Seeing as you don’t even have any reward points, but since you asked about my idol, I will give you a compassionate answer.
There are many sad winds on the high platform, and the morning sun shines on the northern forest.
My son is thousands of miles away, and the rivers and lakes are far and wide.
The ark is safe and accessible, but it is difficult to leave and miss the past!
The lonely goose flies south and passes by the court president mourning.
I long for people far away and wish to leave my legacy.
The shadow suddenly disappears, Pianpian hurts my heart.
Li Shan's "Selected Works" notes this poem as one of the six in Cao Zhi's "Miscellaneous Poems". Most critics of Cao Zhi's poems believe that the poem was written by Cao Zhi in memory of his younger brother Cao Biao. In the later period of his life, Cao Zhi was suppressed and persecuted by Cao Pi and Cao Niu; therefore, his poems in the later period of his life were mostly sad and plaintive. This poem literally contains the words "sad", "sorrow" and "injury", and the sadness can be said to be obvious. It can also be said that the sadness of missing family members is the theme of the poem. However, if we deeply interpret the underlying motifs and motif structure of the poem, we can more fully interpret the theme expression and profound implications of the poem.
In Western literary criticism, theme and motif are often interchangeable terms①. I believe that the theme is the author's thoughts and ideas triggered by the here-and-now and is the apparent main content of the work; the motif is the potential cultural heritage of the theme and the long literary tradition in the work. ) and the significance Of the textual unit (the significance Of the textual unit) of the history of ideas②.
Judging from the whole poem of Cao Zhi's "Miscellaneous Poems" (Part 1), the author expresses his sadness and sorrow in the bleak autumn scenery; this is consistent with his other poem "Giving a White Horse" in which he misses Cao Biao. The description of "Wang Biao" is very consistent: "Where can I linger? There is no end to lovesickness. The autumn wind is slightly cool, and the cicadas are chirping at my side... Feeling things hurt my arms, and caressing my heart makes me breathless." Obviously, "Sad Autumn" is exactly the meaning of "Sad Autumn". It is the same theme of these two poems.
In the traditional Chinese concept of "the unity of nature and man", the changes in nature in the four seasons are connected with the joy, anger, sorrow and joy of human emotions. Dong Zhongshu, a great scholar of the Han Dynasty, believed: "Heaven also has emotions of joy and anger, as well as feelings of sadness and joy, which are similar to those of humans. They are similar to each other, so heaven and humans are one." ("Spring and Autumn Fanlu Yin and Yang Yi") Dong Zhongshu repeatedly said about this point He emphasized: "There are joys, angers, sorrows, and joys in life, such as spring, autumn, winter, and summer. Joy is the response of spring; anger is the response of autumn; joy is the response of summer; sorrow is the response of winter. The order of heaven depends on people. "Human temperament is determined by heaven." ("Spring and Autumn Fanlu·Heaven for Man") "The expression of joy, anger, sorrow, and joy is actually consistent with the warmth, cold, and heat. Joy is warm and corresponds to spring, and anger is clear and corresponds to autumn. , the happy Qi is the sun and corresponds to summer, the sad Qi is Taiyin and winter... Born in the sky, it is transformed into the sky. The happy Qi belongs to the summer, the angry Qi belongs to the autumn, and the sad Qi belongs to the winter. "The heart of the four qi." ("Spring and Autumn Blossoms: Yang is superior and Yin is inferior") Although this concept of "the unity of nature and man" has a strong mysterious color, human emotional changes are indeed closely related to changes in natural phenology. relation. Among the four seasons, people are most sensitive to spring and autumn. This is because spring and autumn are the seasons of phenological ups and downs - when all things sprout or wither. This significant natural phenological change is undoubtedly more likely to stimulate and induce people's emotional fluctuations (in contrast, the summer is prosperous and the winter is silent, which is in a relatively static state, and the stimulation to people is relatively small). Therefore, the ancients said: "The spring girl thinks, People in autumn are sad, but they know that things have transformed." ("Huainanzi·Miao Chengxun")
Generally speaking, the impact of spring and autumn on human emotions is indeed different: spring is the time when all things sprout. , it is easy to arouse people's joy; autumn, when all things wither, is easy to trigger people's sense of sadness. Therefore, "Sad Autumn" has been a theme that literati have chanted endlessly since ancient times. In "Chu Ci", there are famous sayings through the ages, "It is so sad that autumn is the spirit of Qi" ("Jiubian") and "It is so sad that the autumn wind moves one's face" ("Taosi"). The sadness of the autumn landscape is intertwined and reappeared countless times in many literary works of the past dynasties in the form of ideas, images, words, and sentence patterns, thus becoming an important literary motif in ancient China.
