Grammar is a science that studies the laws of language structure and development. The types and theories of grammar research can be classified in different ways. Time limitation can be divided into diachronic grammar and * * * temporal grammar; For social purposes, it can be divided into normative grammar and descriptive grammar. For educational purposes, it can be divided into research grammar and teaching grammar; Scope can be divided into universal grammar and other grammars.
Traditional grammar, also known as school grammar and normative grammar. Grammar is divided into morphology and syntax, with morphology as the main basis for word segmentation, and attention should be paid to learning paradigm written language.
Descriptive grammar, also called structural grammar, is formed on the basis of criticizing traditional grammar. It distinguishes language from speech, cognition and diachrony of language, regards language as a structural system, emphasizes the hierarchy of language structure, and puts forward the analysis of syntactic structure by composition analysis. Through induction, it is proposed to divide parts of speech according to distribution and replacement. Emphasize the practical use of language rather than the use of methods.
Generative grammar, also known as transformational grammar or formal grammar, distinguishes language ability from language use, divides language structure into deep structure and surface structure, and puts forward that grammar rules are self-sufficient. Generative grammar is a theory put forward by Chomsky in 1950s, which emphasizes the study of universal features of human language.
Functional grammar is devoted to clarifying the relationship between form and function. Based on the functional view of natural language, it pays attention to the function of language in communication, distinguishes semantic function, syntactic function and pragmatic function, and focuses on the concept of semantic level, interpersonal and textual metafunction, and the unit category structure of lexical grammar level.
Cognitive grammar denies that grammar is self-sufficient, thinks that cognition and semantics are the internal motivation of language to form its syntactic structure, and points out that human cognition has commonness and difference.
Introduction to social grammar:
Social grammar is one of the most advanced branches of contemporary linguistics. It takes the social program generated by language as the research object, adopts the non-ideal introspection method, pays attention to the socialization and structural treatment of natural corpus, takes the program as the standard and takes interpretation as the research orientation.
Grammar is a social program that generates language, and nicknames express insignificant semantic features by means of morphology. Its morphological markers mainly include overlapping, phonetic change and affixes, and the generation procedure is the principle of prominence. When a locality word is used to express social and cultural meaning, it is a social locality word, and its generation process is a social metaphor based on the principle of iconicity.
The generation process of modifier sentences is "contextual iconicity". The sociality of discourse is discourse grammar. Conversation structure can be divided into three stages: completion, maintenance and elimination. The principle of Chinese-style cooperation includes the words of the noble, the words of the kind, the words of the responsive and the words of the inferior. The "meaning frame" of discourse takes contextual clues as its own representation.