[1] When Tao Yuanming was a teenager, he had the ambition to escape from the world. He devoted himself to thinking far away-the ambition of miscellaneous poems. In 393, filial piety was eighteen years. With the desire of "great help for life", he served as a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou. At that time, the gate valve system was strict. He came from a civilian family and was looked down upon. He felt that he "couldn't stand being an official and turned himself in in a few days" —— Biography of Jin Shu Tao Qian. After he resigned and went home, the country called him the main book again, and he declined politely. In the fourth year of Long 'an (400 years), Andi went to Jingzhou and joined Huan Xuan as a vassal. At this time, Huan Xuan was controlling the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, eyeing the opportunity to usurp the Eastern Jin regime. Of course, he refused to go with Huan Xuan and be the confidant of the careerist. He wrote in his poem: "How to get as far as Xijing without this." -"Xin Chou's Night Tour in Jiangling in July" has a sense of regret for Shi Huanxuan. "How can you drown in long-term love?" -"Two Poems by Gengzi in Mid-May, From the Capital to the Ruling Forest" made a deep sigh for the official life of the people who bowed to their knees. In the winter of five years in Longan, because his mother died, he resigned and went home. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan sent troops against the imperial court, invaded Jiankang and seized the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huan Xuan overtly usurped the throne in Jiankang, changed his title to Chu, and imprisoned Andi in Xunyang. In his hometown, he devoted himself to self-financing and sang behind closed doors: "Under the tomb door, he is isolated from the world." Look around, who knows, Fei Jing is normally closed. "Huan Xuan peanuts, disdain. In the third year of Yuanxing, the general, Xiapi Wudi and He Wuji set out from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) to crusade against Huan. Huan Xuan defeated the West and brought Andy, who was imprisoned in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home to join the army under Emperor Wu of Song (Tao Yuanming joined the army after Emperor Wu of Song captured Jiankang). When Emperor Wu of Song crusaded against Huan Xuan, he disguised himself according to Tian Chou's story of loyalty to the Eastern Han Dynasty. Qiao Tao Yuanming wrote it in calligraphy.
Tao Yuanming's handwriting
He pretended to be a private person, ventured to Jiankang, and reported the whole process of Huan Xuan's kidnapping Andi to Jiangling to Emperor Wu of Song, thus realizing the will to resist the usurper. He happily wrote a poem: "I am not afraid of being ignorant at forty." My car is famous, and I want to be famous. " Although thousands of miles away, how dare you! "-the fourth chapter of Mr. Murong. After Emperor Wu of Song entered into health, his style was quite remarkable. The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has long been corrupted by "abolishing all officials". After Emperor Wu of Song "set an example", he first banned it by threatening (prohibiting it in advance). "Officials at home and abroad are all in awe and change their customs." His personality, talent and achievements are quite similar to those of Tao Kan, and he once had a good impression on him. However, shortly after the curtain went up, I saw that Emperor Wu of Song killed Huan Xuan's meritorious Diao Kui family and innocent Wang Yu's father and son in order to cut off dissidents, and with his love affair, he appointed Wang Shu, a confidant of Huan Xuan who everyone thought should be killed, as an important official, such as recorder and master of Yangzhou secretariat. These dark phenomena disappointed him. In the poem "A Qubo, the Song of the First Town Army Joining the Army", I wrote: "My eyes are tired of mountains and rivers, and my heart is full of mountains and rivers." "Words and deeds, after all, class, live in Shandong." Then he resigned and lived in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (405), he was transferred to General Jianwei and Jiangzhou secretariat Liu Shenjun. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign for Liu. After Liu left his post, he also left. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him as Pengze County Magistrate. On the 8th1day, I met Du You of Xunyang County, and his subordinates said, "Make a belt and welcome him." He sighed: "I can't bend over to the children in the village for five buckets of rice." "He was awarded the seal of leaving his post. Tao Yuanming's thirteen-year official career ended with his resignation from pengze county. These thirteen years are the thirteen years in which he worked hard, disappointed and finally despaired in order to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". Finally, the poem "Return to Xi Ci" shows the determination to break with the upper ruling class and not go along with the secular.
