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Socrates is the first of the three great philosophers in Greece, and together with Plato and Aristotle, he laid the philosophical foundation of western culture. Cicero said: Socrates brought philosophy from heaven to earth. Because he was born in the chaotic period of the ancient Greek war, his moral value was low, so Socrates believed that everyone must "know himself" in order to support the ethical situation in his life at that time, which was also the starting point of his philosophy. Socrates likes to talk to others and force others to admit their ignorance. After the other party really admits his ignorance, it shows that he is really ready to accept the correct knowledge. At this time, he began to lead the other side to pursue concepts. He thinks that in our daily life, we encounter individual things, but we have the ability to sum up these similar things with a noun. It also leads to their concept of * * *, which is a kind of "* * * phase". With the concept of * * * phase, we will also use this concept to summarize him when we encounter similar unprecedented things in the future.
Reference: 2.hongai.edu/~lm/socrates
Everything we know about Socrates at present comes from many different records: dialogues recorded by Plato, Socrates' student, Xenophon's works, and works by aristophanes and Aristotle. Socrates' own works have not all been handed down. In addition, aristophanes's record of Socrates is actually a satire, and he has no intention to record Socrates' real life. Another complicated problem is that ancient Greek scholars traditionally recorded their concepts, theories and sometimes even personal characteristics according to the opinions put forward by their tutors, and Plato followed this tradition, so Socrates' records are likely to be mixed with Plato's concepts. It is not clear what Socrates does for a living. According to Xenophon's drinking article, Socrates once said that he would devote his life to the most important skill or occupation: discussing philosophy. Although Socrates inherited an inheritance after his father's death, it is obvious that the amount of this inheritance cannot maintain his livelihood for a long time. In Xenophon's narrative, Socrates made a living by tuition fees contributed by students, while in aristophanes's narrative, Socrates opened a philosophy school. Plato's "Drinking" records that Socrates explicitly refused to accept the tuition fee for teaching. It is also possible that Socrates relied on the generous support of some rich and powerful friends, such as Clayton. Some characters in the record, such as Alkki Bijad, a friend of Socrates, pointed out in the dialogue that Socrates joined the Athenian army in the Peloponnesian War. Plato's "Can Drink" also points out that Socrates is quite brave personally. On one occasion, Socrates followed Archie Bijad to protect him on the battlefield, and even saved his life. The record also shows the harsh environment in the war, such as Socrates having to walk barefoot, or the cold conditions in winter. [Editor] Trial and Death Penalty The death of Socrates. Painted by Jacques Louis David (1787). Socrates' life began in the golden age of Athens ruled by Ricqles and ended in the decline of Athens (the period after the fall of the thirty tyrant groups after the Peloponnesian War). At that time, Athens was trying to stabilize the situation and eliminate the shame of defeat. Persuaded by three Athenian politicians, the court in Athens tried Socrates on charges of not believing in God and corrupting the thoughts of Athenian youth. At that time, Greek culture regarded gods and goddesses as important roles in defending the polis (for example, Athens was named after its protector Athena). The defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War was interpreted as Athena's punishment for ungodly, and the remedy was to punish those who questioned Athena or other gods. In the complaint, Socrates insisted that the trial was completely wrong. According to the trial records recorded in Plato's complaint, Socrates' "crime" began when his friend Chaerephon asked at the Oracle of Delphi if anyone was smarter than Socrates. The Oracle's answer is no. Socrates explained that the answer is another puzzle-let him start looking for people smarter than himself. He asked the Athenians about perfection, beauty and virtue, and found that they knew nothing at all, but thought they knew a lot. Socrates concluded that he was smarter than others only because he realized that he knew nothing. Socrates' wisdom made the Athenian politicians who were questioned by him foolishly turn against him, which led to this godless trial. Socrates was finally found guilty and sentenced to death. Socrates rejected his students' plan to