1, before and after care
Reference refers to the foreshadowing reference between poems, also called echo, which is a common structural form of classical poetry. A poem, whether it is a verse or a quatrain, should have a beginning and an end, and the contents before and after must be internally related. If it is explained in front, it must be managed later; If you want to take care of the back, you must have a confession in front to form an organic whole. In this way, the whole poem can run through, the plot is coherent, the context is clear and the structure is compact, which makes it easy for readers to grasp the context of the whole poem.
The coordination between the beginning and the end, that is, the coordination between the beginning and the end, makes the poem feel integrated in structure, highlights the theme and plays a good expression effect. In some poems, poets often express their feelings or those of others by taking care of the past and the present, others and me, and things and me.
For example, Du Fu's Silent Night Thinking:
A vagrant heard the drums heralding the battle, which was the first call of a wild goose on the border in autumn. The dew turns to frost tonight, and the moonlight at home is bright!
Brothers are scattered, and no one can ask about life and death. Letters sent to Luoyang city are often not delivered, and wars often do not stop.
Wars are frequent, and the poet is separated from his brother, so he can only send poems to express his thoughts. Autumn scenery, who is on the bleak frontier, highlights the poet's sad mood, and his profound life experience is the driving force of his creation. The whole poem is well organized, coordinated from beginning to end, with distinct levels and rigorous structure. If you don't fight, you will have, if you don't go, you will remember your brother when you look at the moon, if you are homeless, you will not be able to deliver books, and if you leave, your life and death will be unknown. During the Anshi Rebellion, Du Fu was displaced from place to place, suffering hardships and worrying about the country and the people, which was really filled with emotion. As long as you touch it gently, many things will flow out from the bottom of the pen together, so the common theme of homesickness is written out by sadness and frustration.
2. Don't beat around the bush and say it directly
Cut to the chase means to get to the point at the beginning of a poem without beating around the bush.
For example, Du Fu's "Shu Xiang": "Where is the Hall of Fame? In a pine forest near the Silk City. The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. ..... "The first sentence, to ask, where is the ancestral temple? Outside the city of Jinguan, a few miles away, I saw the cypress forest from a distance. It is lush and the weather is very good. That's where Zhuge Wuhou Temple is located. This couplet, straight to the point, falls freely, answers two sentences and opens itself.
Another example is the first couplet of Du Fu's "Looking at Lu Cheng's early spring outing in Jinling", in which "only wanderers can come, and the new beauty is always shocked", with the word "independence" as the head and the word "deviation" as the lining, such as flat land and high mountains, which not only shocked the readers, but also pointed out the author's generosity and homesickness everywhere in "shocking the new"; In Li Bai's Three Difficult Poems (Part II), "The road is as wide as the sky, and there is no way out at present" is like the north wind forcing the face and the iron horse flaunting, and generate shows the author's grief, anger, anxiety and magnanimity.
3, layer by layer.
Layer-by-layer deepening refers to the interlocking structural form of poetry in content, which makes the whole poem rigorous and clear.
Such as "Nineteen Ancient Poems: Cowherd Star"
Distant Altair, Jiao Jiao Hehan girl. Skillful hands, make a loom. There is no chapter all day, and tears are pouring down. What's the difference between a clear river and a shallow one? Between water and water, there are no words.
This poem adopts a layered and in-depth structure, expressing the sadness of the Weaver Maid who led the cow across the Milky Way Hans Robert Jauss, and showing the pain when love was tortured. Poetry begins with the Altair and Vega in the distance, and from far to near, the line of sight shifts to Vega. The Vega can only weave to meet the Altair, but she can't weave it all day, and her face is full of tears. A shallow galaxy just can't meet it. Poetry is about things and people, then people's feelings. Scenes blend, music and pictures are emotional, sad and moving.
4. Overlapping sentences
Overlapping refers to a structural way in which the upper and lower sentences or the upper and lower paragraphs are repeatedly sung in the same structural form.
Such as Xin Qiji's "Ugly Slave, Shubo Mountain Road in the Middle Wall":
Teenagers don't know the taste of sorrow and fall in love with the floor. Worried about adding new words.
Now that I know what it's like to worry, I want to talk about it. I wanted to say I'd better take a break, but I said,' It's a cool autumn'.