Tao Yuanming resigned from his post (Figure 5) Tao Yuanming resigned from his post and returned to Li, leading a life of "plowing the fields and killing himself". Because there are five willows planted in front of his house, he is called Mr. Five willows. His wife, Zhai, shares his interests. She is happy and humble. "The husband plows in front and the wife hoes in the back." * * * Living with the working people is closely related to the working people. At the beginning of returning to the field, life was ok. "There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine straw houses, Liu Yin Houyan, Li Tao Luo tang qian." Yuan Ming loves chrysanthemums, and chrysanthemums are planted everywhere at home. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan"-"Drinking" has been well-known so far. He is a heavy drinker and will get drunk when he drinks it. When friends visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will drink together. He got drunk first, and then said to the guests, "I'm drunk enough to sleep." Yixi lived in Beijing for four years (now Caihe Village, Wushan Township, De 'an County) and caught fire, and moved to Lili (now Tao Lili Village, Wushan Township, De 'an County), making life more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, you can also "enjoy drinking spring wine and picking vegetables from our garden" to prevent "hunger in summer and sleeping at night" in disaster years. As we approached Yixi, an old farmer knocked at the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him and advised him to be an official: "A child in rags is waiting for the door."
Come down, it's not high enough. I've been Shang Tong all my life (right or wrong). May you gurgle through it (collusion). "He replied," I was deeply impressed by my father's words and I was very angry. If you are sincere, you can learn, but if you violate it, you will not be fascinated. And * * * enjoy this drink, I can't drive back. "-"Drinking "declined the old farmer's advice in a tone of" harmony but difference ". In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer. Some friends offered to send money to help him, and sometimes he couldn't help asking for a loan. His old friend was appointed as the magistrate of Shi 'an County in the first year of Jingping (423). After Xunyang, I went to his house to drink every day. When I left, I left 20 thousand yuan, sent them to the hotel and drank them one by one. However, he asked for a loan or accepted charity in principle. In the first year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi (424), Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, paid a personal visit. At this point, he was sick and hungry for several days, and he couldn't get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "Sages are alive, but if there is no way in the world, they will be hidden. Where there is a road, there is a road. This child was born in the civilized world. Why do you suffer? " He said: "I dare not look at sages, but I don't have that big ambition." Tan Daoji gave the meat to Liang, but he waved away. He resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years. He has been living a poor and rural life, but when he is old, his interest in keeping poor and honest is getting stronger and stronger. In the fourth year of Yuanjia (427), when he was conscious in mid-September, he wrote three elegies for himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said, "What is the way to die? It shows that he is so natural about death. In 427 AD, Tao Yuanming finished his 63-year life course (the date of birth of Tao Yuanming has yet to be verified, so the 63-year theory here has yet to be verified) and died. He was buried in the tomb of Tao Jiagong at the foot of Nanshan Mountain, at the foot of Mianyang Mountain at the junction of Jiujiang County and Xing Zi County in Jiangxi Province today. Today, Tao Yuanming's tomb is well preserved. The tombstone consists of three monuments, one big and two small. In the middle of the regular script, the "Tomb of Mr. Jingjie, Duke of Jin" is engraved with the epitaph on the left and the word "Qu Ci" on the right, which was written by pottery descendants in the first year of Qing Qianlong. [2]
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Tao Yuanming is known as a recluse poet. His creation initiated the system of pastoral poetry and pushed China's classical poetry to a new height. From ancient times to the present, many people like Tao Yuanming's philosophy of life, such as staying cold, caring for the countryside and being free from vulgarity, as well as his artistic style, which is remote, quiet, natural and unparalleled. At the same time, the reasons why Tao Yuanming retired to the countryside and his secluded life were studied and analyzed. This paper discusses this in combination with Tao Yuanming's poems.