escape, and drank the poisonous violet juice and died. According to Phaedo, Socrates died peacefully and patiently accepted his sentence. According to Xenophon and Plato, Socrates had a chance to escape, and his students were going to bribe the prison guards. After escaping, Socrates will escape from Athens. In the famous painting Death of Socrates, there is a floor tile under Socrates' bed, which may be one of the escape plans. As the dialogue between Socrates and Chritton shows, Socrates refused to escape because he realized that he had to abide by the laws of this city-state and obey the results of its citizens, judges and juries. Otherwise, he violated his "contract" with this city-state, which is contrary to the principle advocated by Socrates. [Editor] Socrates often said that his wisdom comes from realizing his ignorance. Socrates may think that doing bad things is the result of ignorance, and people who do bad things are not necessarily smarter than others. Socrates often claims that the only knowledge he has is the knowledge of love, which links his love for wisdom-for example, his love for philosophy. He never claimed to have a lot of wisdom, but he just knew better than others that one must love wisdom itself before pursuing it. Whether Socrates believes that human beings (relative to Apollo and other gods) can really become wise is still controversial. He did distinguish between stupid and ideal knowledge; On the other hand, he also described a way to accumulate wisdom in Drinking (Diotima's speech) and The Republic (the fable of the cave). [Editor] Political Socrates believes that "ideals exist in a world that only the wise can understand", so some people argue that Socrates believes that only philosophers have the ability to rule others. According to Plato, Socrates' concrete ideas about politics are by no means incomprehensible. He openly opposed the long-standing democratic system in Athens at that time. But not only the democracy in Athens, Socrates opposed all forms in his philosophy that did not conform to the ideal country, and Athens did not meet this standard. In the last few years of Socrates' life, Athens experienced many large-scale changes because of political turmoil, and the democratic system was finally overthrown by the warlord thirty tyrant group headed by Chrittia, a relative of Plato and one of Plato's students. After a year of tyrannical rule, the tyrannical clique was finally overthrown, and Athens re-adopted the democratic system. At that time, democracy also announced an amnesty for all those concerned during the period of authoritarian rule. But only four years later, democracy was designed to suppress Socrates. What exactly is Socrates' political idea has always been one of the biggest debates in philosophy. One view that most people agree with is that Socrates does not believe that philosophers can be kings, because Socrates always refuses to go into politics and does not participate in any form of * * * operation; He often points out that he can't interfere or instruct others how to live, because he doesn't fully understand himself at all. Philosophers are just people who love wisdom, not really wise people. Socrates accepted his death sentence after being convicted by the 500-member conference, which is also one of the evidences to support this argument. Many people also think that the anti-democratic trend of thought in Athens began with Plato, because Plato could not accept his mentor's unfair judgment under the democratic system. In any case, there is no doubt that Socrates' aversion to the thirty-member tyrant group is absolutely no less than his aversion to democracy; When the tyrant group asked Socrates to help capture an Athenian, Socrates refused and almost died. In the Peloponnesian War, the Athenian navy defeated the Aginius Islands, but many sailors of the wrecked ship died without rescue, and the ensuing public grievances triggered a political storm. Many naval generals were prosecuted, and Socrates served as the presiding judge of the trial. Socrates ignored the strong pressure of public opinion, insisted on trial according to law, and strongly opposed the execution of naval generals [1]. Although Socrates was later replaced, this incident became the most important political activity in Socrates' life. Although Socrates was later sentenced to death by the democratic system, according to what Socrates did, he still believed that the legitimacy of the autocratic rule of the thirty-member tyrant group was not as high as that of the democratic system. [Editor] Mysticism In Plato's dialogues, Socrates often seems to show his mysterious side and discuss issues such as reincarnation and mysterious religion. However, this is usually considered as a record added by Plato himself. In any case, this