First, the expression skills mainly include: ① expression methods (narrative, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation, the first four are commonly used in ancient poetry); (2) Expression techniques (supporting objects, expressing ambition, writing scenes, lyrical narration, expressing feelings with objects, expressing one's mind directly, suppressing desires first, promoting flashback, contrasting symbols of pawn, using allusions, imagining, caring for feelings, setting off scenery, setting off objects, rendering reality, combining positive description with direct and indirect lyricism, etc.); (3) material selection and cutting; ④ Structural skills: transition, echo, etc. ⑤ Creation of artistic conception, characterization of characters and application of rhetorical methods (metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, repetition, etc.). ), description of social natural environment, etc. Therefore, to analyze the language, understand the content of the article, and understand the author's intentions and emotions, we must understand the role of expression skills. Second, in the reading appreciation of modern literature, expression skills include: 1, and expression: narration, explanation, discussion, lyricism and description. 2. Means of expression: imagination, association, analogy, symbol, contrast, rendering, rhetoric, cadence, allusions, etc. 3. Material arrangement: clear priorities, detailed and simple. 4. Structure: connecting the preceding with the following, suspense, care, bedding, etc. 5. Rhetoric: metaphor, repetition, parallelism, rhetorical questions, personification, analogy, imitation, exaggeration, etc. [Edit this paragraph] The expressive techniques of lyric prose are rich and colorful, including lyricism, lyricism, cadence and symbolism. Narrative writing skills such as beginning and end coordination, finishing touch, clever use of rhetoric, proper details, combination of narration and discussion, positive and negative comparison, etc. Argumentative writing skills such as quoting classics, clever analogy, reverse seeking differences, positive and negative comparison, and analogical reasoning. [Edit this paragraph] The specific expression technique is to express one's will through the scenery and express one's feelings directly. The contrast between Zhang Xianzhi and Zhang Xianzhi symbolizes imagination, association, caring about feelings in the landscape, contrasting objects with joy and sadness, rendering truth and falsehood, and describing profile. Direct lyric, indirect lyric, promotion, suppression of exaggeration, metaphor, personification, suspense, face-to-face combination with foreshadowing, concern about the opening topic [edit this paragraph] There are many ways to express poetry. China's earliest popular traditional expression technique is "Fu", and the Preface to Mao's Poems says: "So poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance and the sixth is fu. Among the six meanings, "style, elegance and praise" refers to the types of poems in the Book of Songs, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressions in poems. Fu: It is a way to express things directly. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in "Notes on Poems": "The giver must tell the truth. "For example," Ge Tan "and" slug "in The Book of Songs used this technique. Bobby: It's a figurative way to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing": "And what is Bi Ye? Cover things with attachments and threaten to cut them off. Zhu Dui said, "If you compare it, you can compare this thing with another one. "Books such as The Book of Songs, such as Cats and Storytelling, are written in this way. Xing: It's a way to make things interesting, that is, to use the beginning of things to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius said in "Mao Shi Zheng Yi": "Those who get the Tao are happy. For example, those who quote plants, birds and animals to see the meaning in poetry and prose are happy to start their own hearts. Zhu pointed out more clearly: "If you are interested, you should say something else first to arouse the words you recite." For example, Guan Ju and others all used the expression of "xing" in their articles in The Book of Songs. These three methods of expression have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties. There are many forms of expression of poetry, which are constantly developing and creating since ancient times, and their application is also flexible, exaggerated, repetitive, overlapping, jumping and so on. It's hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important form of expression of poetry. In poetry, there is also an important technique of expression, which is symbol. Symbol simply means "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol is the direct image of the soul and should be paid attention to. From a modern point of view, there are three main ways to create images in poetry: 1 and analogy. In the book Wen Xin Diao Long, Liu Xie said: Bi Xing is "or sound metaphor, or figurative metaphor, or mental metaphor, or metaphor. "There are many examples in the poems we listed before. There is also a more commonly used technique, that is, "personification": personification with things or personification with people. The former is like Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge: I left gently/just as I came gently; /I waved gently,/saying goodbye to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/the bride in the sunset; /Beautiful shadows in the waves,/rippling in my heart. Treat "clouds" and "golden willows" as people. People imitate things, for example, Love's Because of the Wind: ... My heart/as bright as the candlelight in your window/slightly ambiguous/inevitable/because of the wind/... with the love of my life/light a lamp/I am a fire/may go out at any time/because of the wind. Compare "my heart" to candlelight, and compare me to a lamp. Of course, in the final analysis, the essence is "personification". "2. exaggeration. It is to enlarge the things to be described, just like the "capitalization" and "close-up" shots in the movie, to attract readers' attention and association. Li Bai's Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, so it is not as good as Wang Lun (for Wang Lun), "Flying down three thousands of feet, suspecting that the Milky Way will fall for nine days" (Looking at Lushan Waterfall), in which "deep thousands of feet" and "three thousands of feet" are mentioned, although it is not true, the image he created vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's passion, which is not only acceptable to readers. However, this exaggeration must be artistic and aesthetic, not too absurd, not too real, and not too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the harvest of cotton: "A bag of cotton is wrapped/the truck head is tilted/tilted, three feet high/like an anti-aircraft gun." After reading it, people feel unreal and can't feel good. 3. Metonymy. Is to replace that thing with this thing. Similar to analogy, but different. The difference lies in: analogy is generally compared, and comparison is concrete and visible; Metonymy is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, makes the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and arouses readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said, "Put wings on your thoughts, put clothes on your feelings, color your voice, and let the dead solidify." To shape the image of poetry, we should not only use the materials taken from perspective to describe the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch to reflect the image in many ways, so as to be vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, rode on a donkey and sang "Birds by the pool stay in the trees, and monks push the door down on the moon", but he also thought that "monks knock on the door down on the moon" could be used. He couldn't decide whether to "push" or "knock", so he made a consultation with his hand. Unexpectedly, the donkey blocked a big official's way. This man is Han Yu, a great writer. When the guards led Jia Dao to the horse, Jia told the truth. Han hesitated for a long time and said it was better to knock at the door. Because there is a "knock" sound, there are one or two knocks on the door on the moonlit night in the mountains, which makes the scene "live" and makes the environment more silent. "Wuti" and "Zhong" beside Fengqiao Bridge are also the crowning touch of this poem. There is also the music description in Bai Juyi's Pipa, which is "like pouring pearls of all sizes into a plate of jade". It is very vivid and wonderful! Modern, such as Huang Helang's "Morning Song": "There is also a stubborn listening/wind, rain, waves/faint/dawn/morning bell of Lingquan Temple/like a gushing spring/distant response/faint knocking down/a few sparse stars/cock crowing/as if crossing the ocean/cock crowing/like the tide. This poem is also well written. Therefore, if we master the skills of creating images with sound, it will open up a broader field for poetry creation. Whether it is metaphor, exaggeration or metonymy, it depends on the poet's keen observation of objective things, his own feelings, bold imagination and even fantasy. It can be said that neither romance nor reality is a poet without imagination (fantasy). For example, Li Bai, who is famous for his boldness, has rich imagination and magnificent poetic style, while Du Fu, who is famous for his realism, also wrote, "When did you suddenly see this house in front of you?" ("The thatched cottage was broken by the autumn wind") and "Clouds are fragrant and foggy, jade shoulders are cold and there is a moon. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? . "(Moonlit Night) and so on.
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