Du Musson wrote Adu's poem in Clear Autumn.
The predecessor should be the general manager Liang Jiang, who has always kept his word.
Jiang Zong, a famous poet in the Liang Dynasty, has always held this word. Li Shangyin joked about Du Mu's name in his poems and compared it to Jiang Zong. This poem was written and presented by Du Mu when he was in the imperial court, so it was called Du Sixun.
Du Mu was an outstanding poet in the Tang Dynasty. There are contradictions in his literature, ideology and morality. Jinshi and later, he served as a secretary under Shen Chuanshi's door, Xuanzhou secretariat. I heard that there are many beautiful women in Huzhou, so I went shopping. Cui Gong, the secretariat of Huzhou, is his old friend. He brought all the famous prostitutes in the state for him to choose from, but he was not satisfied with them. The secretariat held a regatta for him, which attracted all the girls in the city to watch. Du Mu searched all the way along the two sides of the strait, but he couldn't find a favorite girl. In the evening, I suddenly saw an old lady with a teenage girl. Du Mu looked at it carefully and thought it was a peerless beauty. Now find someone to discuss with the old lady about marrying this girl. The old lady was afraid and her face was reluctant. Mutu said: Not now. I will come here as a secretary in ten years, and then I will marry your girl. If you don't come in ten years, your girl can marry someone else. So I gave the old lady a lot of money as an engagement present. Fourteen years later, in the third year of Dazhong (AD 849), Du Mu really came to Huzhou to make a secretariat. I went to see the girl as soon as I arrived, only to know that she had got married three years ago and had two children. Du Mu was disappointed and wrote a poem "Farewell to Disappointment":
Naturally, it is late to find spring, so there is no need to be disappointed and resentful.
The vicissitudes of nature make flowers wither, spring has passed, green leaves are lush, fruits are heavy, and it is almost the harvest season.
This is Du Mu's first romantic history, which can be found in the anthology of love. The story may be true, but the age is not correct. Shen Chuanshi died in the first year of Daiwa (AD 827), and the secretariat of Xuanzhou was before him, probably in the last years of Changqing. Du Mu was only fifty when he died, about five years old. Later, he was the secretariat of Huzhou, and went to Beijing to visit doctors and learn imperial edicts. Soon, he moved to Zhongshu Sheren. In this way, he was appointed as Huzhou secretariat three years ago. It has been more than twenty years since the last years of Changqing to the early years of Dazhong, which shows that this recorded age is not credible.
Niu Sengru appointed Huainan as our special envoy and invited Du Mu as the responsible secretary. Huainan is located in Yangzhou. Yangzhou is a bustling metropolis, where prostitutes gather for music and dance. Du Mu worked under the curtain of monks and nuns during the day, and went out for a banquet at night, leading his romantic life. When Niu Sengru left office, he took out a big box and gave it to Du Mu. Tu Mu opened it and found all the reports of spies under Niu Sengzu. One by one, it reads: "On a certain day, Secretary Du gave a banquet somewhere." "One night, Secretary Du lived in a brothel." "One day, Secretary Du took a prostitute and went somewhere to play with others." Mutu was deeply ashamed when he saw this scene, and at the same time he was very grateful to Niu Senru for his tolerance. Niu Sengru taught him a lesson and advised him to behave himself and not be too romantic. Du Mu is very grateful to Niu Monks and Children. After the death of Niu Sengru, Du Mu made an epitaph.
After Niu Sengru left office, Du Mu was promoted to an official position and went to Luoyang to supervise the army. When he left Yangzhou, he wrote three poems:
Two farewell songs
Thirteen years have passed, cardamom in early February.
In Yangzhou, the spring breeze blows all over Sanli Long Street. With beaded curtains, no one can match her beauty.
Affectionate is like being heartless forever, but you can't laugh before you die.
The candle on the table lit the heart, and it also saw the parting; You see, it shed tears for us and flowed to the morning.
relieve one's feelings
Down and out, rivers and lakes carry restaurants, and Chu has a thin waist and a light palm.
Yangzhou's ten years, like a dream, wake up, but in the brothel women this is a fickle reputation.
The first two songs were written to her when she left her beloved prostitute. The latter one is a summary of his romantic life in Yangzhou and a confession. Niu Sengru was appointed as our envoy to Huainan in the sixth year of Daiwa. In May of the second year of Kaicheng (AD 837), he asked for leave and stayed in Yangzhou for five years. Du Mu's poem says: "I feel Yangzhou dream once every ten years". If it is not exaggerated, I must have lived in Yangzhou for four or five years. In his poetry collection, there are several poems chanting Yangzhou, which shows his attachment to Yangzhou.