Although the "sadness" of autumn has different connotations, the sadness of parting and missing loves has attracted much attention in the works with the theme of "sad autumn". "The only thing that makes you feel sad and ecstatic is farewell!" Jiang Yan's "Farewell Ode" of the Southern Dynasty used a bleak and desolate scene to exaggerate the sadness of parting and lovesickness: "See the red orchid receiving the dew, and watch the green catalpa leave the frost. Xun Zeng The couplets are empty, and the brocade curtain is soft and cool. I know that I am leaving my dream, and my soul is flying. "Even if the autumn dew is like a pearl, the autumn moon is like a gui, the moon is white, and the time passes, I think about the farewell." "My heart wanders." ③In ancient times when transportation was quite inconvenient, parting often meant the painful torture of lovesickness. The sad, mournful and desolate emotional characteristics of parting and lovesickness are very consistent with the desolate autumn scenery. "Where does sorrow come from, leaving people's hearts in autumn" (Song Dynasty Wu Wenying's "Tang Duoling") "Sentiment has hurt parting since ancient times, and it makes the Qingqiu Festival even more embarrassing and neglected" (Song Dynasty Liu Yong's "Yulin Ling") just illustrates this The close relationship between autumn scenery and separation. Therefore, literary works that use bleak and desolate scenery to exaggerate and highlight the sadness of farewell and lovesickness were very common in ancient China.
In one of Cao Zhi's "Miscellaneous Poems", the sentences directly referring to the autumn scenery are: "There are sad winds on the high platform, and the morning sun shines on the northern forest" and "The lonely wild goose flies south and passes by the court and sings mournfully." Among them, "sadness", "loneliness" and "mourning" clearly highlight the author's emotions of parting and missing lovesickness. It can be seen that these four sentences are the subjectification of the objective scenery, or the scenery is the emotion of the scenery, and the emotion of the scenery is the materialization. In particular, these four sentences are just at the beginning of the two levels of the poem ④, which intentionally or unintentionally constructs a situation that echoes the feelings of farewell and lovesickness in the whole poem, and the "Sad Autumn" motif also comes from this. has been better reflected.
Up to this point, our interpretation has only entered into the theme level of the poem, but has not reached the level of the theme structure. In fact, the first theme of Cao Zhi's "Miscellaneous Poems" is not one, but three. "Sad Autumn" is only its main theme. In addition, there are two sub-motifs: "Climbing high to express one's feelings" and "Hongyan Chuan Shu". These two sub-motifs are hidden in the sentences at the beginning of the two levels of the poem.
The theme of "climbing high to express one's feelings" comes from the traditional habits of ancient Chinese people in their lives. Climbing high is the reason for looking far away, so what is expressed is mostly the sadness of people who miss their hometown and far away: "I lean on the sill to look far away, and open my lapels to the north wind... I feel sad for the obstruction of my old hometown, and I can't help but shed tears." "(Wang Can's "Ode to Climbing a Tower") "Hongfei is all over Xizhou, and Wang Lang is climbing up to the brothel. The tower is so high that he can't see the railings." (Southern Dynasties folk song "Xizhou Song") is formed due to the motif of "climbing high to cherish people". In terms of thinking, in ancient Chinese literary works, the act of climbing high often symbolizes feelings of nostalgia for others. For this reason, the first two sentences of Cao Zhi's "Miscellaneous Poems" describe the scenery seen when climbing to the high platform ("There are many sad winds on the high platform, and the morning sun shines on the northern forest"), and the next four sentences are about missing relatives far away ("The son is thousands of miles away, and the rivers and lakes "It is so far and so deep that the ark is within reach, but it is difficult to reach the old place when you are far away"), which will not surprise readers who are familiar with ancient Chinese poetry.
