
Action is the beginning of knowledge, and knowledge is the completion of action.
2. Education is the foundation of a country.
3. Do one big thing in life, and do one big thing in the future.
4. Thousands of teachings teach people to seek truth; thousands of learnings lead to learning to be a real person.
5. Instead of adding some piecemeal knowledge to the students, it is better to give them a few keys so that they can take the initiative to develop the cultural treasury and the treasure of the universe.
6. True education is a heart-to-heart activity. Only when it comes from the heart can it touch the depths of the soul.
7. If farmers do not value teachers, the farmers will go bankrupt; if workers do not value teachers, the work will be crude; if the people do not value teachers, the country will not be prosperous and strong; if humans do not value teachers, the world will not be peaceful.
8. The so-called sound personality must include:
1. Private morality is the foundation of one's life, and public morality is the foundation of serving the society and the country.
2. Knowledge and skills necessary for life.
3. Strong and lively physique.
4. The feeling of beauty and joy.
9. Working together with hands and brain is the beginning of creative education; having both hands and brain is the purpose of creative education.
10. Rural normal schools aim to cultivate teachers with farmer skills, scientific minds and transforming social spirit.
11. Living rural education should teach people to be profitable. He should turn barren mountains into forests and barren land to grow grains. He taught everyone to be self-reliant, self-governing, and self-defending. He wants to turn the village into a paradise in the West, and all the villagers to become happy living gods.
12. If you want to be self-reliant and make progress, you must be bold and direct your spirit of experimentation toward new and uninvented theories; be not afraid of hard work, tiredness, obstacles, or failure, and be determined to succeed. The mysterious new principles of education were discovered one by one.
13. Teaching is one thing, not three things. We need to teach by doing and learn by doing. Without putting effort into doing, teaching will not become teaching, and learning will not become learning.
14. Education and knowledge should be turned into air, permeating the universe, washing the universe, and spreading to all living beings, so that everyone can breathe.
15. Repair when broken. Wash away any dirt. Work means humility. Chaos is order. The debt is paid immediately. The disease is the cure. Change it immediately. Goodness is joy. Action is thought. Rest when you are tired. The letter is answered. The account is recorded.
Teaching and educating people:
1. “A teacher should not specialize in teaching, his responsibility is to teach people how to behave; students should not specialize in studying, his responsibility is to learn the way of life. ”
——Tao Xingzhi
2. “The fate of young people is in the hands of teachers, and the fate of the nation and mankind is in their hands.”
——Tao Xingzhi
3. “Because morality is the foundation of being a human being. Once the foundation is bad, even if you have some knowledge and skills, it will be of little use.”
—— Tao Xingzhi
4. “The teacher’s duty is to ‘teach thousands of things and teach people to seek truth’; the student’s duty is to ‘learn thousands of things and learn to be a real person’.
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——Tao Xingzhi
5. “The three qualities of wisdom, benevolence and courage are important spiritual heritage of China. In the past, they were regarded as the ‘greatest virtues in the world’, but today they are still regarded as the perfect development of individuals.” important indicators. ”
6. “One percent of waste products in educational work will cause serious losses to the country. ”
7. There is Watt under your pointer, Newton in your cold eyes, and Edison in your ridicule. Don’t rush them away. Don’t wait until you can ride on the steamer or light the electric light. , learn calculus, and then realize that they are your primary school students
——Tao Xingzhi
8. If life, work, and study can be automated, education will be effective. We will definitely get twice the result with half the effort. Therefore, we pay special attention to the cultivation of initiative and focus it on all life, work and study. Automation is a conscious action, not a spontaneous action, and it needs to be properly cultivated. < /p>
——Tao Xingzhi
Being a teacher:
1. If you want students to be eager to learn, you must have a teacher who is eager to learn. Only a teacher who is not tired of learning can teach and learn.
——Tao Xingzhi
2. Teachers do it personally when students are asked to do it; teachers learn the knowledge they want students to learn personally. ; Teachers must abide by the rules that students are required to follow
——Tao Xingzhi
Teach students in accordance with their aptitude:
1. Cultivate educators and planters. Similarly, we must first understand the characteristics of flowers and trees, fertilize, water and educate them according to different situations. This is called "teaching students according to their aptitude"
-Tao Xingzhi
2. Portraits. Trees are the same. To make them grow as high as possible, they cannot be forced to grow to the same height. They should seek equality at the footing and freedom at the beginning.
Teaching method:
1. .Living talent education is not about instilling knowledge, but giving students the key to developing cultural treasures.
——Tao Xingzhi
2. We must live. We want real books, not fake books; we want moving books, not static books; we want practical books, not reading books. In short, we want life-centered teaching. Be a guide, not a text-centered textbook.
——Tao Xingzhi
3. A good teacher does not teach students, but teaches students to learn.
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——Tao Xingzhi
Successful education:
1. There is Watt under your pointer, Newton in your cold eyes, and Edison in your ridicule. Don't rush them away. Don't wait until you ride the steamboat, light the electric lamp, and learn calculus to realize that they were your primary school students.
——Tao Xingzhi
< p>Heuristic teaching:1. Two different tendencies should be prevented in education: one is the erroneous tendency to completely erase the boundaries between teaching and learning and deny the leading role of teachers; the other It is the wrong tendency to only discipline without asking students' interests and not paying attention to the questions raised by students. The former tendency is bound to be unplanned and just follow life; the latter tendency is bound to indoctrinate students into rotten ducks.
< p>——Tao Xingzhi2. Education cannot create anything, but it can inspire children’s creativity to engage in creative work.
——Tao Xingzhi
Innovation and practice:
1. We have discovered that children are creative, and once we understand that children are creative, we must further Unleash children's creativity.
——Tao Xingzhi
2. A common problem in Chinese education is that people who use their brains are taught not to use their hands, and people who use their hands are not taught to use their brains, so they can do nothing. The countermeasure for China’s educational revolution is the hand-brain alliance. The result is that the power of both hands and brain can be incredible.
——Tao Xingzhi
3. It is necessary to liberate children’s minds, hands, feet, space, and time, so that they can fully enjoy a free life and gain true meaning from a free life. education.
——Tao Xingzhi
4. Having both hands and brain is the purpose of creating education. The countermeasure for China’s educational revolution is to bring together hands and brains.
——Tao Xingzhi
Nurturative education:
1. If life, work, and study can be automated, the effect of education will be twice the result with half the effort. . Therefore, we pay special attention to the cultivation of motivation and focus it on all life, work and study. Automaticity is conscious action, not spontaneous action. Conscious action requires proper cultivation and then can be achieved.
——Tao Xingzhi
2. Collective life is an important driving force for children’s self-development towards socialization; it is necessary for the normal development of children’s psychology. A child who cannot obtain this normal development may be a tragedy throughout his life.
——Tao Xingzhi
3. Improve your personal morality and build a "Great Wall of Personality".
From the improvement of private morality, we can expand the effectiveness of public morality to seek collective benefits...
——Tao Xingzhi