Letter to Han Chuo, Yangzhou Magistrate
Castle peak is vaguely green water thousands of miles away, and the vegetation in the south of the Yangtze River has not withered in autumn.
Where does the Jade Man teach oral sex at Bridge 24 on a moonlit night?
Han Chuo is a judge in Huainan Province, a colleague of Du Mu, and probably his evil companion. This poem was written in memory of Du Mu after he left Yangzhou. Fan Chuan's Collected Works, Poems of Tang Dynasty and Poems of Tang Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty are all titled "Vegetation withering", and now they are collated according to the poems of Tang Dynasty. "The grass is not dead", we can know that Jiangnan is warm. If we say "the grass is dead", we will not describe the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River. Yangzhou legend: Emperor Yang Di once played the flute on the bridge with twenty-four ladies-in-waiting on a moonlit night, so the word "Jade Man" in his poems has always been called "Beauty". Fu Shousun's Three Hundred Poems of Tang Poetry was called "Jade Man" by Pei Kai and Wei Jie in Jin Dynasty. Besides, Du Mu's poem "Send a Zhen Xiao and a Yuwen Sheren" also contains the phrase "Send a Jade Man to Heaven", so the "Jade Man" in this poem refers to Han Zhuo. This statement is extremely novel and there is evidence to make sense. Han Chuo probably died soon, and Du Mu has a poem "Crying Han Chuo" to mourn him.
The above is Du Mu's second romantic history. Returning to Beijing from Huainan, the official worshipped the suggestion and divided it into the eastern capital. So he went to Luoyang. At this time, Li is willing to resign and live in Luoyang. His prostitutes are beautiful and his life is luxurious. He invites local celebrities to buy wine parties from time to time. Because Du Mu is an imperial adviser and has the responsibility of correcting bullets, it is not convenient to invite him to a banquet with prostitutes. Du Mu felt left out and asked Li Yuan to be invited to dinner. Li was forced to send out an invitation. During the dinner, Du Mu stared at many prostitutes serving wine. After drinking three cups in a row, he asked Li Yuan, "I heard there is a Ziyun. Which one is it? " Li Yuan will show it to him. Du Mu stared at Ziyun for a long time and said, "It really deserves its reputation. Should I give it to me? " Li is willing to bow his head and smile, but he doesn't answer. Many prostitutes turned and smiled at him. Du Mulian drank three cups, stood up and sang an impromptu poem, carefree and defiant:
Ministry of War Shangshu Zuo Zuo
Huatang holds a banquet today. Who will ask for advice?
Suddenly, I was crazy and surprised, and two lines of red powder returned to ②.
This is Du Mu's third romantic history. Since then, he has held many official positions at home and abroad. I worked as a secretary in Huangzhou, Chizhou, Zhou Mu and Huzhou. In every county, there are poems such as writing books for prostitutes, but there are no stories.
Writing erotic poems and leading a romantic life is just one aspect of Du Mu's literary life. There is another side to him, and that is his political life. He is upright and upright, has the ambition to govern the world and dares to discuss state affairs. His essays, such as Sin Yan, Former Sixteen Guards, On War, and On Li Taiwei's Comments on Border Affairs, are all current political comments. If we read his prose first, we can't imagine that he would write the poem "Ten Years of Yangzhou Dream". This is a contradiction I said about him.
Du Mu's poems are charming, but his poetic theory is orthodox. He wrote an epitaph for Pinglu Governor Li Kan. In this article, he described Li Kan's literary viewpoint: "A poet can sing and dance well, with a flow in the bamboo and a drum in the silk. Women and children want to be sarcastic. The national wind is thick and thin, and it is like the speed of the wind. Since Yuanhe, there have been poets in Bai Yuan, who are not gaudy and indecent, and most of them have been ruined. Wandering in the crowd, ignoring the screen, sons, fathers, daughters, mothers, professors, swearing, it's hot in Leng Xia in winter. It enters the human musculoskeletal system and cannot be removed. I have no place to stand and I can't rule by law. " This passage is extremely sharp in criticizing Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. If Du Mu himself disagrees with this view, he will never record it for Li Kan after his death. So later poets quoted this passage to represent Du Mu's poetics when commenting on Du Mu. In addition, Du Mu has an essay titled Poem, which describes his own attitude towards poetry: "Some people painstakingly write poems, seeking the highest, but not doing extraordinary things. It has nothing to do with customs, neither modern nor ancient, and is in the middle. No talent, but strange. If you write on paper, you will burn yourself. " This also shows that he is against Qi Li. However, he knew that he had no talent for writing ancient poems, and he could only write wonderful poems. However, it is doubtful that since he criticized Bai Yuan's poems as "frivolous" and "obscene", many of his own poems are also "frivolous". Isn't this another contradiction?