The theme of "The wild goose passes the message" comes from Chinese folklore: "People say that the wild goose passes the message at its feet, waiting to be written down and sent to the loved ones." " (Yuan Quhua's "A Banquet in the Qingdu" of the Song Dynasty), its hidden textual genetic meaning also makes the scene of the solitary wild goose flying south at the beginning of the second level of Cao's poem ("The solitary wild goose flies south, passing the court to mourn. "Yin"), and the subsequent behaviors of longing for people and asking wild geese to pass on letters ("I longed for people far away, and I wanted to leave my message, but my form and shadow suddenly disappeared, and my heart was hurt by the graceful movement"), and they were connected without leaving any trace.
In one of Cao Zhi's "Miscellaneous Poems", the three themes are not simply superimposed, but have harmonious artistic conceptions and the same meaning and purpose, which play a role in strengthening and highlighting the theme.
The so-called artistic conception is harmonious, first of all, it means that the three themes all create a sad atmosphere; secondly, the objective scenes presented by the three are all bleak and clear autumn, without a doubt. It is the state of Qingqiu. As for "climbing high to express one's feelings", although it is not exclusively an act of Qingqiu, in the Qingqiu season, the air is crisp and the sky is high, so it is best to climb high and lean on the railing. In addition, in ancient China, people have a custom of climbing on the Double Ninth Festival in September: " There are buildings all overlooking the distance, and you will not climb them for five days. "(Song Dynasty Lou Yao's "Double Ninth Festival") The act of climbing high can be easily connected with the realm of Qingqiu.
The so-called meaning and purpose are the same, which refers to the meaning and purpose contained in the three motifs. The logical relationship is the same: "Sad Autumn" → Touching the scenery and feeling sad → Thinking of relatives and people; "Climbing high to express feelings" → Climbing into the distance → Thinking of relatives and people; "Hongyan Chuan Shu" → Expressing feelings to the wild geese → Thinking of relatives and people. The pain of missing relatives and cherishing others is the ultimate common purpose of the three themes of the poem; its further manifestation is the theme of the poem - the expression of tragic feelings of missing relatives and cherishing others.
It is especially worthy. It should be noted that the distribution position of the three motifs in the poem is as analyzed above. The first two sentences, "There is a sad wind on the high platform, and the sun shines on the northern forest" introduce a desolate autumn scene and a hint of the word "sad". It also emphasizes the theme of "Sad Autumn". All kinds of emotions, scenes and events in the whole poem are displayed under the theme of "Sad Autumn", which are divided into two categories. The first end of the first level leads to the second level of feelings of missing relatives and friends. In other words, the main theme of "Sad Autumn" sets out the main structure of the whole poem, and the two sub-motifs of "climbing high to express feelings" and "swan geese passing on letters". , brings out the branch structure of the two major components of the whole poem. The three work together to construct a quite neat and symmetrical orderly motif system. In this motif system, the main motif and the main structure are two sub-structures. The theme and the two-branch structure are an orderly and synergistic relationship of homogeneity and isomorphism, giving people a deep impression of similarity → repetition → strengthening effect. On the whole, the main theme of "Sad Autumn" establishes the culture of the whole poem. The background, guidance and also restricts the emotional convergence of the two sub-motifs of "climbing high to express one's feelings" and "swan geese's biography"; at the same time, under the restriction and support of the main theme of "sad autumn", "climbing high to express one's feelings" and "swan geese's biography" The two-sub-motif of "book" is easily and without any trace transformed into the main body of the content - the theme of missing relatives and cherishing others. That is to say, the theme is thematized, and the cultural heritage and the main body of the content are blended. The overall performance of the whole poem becomes more obvious. Desolate and vast, sad and melancholy. Deep and far-reaching.