One of the reasons.
the Peach Garden
Tao Yuanming was influenced by his family background and Confucian classics when he was a teenager, and he had the ambition to help the world and the people. However, due to the existence of the gate system, it is impossible for people from civilian backgrounds to break through the monopoly of the gate gentry on high-ranking positions. Under such circumstances, it is difficult for Tao Yuanming's ideal to become a reality, and his ideal dream is doomed to be shattered. Tao Yuanming didn't become an official until he was twenty-nine, but all he did in his life was offer wine, join the army, and be a small official like Xian Cheng. Not only can he not show his ambition, but he has to humiliate himself and deal with some officialdom figures in a compromised way. By the time he was thirty-nine, years of experience had made a qualitative change in his thinking, and he began to turn to farming for self-sufficiency and pursue peace and loneliness of mind. Since then, he has served as Pengze County Magistrate. Because I didn't want to bend over for Wudoumi, I went home after taking office for more than 80 days. From then on, he ended his career efforts and hesitation and embarked on the road of seclusion and pastoral without hesitation. Since Tao Yuanming retired to the countryside at the age of forty-one, he really enjoyed a period of "a warm and distant village, a wisp of smoke in the Iraqi market". Dogs bark in deep lanes, chickens crow and mulberry trees jump. " However, Tao Yuanming, who was born in a scholarly family, is not a good farmer after all, and the hard work of "southern reclamation" may not make him live a well-off life without food and clothing. Yi was 44 years old in the fourth year of Tao Yuanming, and a disaster impoverished his family. In the summer of this year, the poet's "eight or nine cabins with a square house of more than ten acres" was full of life, but it was destroyed by a ruthless fire. The whole family had to live on a boat and rely on relatives and friends for help. In the third year of Yong (422), Tao Yuanming was 58 years old, and his life was close to despair. His situation was reflected in the poem "Working at the Meeting", "Weakness leads to hunger for a long time. How dare you be greedy? "Yuan Jia four years (427), the poet was poor and sick. In the second elegy, the poet fantasizes that he can "swell up without thinking" after his death, which makes people sad: "There was no wine to drink before, but now it's empty. "Spring mash gives birth to ants, when can we taste it better? I cried and cried before the food box was full of me. " In November of the 4th year of Yuanjia (427), 63-year-old Tao Yuanming passed away indifferently.
Reason two
The statue of Mr. Jing Jie
Regarding Tao Yuanming's official and seclusion, people are used to explaining it from the social environment, advocating seclusion and his Confucianism and Taoism. In fact, by grasping Tao Yuanming's five official experiences and analyzing the reasons for his clumsy retirement, we can get some new understandings. It can be summed up in two points: one is Tao Yuanming's nature, and the other is social reality. The essential feature of Tao Yuanming's personality is the pursuit of the greatest freedom of mind and the elegance of mind. Officialdom life does not conform to his nature of advocating nature. Tao Yuanming is in an era of advocating freedom and mysticism. Political usurpation and war can easily make literati who are bent on avoiding disasters form a recluse character. The formation of Tao Yuanming's recluse temperament should be said to have something to do with the universal envy of recluse and the pursuit of spiritual freedom by scholars in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It is this natural endowment of advocating nature, carefree and free that he can't bear to "bend down and fight for the children in the village" and finally return to the field. He wrote "Hui Xi Ci", in which he admitted that he was forced to become a county magistrate because of his livelihood; He resigned because he was "natural in nature, not self-motivated, hungry and cold, and sick to himself". His detached personality made him rather hungry than sneak into officialdom against his will. The poet sang in "Returning to the Garden": "Shaoshao is not suitable for popular rhyme, but naturally loves Qiushan. I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years. The birds are loving Lao Lin, and the fish in the pond are thinking about the past. " "I've been in a cage for a long time, and I'm back to nature." In just a few words, I hate my career beyond words. Tao Yuanming, who regarded his career as a cage, finally resigned, left behind the dust and returned to nature because of his "nature" and "love for his post". Tao Yuanming's seclusion in the countryside should not only be considered in combination with his frank personality, but also be observed from the broad political background and his official career. His entry into WTO and his birth can be said to be related to the social reality at that time. Although Tao Yuanming was finally dismissed from office and returned to the field, he had the idea of making contributions and saving the world when he was young. In his poems such as Drinking Miscellaneous Poems, he once said that "young people are poor and