The first part of the poem is about "carefree sadness" when I was young, and the next part is about "sadness" when I care about and serve my country now. The first and second chapters adopt the structure of overlapping sentences, such as "love the floor", "love the floor", "take a break if you want to talk" and "take a break if you want to talk". In this way, the language has the beauty of music and forms a sharp contrast in content.
5. Feel the previous scene
Some lyric poems about scenery do not take the scenery described as the main body of the poem, but pay attention to expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings caused by the scenery described, describing the poet's thoughts and feelings caused by touching the scenery, shaping the poet's own image, creating artistic conception and expressing the theme. Poetry that touches the scene often has a scene before it.
For example, when Xin Qiji had a blowhole in Ganzhou, facing the flowing water of the Ganjiang River, he remembered the old shame of the country and fondled the difficulties of state affairs, and wrote Bodhisattva Man:
How many pedestrians shed tears in the middle of Qingjiang River in Yugutai. Looking at Chang 'an in the northwest, there are countless poor mountains. Castle peak can't cover up, after all, it flows east. In the evening, the river is gloomy and there are partridges in the mountains.
When I first saw the flowing water of the Ganjiang River under Yugu stage, I couldn't help thinking of the southern nomads who invaded and killed the people in exile. I feel that the flowing water is full of the blood and tears of the exiled people. Combined with the scenery, express your thoughts and feelings: "Looking at Chang 'an in the northwest, lamenting countless mountains", lamenting that great rivers and mountains are still occupied by the enemy; Castle peak can't be covered, after all, it flows eastward. "There are patriots in grief and indignation, and it is difficult to pull down the country; The river is worried at night, and the mountain is deeply aware of the partridge. "It's really hard to worry about state affairs. It can be seen that the poet's inner image is national humiliation and worrying about the country and the people, creating a gloomy and boundless artistic conception and expressing his deep patriotic feelings and resentment towards the corrupt and incompetent rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Another example is Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain":
In the sharp wind from the vast sky, the ape whimpered and the birds flew back.
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably.
I came from three thousand miles away. Sadness has been ill for more than a hundred years now and in autumn.
Hardship, pain, hatred, heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine.
The first four sentences of this poem describe the scenery, and the last four sentences are lyrical, promising, affectionate and integrated. The whole poem is full of energy and emotion. The intention is tortuous, but the airflow is exhausted. When the poet faces the vast river, he can hear the cries of apes in his ears, see the birds inhabiting infinitely, the Yangtze River rolling and the trees falling, how can he not arouse the poet's sense of life experience? In the last four poems, the poet condensed the new worries and old hatreds, and the uneven levels were full of hundreds of words. Looking back at the first four sentences from the last four sentences, we can see that the whole poem is harmonious and seamless. Love is the love in the scene, and the scene is the scene that should be in love.
6. Pawn Zhang Xianzhi
Poetry expresses ambition. China's classical poetry takes "expressing ambition" as an important content to express. As a structural way of expressing ambition, Zhang Xianzhi means that poets often express their thoughts or feelings at the end of poems. Bai Juyi, an outstanding realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty, said in Preface to New Yuefu that poetry should be marked by ten days and marked by chapters. Proper use of this structure can increase the profundity, appeal and structural beauty of poetry, and has the artistic effect of "making the finishing point".
For example, the sentence at the end of Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" says, "How can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials whose sincere faces will never be seen?" It expresses that the poet's thoughts are free and carefree, rather than bending over for a bucket of rice. Another example is the ending sentence "I will ride the wind and waves one day, and set my cloudy sail straight and bridge the deep, deep sea" in Difficult Travel, which expresses the open-mindedness to realize my ideal.
Another example is Du Fu's Book of Letters. Where is the Hall of Fame? In a pine forest near the Silk City. The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. The third call aggravated his state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations. But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. "The poet expresses his feelings at the end of the poem, and the couplet at the end of the poem expresses his feelings of worrying about the country and the people and looking forward to contributing to the country by praising and regretting Zhuge Liang.
Understanding the structural form of poetry is very helpful for analyzing the content of poetry and appreciating its artistic characteristics. Of course, the structural forms of poetry are not limited to these six kinds, which are common and the most distinctive.
I hope I can help you. Thank you. I hope it will be adopted.