There is only one Ming version of Du Mu's poetry anthology, Fan Chuan's Anthology. This is compiled by Du Mu's nephew Pei. According to Xu Pei, Du Mu fell ill when he was a calligrapher in China. I collected thousands of papers from my life and threw them into the fire one by one, leaving only 23/ 10. Fortunately, Pei usually collected a lot of handwriting before he collected 450 poems, which were divided into 20 volumes. After this 20-volume book, there is also a Fan Chuanji, I don't know who compiled it; _ Fan Chuan Bieji edited by He Du on March 1 Sunday and Song Xining. Tian Xu said, "There are 95 poets outside the old collection, and every family has them." It can be seen that Waiji is also an ancient edition of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and it may also be collected by Pei. But Tian said that there are 95 poems in the external collection, and now there are 27 poems in the external collection/kloc-0, which is obviously added by later generations. In Bieji compiled by Tian, there are nearly nine poems by Wei and fifty poems by Yue, which were not collected by Fan Chuan's Collected Works and Fan Chuan's Collected Works, and one poem by boating in Houchi to send Wang Cai was added. Waiji has this topic, and the poem is actually a forgery. In this way, "My Concubine" should have 60 poems, which are correctly circulated in this world.
The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty catalogued eight volumes of Du Mu's poems, and the first six volumes were poems in Fan Chuan's collected works "Waiji" and "Bieji". The last two volumes of poems and appendices are unknown. Du Mu's quatrains and elegant works are mostly in Waiji and Bieji. It can be seen that Du Mu deliberately made his collection of poems conform to his poems, and many beautiful love poems were burned at that time, and they were not included in the collection of poems. Later generations repeatedly sorted out and supplemented the circulated banknotes into "external collections" and "other collections" before retaining a part.
The specialty of Du Mu's poems lies in seven-character quatrains. Zhang, Du Qiuniang and Thirty Rhymes of Huaqing Palace are also famous, but they are not as charming as quatrains. Now let's enjoy some of his quatrains.
Three quatrains crossing Huaqing Palace
Looking back at Chang 'an, Mount Li is like a pile of splendid scenery, and the gates of Huaqing Palace on the top of the mountain are opened in turn.
As soon as I rode on the smile of smoke and smoke, no one knew that the fresh fruit litchi was sent from the south.
Xinfeng green trees have yellow dust, and I have ridden Yuyang several times to explore the messenger.
They lied about their military situation, and Tang Gaozong and Yang Guifei still indulged in singing and dancing until the Anshi Rebellion arose and the Central Plains was broken.
The whole country is immersed in the tranquility of music, and the Lishan Palace in the moonlight is particularly clear.
An Lushan dragged his fat body and danced "Pure Land Dancing", which caused Yang's laughter to fly over the peaks.
The anecdotes of Xuanzong and Yang Guifei, and the ups and downs between Kaiyuan and Tianbao are all of great interest to poets in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Almost everyone has poems to express their different feelings. Du Mu is interested in Mount Li and Huaqing Palace. He wrote a long poem with five words and thirty rhymes and three quatrains with seven words in Hua Qing Guan. Of these three poems, only the first one was selected into the collection, and the second one was well received in the poetry talks of Song people. As for the third song, nobody mentioned it. This reflects the poet's evaluation of these three poems. Now I'm going to transcribe the three poems together for comparison.
The first song is a tribute to litchi in Shu. "Embroidered pile" means that Mount Li looks like a pile of splendid scenery. The first sentence is Mount Li, and the second sentence is Huaqing Palace. These two sentences are just a point, I don't know what the poet will say. At the turn of the third sentence, a person flew to the place where the world of mortals rose. At the same time, in the palace on the mountain, the imperial concubine was already laughing. The fourth sentence didn't say that the imperial concubine knew that fresh litchi from Sichuan had arrived, so she was laughing. She just said that no one knew that litchi had arrived. These two sentences are cleverly expressed. The fourth sentence was originally intended to explain the third sentence, but the author did not explain it from the front, but from the opposite side. It is increasingly obvious that this is a secret thing of the palace.