can swim well in the Six Classics", "they are eager to escape from the world and like Philip Burkart", and "young people are strong and swim alone with swords", which shows that he did not have the idea of being born at the beginning. He was born in the family of several generations of bureaucrats. After the founding father, he also expected to make progress in his official career and make a difference in politics. However, at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the situation was turbulent: the internal struggle of the imperial clan and the warlord's ambition for the regime constantly led to bloody killings and even fierce battles. This kind of social unrest not only brings disaster to the people, but also causes serious anxiety in the upper class of society. This made Tao Yuanming's political ambition have to be reduced. In addition, in this power struggle, all dirty and bloody plots are under the guise of lofty morality, which makes Tao Yuanming, who is really pure in nature, unbearable. Tao Yuanming, twenty-nine, first came out as an official in Taiyuan in the eighteenth year of Emperor Xiao of Jin Dynasty, and returned to the field at the age of forty-two for thirteen years. During this period, Tao Yuanming has been in the contradictory struggle between "being born" and "joining the WTO", which is reflected in his poems. Xin Chou sighed in his poems "Walking in Jiangling at night in July": "Why leave this place as far away as Xijing" and "Sun and Moon abandoned people and deliberately refused to hire them". There are too many disappointments and sorrows in the poem. It can be seen that the poet once had a painful hesitation about whether to return to the field, but after all, his long-cherished wish of "loving Qiushan" overwhelmed "fleeing the four seas", so his seclusion was the result of social reality, and it was the result that his thoughts and social reality could not be reconciled.
The third reason.
In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Feng painted Tao Yuanming's Chrysanthemum Fragrance.
Judging from Tao Yuanming's recluse life, his recluse is different from other hermits in the Eastern Jin Dynasty who bought his name by recluse. He is a real hermit, a life choice, and a person who hates "the world is turbid" and "everyone is drunk". Let's take a look at the general experience of Tao Yuanming's life: at first, he offered wine to the country, and he was unbearable for the official, and returned to China in a few days. After becoming an official, he worked under Huan Xuan, Emperor Wu of Song and Liu, and finally worked for Peng for more than 80 days. Because he refused to bow to the villains in the village for Wudoumi, he resolutely resigned and returned to his old job. Later, I advised him to work for Liu Song again. He would rather be poor and ill than be involved in officialdom again. It can be said that Tao Yuanming's seclusion is really stupid. In his poems "Returning to the Garden" and "Drinking", the poet described his life after retirement, saying, "I miss wine when I hide firewood and fly in the daytime. When people are in a complicated market, they wear grass. I will talk nonsense every day, and the road in Sang Ma is long. " "There are more than ten acres of square houses and eight or nine straw houses." "Warm people village, Yi Yi market smoke. In the deep alley where dogs bark, chickens call mulberry trees jump. " "Building a house should be people-oriented, without horses and chariots. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. " These rural areas, ordinary things and rural life that others look down upon are so beautiful, quiet and particularly cordial in the poet's pen. After retirement, Tao Yuanming personally participated in productive labor, approached the working people and praised labor, which made his pastoral poems more full of working life. The poet's participation in labor is described in "Going to the Garden in Spring" and "Early Rice in the West in September in Geng Xu": "I heard about Nanmiao in the past, but I didn't practice it then. Repeatedly empty, someone, spring is at ease. I was driving in the morning and I was already in love. " You grow beans in Shannan, and the grass is covered with bean seedlings. In the morning, I will dispose of the garbage and take the Moon Lotus home. ""In the spring, my career was very long, and my working years were considerable. I am diligent in the morning and the Japanese are negative. " "Wen Yuanchang so, I don't feel sorry for your hard work. "In the hard farming of going out early and returning late, the poet has a closer relationship with the working people, and his feelings for the working people are more sincere:" Go home when you are in the phase, and be close to your neighbors ","The street is revived, and the grass is covered * * *. There are no miscellaneous words when we meet, and Sang Ma has a long way to go. " "Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge, leisurely see Nanshan. When I heard a knock at the door in the morning, I went to open the door. Ask for whom, Fu Tian is kind. The pot is far-sighted, and I doubt that I will use time. "From these poems, readers can see that in this leisurely pastoral life, the poet's state of mind is natural and quiet, and he has reached a truly harmonious state of spiritual development, which is the real seclusion.