For example, Li Bai (70 1 Feb. 28-762), a poet in the Tang Dynasty, is known as the "Poet Fairy" and the greatest romantic poet. Han nationality, born in Changlong County, Mianzhou (Brazil County), Jiannan Province (renamed Changming County in July12, now Qinglian Township, jiangyou city, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province), was born in Broken Leaf City in the Western Regions (now tokmak, Kyrgyzstan), and his ancestral home is Ji Cheng County, Longxi County (now south of Jingning County, Pingliang City, Gansu Province). His father, Li Ke, has two sons (Boqin, natural) and one daughter (Pingyang). There are more than 0/000 poems in the world, with masterpieces such as Difficult Road to Shu, it is hard to go, Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream, Jiang and Li Taibai Ji. He died in Dangtu, Anhui Province in 762 at the age of 6 1. Its tomb is in Dangtu, Anhui, and there are memorial halls in Jiangyou, Sichuan and Anlu, Hubei.
Li Bai (70 1-762), also known as "fallen immortal", is the most outstanding poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and a great romantic poet after Qu Yuan in the literary history of China. Li Bai's poems are magnificent and elegant, and his artistic achievements are extremely high. He eulogized the mountains, rivers and beautiful natural scenery of the motherland, with bold and unrestrained style, beautiful and fresh, full of romantic spirit, and achieved the perfect unity of content and art, so he was called "Poet Fairy". His poems mainly described mountains and rivers and expressed inner feelings. Li Bai's poems have the artistic charm of "the pen is shaken by the wind and rain, and the poem makes the gods cry", which is also the most distinctive artistic feature in his poems. Li Bai's poems are full of self-expression and subjective lyricism, and the expression of feelings is overwhelming. He and Du Fu are called "Du Li" (Li Shangyin and Du Mu are called "Little Du Li").
Poetry is a unique style in Chinese with a special format and rhythm. Poetry can be divided into classical poetry and modern poetry according to rhythm. Classical poetry and modern poetry are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty, which are divided from the perspective of poetic rhythm. According to the content, it can be divided into narrative poems, lyric poems, farewell poems, frontier poems, pastoral poems, nostalgic poems (epics), mourning poems, object-chanting poems, military poems and so on. Classical poems include The Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Yuefu, Han Fu, Folk Songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties and so on. Modern poetry is generally quatrains, metrical poems and parallel poems (long laws).
Literary form/style/genre
Antique poetry: Antique poetry, also known as archaism, is written in accordance with the practice of antique poetry, with a relatively free form and is not bound by metrical rules. Judging from the number of words in poetry, there are four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems. Four words are four words, five words are five words and seven words are seven words. After the Tang Dynasty, there were few four-character poems, so they were usually divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems. Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five ancient poems for short; Seven-character ancient poems are referred to as seven ancient poems; The use of three, five and seven characters at the same time is generally considered as seven ancient characters.
Modern poetry: quatrains: four sentences 1, two sentences, four sentences, the last word rhymes, one sentence with five words is called "five quatrains" and seven words are called "seven quatrains".
Rhyme: 8 sentences, 4 consecutive 2, 4, 6, 8 sentences, the last word rhymes, one sentence with five words is called "five laws" and seven words are called "seven laws".
(antithesis of couplets and necklaces)
Words: aliases: long and short sentences, poems and songs.
Composition: Inscription name and title
Classification: Xiao Ling (below 58 words), Chinese words (59-90 words) and long words (above 9 1 word).
Style: graceful and unrestrained.
Music: Composition: Gongdiao, Qupai, title.
Classical Chinese style
From the literary style, the typical style of the ancient Seven Dynasties is correct, vigorous, solemn and elegant, while the typical style of singing is elegant and gorgeous. The preface to the analysis of the style of the article holds that "seven-character ancient poetry lies in bold sentences and ancient customs", and the style of "lyric for a long time" is different from that of "running script" "Seven Ancient Poems" also said: "Ancient poems are embarrassed by style, and their system lies in melody, but their lines are short and long, and they are intricate and unsystematic, so they can make people think deeply. Li and Du Zhicai are not only in ancient poems, but also in songs. " In addition to the seven ancient and seven laws, the seven-character songs are regarded as one because of their different styles. Zhao Wei Zhan Yan said that "seven words are wonderful, simple, clumsy, trivial, curved, hard and light, and they are indispensable." Always say "old" and "whenever you sing, be honest and don't ask the police." Man "means that love words are swaying and flowing;" Police "means dignified justice and sophisticated language." These comments all reveal the differences in aesthetic styles between seven-character ancient poems and seven-character songs. Although it was once popular to write poems with seven ancient styles and poems with seven ancient styles in specific poetry creation, it is not difficult to see the difference between them on the whole. For example, Du Fu's Notes on Examining Korea, Lu Tong's Poem on Eclipse, Han Yu's Poem on Hengshan Temple Don't Me, and Li Shangyin's Han Bei can only be a seven-character ancient poem; However, Wang Wei's Peach Blossom Star, Li Bai's Climbing in the Dream of Tianmu Mountain, Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow and Wei Zhuang's Ode to Fu Qin can only be seven-character poems.
Skills of expression
There are many ways to express ancient poems, which were first popular in China, and the traditional way to express them is "Fu, Bi and Xing". "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance and the sixth is fu."