The first sentence of the second song says that yellow sand and dust are rolled up among the green trees in Xinfeng City. The second sentence shows that this is a spy sent to Yuyang to investigate An Lushan's actions. It was reported that Xuanzong An Lushan was going to rebel. Xuanzong sent people to investigate secretly. But these messengers were bought by An Lushan and came back to report that there was no sign of rebellion in An Lushan. In fact, An Lushan is already sending his troops. The third sentence is also a turn, saying that at this time, the new colorful feathers are still playing on Mount Li, singing and dancing. However, the fourth sentence says: after the song and dance, everyone went down the mountain and the Central Plains was broken. This poem is different from the first one. The second word in the third sentence is a flat voice, so it is an awkward quatrain. The theme is to satirize Xuanzong's folly and mistake his country, which is also different from the Fu style in the first song.
The third is about the time when An Lushan was favored by Xuanzong and the imperial concubine in Chang 'an. It's like an era when all countries go on strike and revel in peace. At that time, An Lushan was still dancing in the palace on the mountain, and even people at the foot of the mountain heard their laughter. More than one word "drunk" in this poem reveals irony. In addition, the text is relatively plain. The third sentence is particularly rude. So, it's a failed poem, no wonder no one mentioned it.
red wall
A broken iron halberd sank into the sand and disappeared, only to find that it was the remnant of Battle of Red Cliffs after grinding and washing.
If the east wind is not convenient for Zhou Yu, I'm afraid that Cao Cao will win and Er Qiao will be locked up in Tongquetai.
This is a first-rate nostalgic poem in Tang poetry. Chibi is the name of the mountain, and the cliff is red, so it is called Chibi, which is located on the northwest Yangtze River in Puyin County, Hubei Province. In the 13th year of Jian 'an (AD 2008), Cao Cao fought hundreds of battles and prepared to attack Sun Wu on a large scale. Zhou Yu used the fire attack plan provided by Huang Gai, and took advantage of the southeast wind to smash Cao Jun at the foot of Chibi Mountain and burn Cao Cao's warships. Tongquetai was a balcony built by Cao Cao in his later years (the fifteenth year of Jian 'an), where concubines and geisha lived for the enjoyment of the four seasons. This station is located in Linzhang County, Hebei Province, which was the capital of Cao Wei. Taiwan Province no longer exists, but the site is still there. Er Qiao, two daughters of Gong Qiao, is said to be very beautiful. Taiqiao married Sun Ce and Xiaoqiao married Zhou Yu. This is the historical fact of this poem.
The first and second sentences of the poem say that the singer who was broken in the Chibi War is still buried in the sand in the river, and the iron has not been eroded. The poet found a few pieces of scrap iron, cleaned it up by himself, and recognized it as a relic of the ancient Wei Wu War. Ancient weapons are engraved with inscriptions, so poets can recognize them. The function of these two poems is only to point out the topic, which shows that this is a poem about reminiscing about the past in Chibi.
The second half of the poem is the poet's feeling when he appreciates these scrap iron fragments. If there is no southeast wind, only northwest wind, the result of this war will be different. Maybe Cao Jun won a great victory, went down the river and destroyed the State of Wu. The poet did not write down this feeling truthfully, but expressed it with images. If the east wind is not convenient for Zhou Yu, then Er Qiao will be captured by Cao Cao and buried in Tongquetai. The east wind is a natural phenomenon and has no feelings. In this poem, it is personified. It seems that Dongfeng also has a good impression on Zhou Yu and deliberately gives him convenience. "Bronze sparrow locks Er Qiao Spring" is a beautiful image, but the poet is only used to replace Sun Wu's ruin and national subjugation.
"Dongfeng disagrees with Zhou Lang" is a positive tone from the perspective of prose grammar. Dongfeng didn't give Zhou Yu convenience. But in Tang poetry, it can be expressed as a hypothetical emotion. Because poets in the Tang Dynasty try not to use inflectional words such as "if", "if", "what's more" and "but", as long as the upper and lower sentences run through properly, readers can judge their tone. In the Song Dynasty, when the grammatical concept of classical Chinese was strengthened, poets dared not write such poems, and they would certainly write sentences like "the east wind is inconvenient". From then on, there is no difference in syntax between poetry and prose, that is, poetry is written. Tao Hua's evaluation of this poem in Song Dynasty is: "This poem is very good, but it is difficult to understand." He knew the poem was well written, but he couldn't explain it, just because he didn't understand that the third sentence was hypothetical.
Wu Qiao, a poet in A Qing, wrote Poems by the Fireside. Regarding this poem, he said: "The ancients recited history, but when they narrated history without expressing their thoughts, history was not a poem. To express one's own opinions, to express one's own opinions, and to strike a clank with an axe, caused the Song people to be terminally ill. For example, Mu Zhi's poem "Red Cliff" has a subtle meaning and is the most appropriate. " He pointed out that Du Mu's poems used obscure methods to discuss and create new ideas, which caught the point. But he thought it was an epic, but it was a mistake. Du Mu's poems are about nostalgia for the past, not about history. Wu is not clear about the difference between the two.