cannot rule out all possibilities, because we can't guarantee the real difference between Plato and Socrates; In addition, Xenophon's records also show some similar results. Among them, the most noteworthy is Plato's exposition in Drinking and The Republic. Socrates said that one can go to the beautiful sea and stare at the perfect theory, thus gaining wisdom. The whole process is almost similar to a mysterious experience (this dialogue is from Drinking). Socrates gave a speech to the students, telling the story of his mentor, the priestess Diotima. She even worried that Socrates could not achieve mystery. In Minos, Socrates mentioned Elius' secret instrument and told MINO that if he wanted to understand Socrates' answer more thoroughly, he had to attend the initiation ceremony next week. Perhaps the most interesting part is that Socrates relied on a "devil's omen" voice he heard to judge whether he made a mistake. It is also this symbol that has always prevented Socrates from entering politics. The record in Fidel tells us that Socrates regards this as a kind of "disorder of the gods", which is a gift from the gods and gives us all kinds of inspirations about poetry, mystery, love and even philosophy itself. This symptom usually belongs to what we call intuition. But Socrates described this phenomenon as a "devil", indicating that it originated from the gods, was mysterious and was not controlled by his own thoughts. [Editor] The works of Plato, Xenophon and Aristotle are the main sources for studying Socrates. Plato and Xenophon were students of Socrates, and it is speculated that they may also deify Socrates. Anyway, their works are the only coherent Socrates' records that we know today. Although Aristotle is not a direct descendant of Socrates, he often mentions Socrates in his works.
Reference: I
Socrates Socrates was born in the golden age of Athens ruled by Pericles, and was born in poverty. His father is a sculptor and his mother is a midwife. Socrates' wife is Zansipe. She bore him three sons. When Socrates died, they were all young. Legend has it that Zansipe is a grumpy and nagging bitch, but this is probably caused by Xenophon's exaggerated description of her. Socrates once said that he would devote his life to the most important skill or occupation: discussing philosophy. Although Socrates inherited an inheritance after his father's death, it is obvious that the amount of this inheritance cannot maintain his livelihood for a long time. In Xenophon's narrative, Socrates made a living by tuition fees contributed by students, while in aristophanes's narrative, Socrates opened a philosophy school. Socrates' "crime" began with his friend Keller von. He asked the Athenians about perfection, beauty and virtue, and found that they knew nothing at all, but thought they knew a lot. Socrates concluded that he was smarter than others only because he realized that he knew nothing. Socrates' wisdom turned the Athenian politicians who he questioned as stupid against him at that time, which led to the ungodly trial. Image reference: upload.wikimedia/ * * */Mons/Thumb /8/8c/ David _ _ Death of Socrates /300px- Death of David _ _ Socrates.
Reference: zh. * * */wiki/% E8 % 98% 87% E6 % A0 % BC % E6 % 8B % 89% E5 % BA % 95 # . e 7 . 94 . 9 f . E5 . B9 . B3。
Everything we know about Socrates at present comes from many different records: dialogues recorded by Plato, Socrates' student, Xenophon's works, and works by aristophanes and Aristotle. Socrates' own works have not all been handed down. In addition, aristophanes's record of Socrates is actually a satire, and he has no intention to record Socrates' real life. Another complicated problem is that ancient Greek scholars traditionally recorded their concepts, theories and sometimes even personal characteristics according to the opinions put forward by their tutors, and Plato followed this tradition, so Socrates' records are likely to be mixed with Plato's concepts. It is not clear what Socrates does for a living. According to Xenophon's drinking article, Socrates once said that he would devote his life to the most important skill or occupation: discussing philosophy. Although Socrates inherited an inheritance after his father's death, it is obvious that the amount of this inheritance cannot maintain his livelihood for a long time. In Xenophon's narrative, Socrates made a living by tuition fees contributed by students, while in aristophanes's narrative, Socrates opened a philosophy school. Plato's "Drinking" records that Socrates explicitly refused to accept the tuition fee for teaching. It is also possible that Socrates relied on the generous support of some rich and powerful friends, such as Clayton. Some characters in the record, such as Alkki Bijad, a friend of Socrates, pointed out in