Author: Xia Yun
Holidays, a pot of green tea, a few friends, sitting around and chatting. From Lu Xun's Memorial to Duan's Long Kneeling to Apologize.
An old man said that during the Beiyang period, the circulation of newspapers and periodicals in China was very large, and there were many kinds of newspapers and periodicals. The Modern Publishing History of China claims that from 65438 to 0920, there were 1000 kinds of newspapers and magazines in China, and even "a new publication was published every two or three days".
Seriously, reading modern history, my mind is a mess. For the period of Beiyang government, I was confused and became an iron plate cognition-the period of Beiyang warlords was dark, and all warlords were like demons. But I can't get it
I understand why there are voices of opposition in such a dark period. On the day of 318 massacre, students demonstrated in front of the executive government, and 47 people were shot and killed by guards. Dozens of lives
Duan, defined as a warlord in our textbooks, is nothing. Warlords should be shameless and cruel. But afterwards, he couldn't afford to kneel and resigned. He was the supreme authority in China at that time.
Handler; Whether out of the nature of warlords or in order to maintain the majesty of the government and the stability and harmony of the country, it is completely normal to prohibit Lu Xun and newspapers and periodicals from making noises that violate the mainstream consciousness. But he abnormally put himself
I have been "harmonious" What is even more abnormal is that in such a dark period, Lu Xun and the media dare to imitate warlords like the tail of tigers and wolves. Was the Beiyang period really autocratic? I put a question mark in my heart. I asked: During the Beiyang government,
Is it the most dictatorial and unrestrained period in China's modern history?
Or the old man said, I benefited a lot, he said:
The period of Northern Warlords began with Yuan Shikai's appointment as interim president in Beijing in March 19 12, and ended with Zhang Xueliang's change of flag in Northeast China at the end of 1928, which lasted 16 years. Make the Republic of China a military power.
Husbands are actually different from their predecessors and descendants of traditional autocratic dynasties before and after. They are the fruits of China's learning from the West and his determination to make Qiang Bing rich. Whether studying in the Japanese NCO School or graduating from local military science.
Tang, there are many people who are determined to serve their country and their country.
The top ten warlords in charge of several generations in Beiyang period-Yuan Shikai, Feng, Duan, Wu, Cao Kun, Li, Feng Yuxiang, Zhang, Zhang Xun and Zhang Zongchang-were all except Zhang with a beard.
Power once showed respect for the western-style and political system of the Republic of China. No matter how overbearing, Congress was not excluded, and freedom of thought and school autonomy were also recognized. They are far from traditional autocracy in the face of legal procedures.
Cut off the arrogance of the emperor "Monks playing umbrellas are lawless". Intellectuals and social groups are not afraid to express their independent views on the country's political life. Public opinion participates in politics, supervises rulers, and makes warlords fear society.
Public opinion, awe of legal procedures, dare not fight so openly.
Duan was born in Huai army and participated in the creation of Beiyang. He studied in Germany for several years and experienced the influence of modern western civilization. After Yuan Shikai's death, as a man with real power, he advocated the full opening of the newspaper ban. 318 massacre, Duan Zheng
The life of ruling was seriously threatened by newspapers and periodicals. Duan did not control public opinion in order to maintain his ruling position, but took responsibility for it. Warlords and feudal bureaucrats have many shortcomings, but what is commendable is that they know how to respect heaven and earth and fear public opinion.
The old man Kan Kan said that these ideas are completely different from those I was instilled in my school days.
To me, this seems to be a fantasy. The word "bear" is so heavy. Unexpectedly, the politician's conscience and moral light at least flashed on this warlord who was designated as "shameless and cruel" by textbooks. His integrity and personality are wrong.
Compared with those great men who refuse to admit their mistakes and find someone to cushion them, I have nothing to sigh about. The responsibility of politics and conscience-the famine of the last century, tens of millions of abnormal deaths. Does anyone bear the responsibility of politics and conscience?
The old man also said: the Beiyang warlord government has the courage to appoint Cai Yuanpei, the opposition party, as the president of Peking University. Cai Yuanpei, as the principal, has the courage to take government funds but ignore government documents, go his own way and manage the school according to his own values. The authorities arrested his students, and he would rather resign himself than rescue the arrested Peking University students.
At that time, universities advocated the "independent spirit" of professor research, and "free thinking" was the soul of institutions of higher learning. Scholars can shout loudly, "To fight for their own freedom is to fight for the freedom of the country, and to fight for their own rights is to fight for the country."
On the right. Because a free and equal country cannot be built by a group of slaves! "In the era of" one party, one doctrine and one leader "before and after the Northern Manchu Dynasty, it was impossible to make such a sound.
Zhang Taiyan called on Yuan Shikai and smashed the furniture of the presidential palace. Yuan Shikai can only put him under house arrest and support him in 500 yuan every month.
The warlord Duan, who became the prime minister, is an ordinary soldier, but if a reporter writes an article scolding him, he will be scolded, and he will certainly not be sent to reeducation through labor according to his words.
Beiyang Beowulf caught up with him and had a bad temper, and he would close the newspaper office, but when this place was closed, others turned around and opened it again. They turned a blind eye and pretended not to see it. I definitely won't do anything that only allows my family to talk.
At that time, journalists had problems criticizing the government and government dignitaries. The government's control of public opinion is a major event, that is, the establishment of news inspectors. If it is not suitable, it just asks someone to open a "skylight" and flatly refuses to do it.
If we want to turn the world news publishing industry into our own world, we will not force the newspaper owner to be the servant of the gatekeeper. Say whatever you want, and shut up if you don't say anything. If you dare to shut up, I'll smash your meal.
Bowl, and send you to labor camp.
The universities in Beiyang period were even more colorful. Higher education has three pillars: national universities, private universities and missionary universities. Not only private and missionary universities, but also the government cannot interfere. Even state-owned universities are run by professors, and the government can't have the final say.
Tsinghua is a national university, which is the work of the government. But before President Mei Yiqi, several presidents, students and professors appointed by the government were dissatisfied with this and were dismissed after being coaxed. The government can do nothing about it, even "stupid" enough to have the right to punish these troublemakers.
Whatever you say in college, how you say it, is self-study, and no one can interfere. It is also legal to teach Marxism in universities. Political education is nothing more than setting up a subject office in a university, nicknamed "political toilet". Apart from attracting some "professional" flies in and out, it does no harm to the power structure and professors of universities.
Although I don't know whether those things about Beiyang are true or not, I am shocked by the knowledge of Beiyang period instilled in textbooks. I feel that
It was an era of alternation between the old and the new, collision between China and the West, and intersection of situations. It gave birth to a generation of literati such as Zhang Taiyan, Cai Yuanpei, Hu Shi, Chen Yinque, Liang Shuming, Xu Zhimo, Wen Yiduo, Lu Xun and Liang Qichao, which are similar to today's literati.
In contrast, manners, temperament, mind, knowledge and taste are very different.
Chen Danqing called them "the Republic of China". Those are timeless and timeless "models" cherished and admired by future generations. They are either pedantic or stubborn.
Whether crazy or crazy, there is a word "scholar" in the background of life. Looking back nearly 60 years, are there still "fans"? Believe it or not, those things in Beiyang!