In the meantime, there is a quatrain called: "Three lights, the sun, the moon and the stars, and four poems are elegant."
In the six meanings, "style, elegance and praise" refers to the types of poems in the Book of Songs, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressions in poems.
Fu: It is a way to express things directly. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the Notes on Poems: "The giver must tell the truth." For example, Ge Tan and Slug in The Book of Songs used this technique.
Bobby: It's a figurative way to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing": "And what is Bi Ye? Cover things with attachments and threaten to cut them off. " Zhu said, "If you compare, you can compare this thing with another." For example, books in The Book of Songs, such as Cats and Storytelling, are written in this way.
Xing: It's a way to make things interesting, that is, to use the beginning of things to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius said in "Mao Shi Zheng Yi": "Those who get the Tao are happy. Take the metaphor as an example. Those who quote plants, birds and beasts in poetry and prose are happy. " Zhu pointed out more clearly: "If you are interested, you should say something else first to arouse the words you are reciting." For example, Guan Ju in The Book of Songs is the expression of "Xing".
These three methods of expression have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties.
There are many forms of expression of poetry, which are constantly developing and creating since ancient times, and their application is also flexible, exaggerated, repetitive, overlapping, jumping and so on. It's hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important form of expression of poetry. In poetry, there is also an important technique of expression, which is symbol. Symbol simply means "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol is the direct image of the soul and should be paid attention to. From a modern point of view, there are three main ways to create images in poetry:
1. Compare. Liu Xie said in the book Wen Xin Diao Long: Metaphor is "either a sound metaphor, a figurative metaphor, a mental metaphor or a metaphor." There are many examples in the poems we listed before. There is also a more commonly used technique, that is, "personification": personification with things or personification with people. The former is like Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge: I left gently/just as I came gently; /I waved gently,/saying goodbye to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/the bride in the sunset; /Beautiful shadows in the waves,/rippling in my heart. Treat "clouds" and "golden willows" as people. People imitate things, for example, Love's Because of the Wind: ... My heart/as bright as the candlelight in your window/slightly ambiguous/inevitable/because of the wind/... with the love of my life/light a lamp/I am a fire/may go out at any time/because of the wind. Compare "my heart" to candlelight, and compare me to a lamp. Of course, in the final analysis, the essence is "personification".
2. exaggeration. It is to enlarge the things to be described, just like the "capitalization" and "close-up" shots in the movie, to attract readers' attention and association. Li Bai's Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, so it is not as good as Wang Lun (for Wang Lun), "Flying down three thousands of feet, suspecting that the Milky Way will fall for nine days" (Looking at Lushan Waterfall), in which "deep thousands of feet" and "three thousands of feet" are mentioned, although it is not true, the image he created vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's passion, which is not only acceptable to readers. However, this exaggeration must be artistic and aesthetic, not too absurd, not too real, and not too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the harvest of cotton: "A bag of cotton is wrapped/the truck head is tilted/tilted, three feet high/like an anti-aircraft gun." After reading it, people feel unreal and can't feel good.
3. Metonymy. Is to replace that thing with this thing. Similar to analogy, but different. The difference lies in: analogy is generally compared, and comparison is concrete and visible; Metonymy is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, makes the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and arouses readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said, "Put wings on your thoughts, put clothes on your feelings, color your voice, and let the dead solidify."
To shape the image of poetry, we should not only use the materials taken from perspective to describe the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch to reflect the image in many ways, so as to be vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, rode on a donkey and sang "Birds by the pool stay in the trees, and monks push the door down on the moon", but he also thought that "monks knock on the door down on the moon" could be used. He couldn't decide whether to "push" or "knock", so he made a consultation with his hand. Unexpectedly, the donkey blocked a big official's way. This man is Han Yu, a great writer. When the guards led Jia Dao to the horse, Jia told the truth. Han hesitated for a long time and said it was better to knock at the door. Because there is a "knock" sound, there are one or two knocks on the door on the moonlit night in the mountains, which makes the scene "live" and makes the environment more silent. "Wuti" and "Zhong" beside Fengqiao Bridge are also the crowning touch of this poem. There is also the music description in Bai Juyi's Pipa, which is "like pouring pearls of all sizes into a plate of jade". It is very vivid and wonderful! Modern, such as Huang Helang's "Morning Song": "There is also a stubborn listening/wind, rain, waves/faint/dawn/morning bell of Lingquan Temple/like a gushing spring/distant response/faint knocking down/a few sparse stars/cock crowing/as if crossing the ocean/cock crowing/like the tide. This poem is also well written. Therefore, if we master the skills of creating images with sound, it will open up a broader field for poetry creation.
Whether it is metaphor, exaggeration or metonymy, it depends on the poet's keen observation of objective things, his own feelings, bold imagination and even fantasy. It can be said that neither romance nor reality is a poet without imagination (fantasy). For example, Li Bai, who is famous for his boldness, has rich imagination and magnificent poetic style, and Du Fu, who is famous for his realism, also wrote, "When did you suddenly see this house in front of you?" ("The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind") and "She has a fragrant cloud and a foggy mist, and her jade shoulders are cold. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? "(Moonlit Night) and so on.