the dialogue that Socrates joined the Athenian army in the Peloponnesian War. Plato's "Can Drink" also points out that Socrates is quite brave personally. On one occasion, Socrates followed Archie Bijad to protect him on the battlefield, and even saved his life. The record also shows the harsh environment in the war, such as Socrates having to walk barefoot, or the cold conditions in winter. [Editor] Trial and Death Penalty The death of Socrates. Painted by Jacques Louis David (1787). Socrates' life began in the golden age of Athens ruled by Ricqles and ended in the decline of Athens (the period after the fall of the thirty tyrant groups after the Peloponnesian War). At that time, Athens was trying to stabilize the situation and eliminate the shame of defeat. Persuaded by three Athenian politicians, the court in Athens tried Socrates on charges of not believing in God and corrupting the thoughts of Athenian youth. At that time, Greek culture regarded gods and goddesses as important roles in defending the polis (for example, Athens was named after its protector Athena). The defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War was interpreted as Athena's punishment for ungodly, and the remedy was to punish those who questioned Athena or other gods. In the complaint, Socrates insisted that the trial was completely wrong. According to the trial records recorded in Plato's complaint, Socrates' "crime" began when his friend Chaerephon asked at the Oracle of Delphi if anyone was smarter than Socrates. The Oracle's answer is no. Socrates explained that the answer is another puzzle-let him start looking for people smarter than himself. He asked the Athenians about perfection, beauty and virtue, and found that they knew nothing at all, but thought they knew a lot. Socrates concluded that he was smarter than others only because he realized that he knew nothing. Socrates' wisdom made the Athenian politicians who were questioned by him foolishly turn against him, which led to this godless trial. Socrates was finally found guilty and sentenced to death. Socrates rejected his students' plan to escape, and drank the poisonous violet juice and died. According to Phaedo, Socrates died peacefully and patiently accepted his sentence. According to Xenophon and Plato, Socrates had a chance to escape, and his students were going to bribe the prison guards. After escaping, Socrates will escape from Athens. In the famous painting Death of Socrates, there is a floor tile under Socrates' bed, which may be one of the escape plans. As the dialogue between Socrates and Chritton shows, Socrates refused to escape because he realized that he had to abide by the laws of this city-state and obey the results of its citizens, judges and juries. Otherwise, he violated his "contract" with this city-state, which is contrary to the principle advocated by Socrates. [Editor] Socrates often said that his wisdom comes from realizing his ignorance. Socrates may think that doing bad things is the result of ignorance, and people who do bad things are not necessarily smarter than others. Socrates often claims that the only knowledge he has is the knowledge of love, which links his love for wisdom-for example, his love for philosophy. He never claimed to have a lot of wisdom, but he just knew better than others that one must love wisdom itself before pursuing it. Whether Socrates believes that human beings (relative to Apollo and other gods) can really become wise is still controversial. He did distinguish between stupid and ideal knowledge; On the other hand, he also described a way to accumulate wisdom in Drinking (Diotima's speech) and The Republic (the fable of the cave). [Editor] Political Socrates believes that "ideals exist in a world that only the wise can understand", so some people advocate that Socrates believes that only philosophers have the ability to rule others. According to Plato, Socrates' concrete ideas about politics are by no means incomprehensible. He openly opposed the long-standing democratic system in Athens at that time. But not only the democracy in Athens, Socrates opposed all forms in his philosophy that did not conform to the ideal country, and Athens did not meet this standard. In the last few years of Socrates' life, Athens experienced many large-scale changes because of political turmoil, and the democratic system was finally overthrown by the warlord thirty tyrant group headed by Chrittia, a relative of Plato and one of Plato's students. After a year of tyrannical rule, the tyrannical clique was finally overthrown, and Athens re-adopted the democratic system. At that time, democracy also announced an amnesty for all those concerned during the period of authoritarian rule. But only four years later, democracy was designed to suppress Socrates. What