First, the classification of ancient poetry
Ancient poetry includes poems and songs.
From the form of poetry can be divided into:
(1) Ancient poems, including four-character poems (first appeared in The Book of Songs), five-character poems (matured in the Han Dynasty, such as Nineteen Ancient Poems), seven-character poems (matured in the Tang Dynasty, such as The Song of Eternal Sorrow) and Yuefu poems (some titles added songs, lines, songs and songs).
Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis, and rhymes casually. The development track of classical poetry is as follows: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties folk songs → Jian 'an poems → Tao poems and other five-character poems of literati → Tang Dynasty antique new Yuefu.
(2) Modern poetry, including metrical poems and quatrains. Modern poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to regular arrangement, there are definite sentences in the article, in which there are definite words, definite sounds in words and positioning in rhyme. Quatrains are divided into five-character quatrains (five quatrains) and seven-character quatrains (seven quatrains), and metrical poems are divided into five-character quatrains (five quatrains), seven quatrains (seven quatrains) and quatrains.
③ Ci, which flourished in the Song Dynasty, can be divided into three forms according to the number of words: Xiaoling (within 58 words), Zhongdiao (within 59-90 words) and Longdiao (above 9 1 word). Words have fixed tone, fixed sentence, fixed tone and fixed rhyme. Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two sections.
(4) Qu, also known as Yuefu, flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, with two forms: Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu also has two forms: Xiao Ling (short tune) and Duo Qu (also called "divertimento").
Second, the related knowledge of poems, words and songs.
(1) Ancient poetry and modern poetry
Classical poetry and modern poetry are divided from the perspective of poetic rhythm. The main difference between them is that modern poetry refers to metrical poetry formed in the early Tang Dynasty, which has strict rules on the number of words, rhyme and antithesis, while classical poetry does not talk about metrical poetry, and all the poems before Tang Dynasty are classical poetry.
(2) rhymes and quatrains (also called abridged sentences)
The difference between metrical poems and quatrains mainly lies in the number of sentences. There are only four sentences in a quatrain, which can be correct or incorrect. A metrical poem has eight sentences, one or two of which are the first couplet, three or four are the parallel couplet, five or six are the neck couplet, and seven or eight are the tail couplet. The first couplet and the last couplet can be couplet, but they can't be couplet, and the couplet and the neck couplet must be couplet; Both metrical poems and quatrains need even tones. A metrical poem with more than eight sentences is an arrangement.
(3) Songs, lines and quotations
There is no strict difference between the three genres of ancient poetry. Syllables and metrical forms are generally free, including five-character, seven-character and miscellaneous words, such as "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind", "Pipa" and "Li Pingluo's Lyrics".
④ Yuefu New Yuefu
Yuefu was originally the official name in charge of music in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and later became a poetic name. Music songs collected and created by Yuefu officials in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. Xinle House was founded in the early Tang Dynasty. In addition to following the old Yuefu poems in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets created new poems, which were different from the original rhyme, so they were called new Yuefu, which was confirmed in Bai Juyi.
⑤ Title and inscription
The difference between title and epigraph: the title of a word is the embodiment of the content of the word, and epigraph is the name of the tune of the word. For example, in Niannujiao Huaigu Chibi, "Niannujiao" is the inscription and "Huaigu Chibi" is the inscription, revealing that the word is lyrical and the place is Chibi. A word must have a epigraph, but not necessarily a title. The upper paragraph of a word divided into two paragraphs is called "Red Cliff Nostalgia".
Third, from the theme of poetry can be divided into:
(1) Lyrics about scenery, lyric poems praising scenic spots and describing natural scenery. Because of their dissatisfaction with reality, some ancient poets often express their feelings with landscapes and express their thoughts and feelings by depicting rivers and lakes and natural scenery. This kind of poems often express their feelings in the scenery described later, which is what people often say. Their style is fresh and natural.
(2) The poet describes the shape, characteristics, charm and personality of the object to be sung, in order to entrust the poet's own feelings and express the poet's spirit, quality or ideal.
I feel nostalgic for poetry, which aroused the poet's feelings, such as homesickness, homesickness and friends.
Recalling the past and chanting epic poems, taking historical allusions as the theme, or expressing one's own opinions, or satirizing the present through the past, or expressing vicissitudes of life.
⑤ Frontier poems, which describe the frontier scenery and the military life of soldiers guarding the frontier, or express their optimism or homesickness, are tragic in style and bold in brushwork.
Fourthly, China ancient poetry schools and literary movements.
1. Landscape pastoral poetry school mainly describes the quiet and carefree natural scenery, and through the praise of natural scenery, it reveals the feelings of unwilling to go along with evil, or expresses the negative thoughts of seclusion and seclusion. Its representative writers are Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun in Jin Dynasty and Wang Wei and Meng Haoran in Tang Dynasty.
2. Frontier poetry school, with frontier life and war as the theme. Representative writers are Gao Shi and Cen Can in Tang Dynasty, as well as Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan, William Wang and Cui Hao.
3. bold school. A major school in the Song Dynasty, its works are bold and unconstrained, with lofty sentiments and lofty aspirations, giving people a positive force. Representative poets include Su Shi and Xin Qiji, and representative works include Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia and Xin Qiji's Yong Yule Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia.
4. Graceful school. A major school in the Song Dynasty, its works have beautiful and implicit language, euphemistic and lingering feelings expressed in words, relaxed and lively tone or deep bitterness, and narrow subject matter. Most of them often write personal experiences, love between men and women, and feelings of mountains and rivers. Representative poets include Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Li Qingzhao and Jiang Kui.
5. The New Yuefu Movement initiated by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen advocated that "articles should be written in time and poems should be written for things". Although it is called Yuefu, it is not limited to melody, so it is called New Yuefu. Many of Bai Juyi's works reflected social contradictions and had practical significance at that time. Its form adopts Yuefu style, and most of it is wrong in a few words and seven words.