exactly is Socrates' political idea has always been one of the biggest debates in philosophy. One view that most people agree with is that Socrates does not believe that philosophers can be kings, because Socrates always refuses to go into politics and does not participate in any form of * * * operation; He often points out that he can't interfere or instruct others how to live, because he doesn't fully understand himself at all. Philosophers are just people who love wisdom, not really wise people. Socrates accepted his death sentence after being convicted by the 500-member conference, which is also one of the evidences to support this argument. Many people also think that the anti-democratic trend of thought in Athens began with Plato, because Plato could not accept his mentor's unfair judgment under the democratic system. In any case, there is no doubt that Socrates' aversion to the thirty-member tyrant group is absolutely no less than his aversion to democracy; When the tyrant group asked Socrates to help catch an Athenian, Socrates refused and almost died. In the Peloponnesian War, the Athenian navy defeated the Aginius Islands, but many sailors of the wrecked ship died without rescue, and the ensuing public grievances triggered a political storm. Many naval generals were prosecuted, and Socrates served as the presiding judge of the trial. Socrates ignored the strong pressure of public opinion, insisted on trial according to law, and strongly opposed the execution of naval generals [1]. Although Socrates was later replaced, this incident became the most important political activity in Socrates' life. Although Socrates was later sentenced to death by the democratic system, according to what Socrates did, he still believed that the legitimacy of the autocratic rule of the thirty-member tyrant group was not as high as that of the democratic system. [Editor] Mysticism In Plato's dialogues, Socrates often seems to show his mysterious side and discuss issues such as reincarnation and mysterious religion. However, this is usually considered as a record added by Plato himself. In any case, this cannot rule out all possibilities, because we can't guarantee the real difference between Plato and Socrates; In addition, Xenophon's records also show some similar results. Among them, the most noteworthy is Plato's exposition in Drinking and The Republic. Socrates said that one can go to the beautiful sea and stare at the perfect theory, thus gaining wisdom. The whole process is almost similar to a mysterious experience (this dialogue is from Drinking). Socrates gave a speech to the students, telling the story of his mentor, the priestess Diotima. She even worried that Socrates could not achieve mystery. In Minos, Socrates mentioned Elius' secret instrument and told MINO that if he wanted to understand Socrates' answer more thoroughly, he had to attend the initiation ceremony next week. Perhaps the most interesting part is that Socrates relied on a "devil's omen" voice he heard to judge whether he made a mistake. It is also this symbol that has always prevented Socrates from entering politics. The record in Fidel tells us that Socrates regards this as a kind of "disorder of the gods", which is a gift from the gods and gives us all kinds of inspirations about poetry, mystery, love and even philosophy itself. This symptom usually belongs to what we call intuition. But Socrates described this phenomenon as a "devil", indicating that it originated from the gods, was mysterious and was not controlled by his own thoughts. [Editor] The works of Plato, Xenophon and Aristotle are the main sources for studying Socrates. Plato and Xenophon were students of Socrates, and it is speculated that they may also deify Socrates. Anyway, their works are the only coherent Socrates' records that we know today. Although Aristotle is not a direct descendant of Socrates, he often mentions Socrates in his works. 2007-04-2719: 04: 51Supplement: Here are some highlights! ^_*Thank
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Socrates (σ ω κ rho? τη? , 469-399 BC) is a famous philosopher in ancient Greece. He, his student Plato and Plato's student Aristotle are called "the three sages of Greece". He is widely regarded as the founder of western philosophy by later generations. As a citizen of Athens, it is recorded that Socrates was finally sentenced to death by the Athens court, because he did not believe in God and corrupted the thoughts of the young people in Athens. Although he had the opportunity to flee to Athens, Socrates chose to drink the poisonous violet juice and die, because he thought that fleeing would only further weaken the authority of Athenian law, and at the same time worried that Athens would not have a good tutor to educate the people after fleeing.