A berth on the Qinhuai River
Smoke cage cold water moon cage sand, night parking near Qinhuai restaurant.
Strong women in business don't know how to hate their country, but they still sing backyard flowers across the river.
This poem has become one of the most popular poems in the Tang Dynasty since it was selected into 300 Tang Poems. Almost all the anthologies of Tang poetry published in recent years have been selected. There are so many notes that I don't want to say them here. However, I have recently discovered two poems that have not been noticed, or some strange expressions, and take this opportunity to talk about my own views.
The first is about Qinhuai. All the notes say that Qinhuai is Qinhuai River, which can't be wrong. However, since the Ming Dynasty, the Qinhuai River known to most people is only a section of Nanjing. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, this section of Qinhuai River was flanked by Flower Street and Liuxiang. There are restaurants, brothels and boats. Since Du Mu "stayed at Qinhuai Restaurant for the night" and heard the businesswoman singing, everyone thought it was here. This is not right. It turns out that Qinhuai River flows through Nanjing from east to west and flows into the Yangtze River in two streams. In Li Bai's poem "Like this Egret Island Divides the River", these "two waters" are two tributaries of Qinhuai River, and the island in the middle is Egret Island. Qinhuai estuary was the dock of the Yangtze River in Tang Dynasty. At that time, merchant ships docked at Qinhuai estuary when they went to Nanjing, and Du Mu docked at Qinhuai at night, which is also the place. Now, the Bailuzhou has long since disappeared, and the Qinhuai River Estuary is not a pier for river boats to go up and down, so readers of this poem mistakenly think that Du Mu's boat is moored on the Qinhuai River in Nanjing.
Since the Qinhuai River estuary was an amphibious wharf in the Tang Dynasty, it must be a lively place with restaurants, karaoke bars, shops and hotels. Mutu heard a singer sing "Flowers in the Garden of Yushu" on the boat crossing the river. This is the voice of Chen Houzhu's national subjugation, and it must be in this place. The so-called "across the river" means "across the bank" or "on the other side", that is, the other side of the Qinhuai estuary. The word "Jiang" cannot be understood as the Yangtze River. Chen Yinque said in Bai Yuan's Poems:
The so-called people crossing the river in Mu Zhi's poems refer to Jinling and Yangzhou. This merchant girl, who is a singer in Yangzhou immediately, is on the ship of Qinhuai merchants. Jinling is also the capital of Chen Zhiguo. "Flowers in the Garden of Yushu", the voice of Chen Houzhu's national subjugation. The singer from Jiangbei, Yangzhou, could not understand the hatred of Chen's death. On the land of Jiangnan, her old capital, she still sang decadent songs. Mu Zhi heard her songs, because poetry was sung by her ears. Only when this poem is interpreted in this way can it be meaningful. Later generations were ignorant that Jinling was separated from Yangzhou by a river, and thought that the merchant girl was a Yangzhou singer, which was vague and general, echoing the voice and calling it a "swan song", which was ridiculous.
This explanation seems "unbelievable". Why does this businesswoman have to come from Yangzhou? Just because Bai Juyi's poem says "I am a little girl in Yangzhou and married to a big merchant in Xijiang" (Salt Merchant Girl) and Liu Yuxi's poem also says "A merchant girl from Yangzhou came to occupy the bright moon in Xijiang" (Listening to Zheng on a merchant ship at night), the author believes that the merchant girl who sang the song Du Mu heard on the ship must be a Yangzhou girl married to a merchant ship in Qinhuai. This kind of logical thinking is already very strange. Besides, Du Mu's poems didn't say that the businesswoman sang on the boat. How did the author know he was on the Qinhuai merchant ship? Since it is said that there are businesswomen singing on Qinhuai merchants' boats, why can Du Mu hear them across the Yangtze River? This explanation is obviously inconsistent. This poem is meaningless if it is said by Chen Yinque. At least according to the vague and general understanding of ordinary readers, we can grasp the meaning of this poem. What's the point? Wu Changqi said, "It's like a ridiculous song." I couldn't agree with you more! Du Mu opposed the decadent music that was popular at that time. However, his own poems are quite similar to colourful love songs. In the final analysis, it is still his own contradiction.
1March 24, 985
Luoyang is the eastern capital, and some Chinese and Korean officials work in Luoyang, called "Division", which means in charge.
There are different versions of this poem. "Who's calling", a "who's calling". "Sudden" is "accidental". "Two lines of red powder", one line of "triple powder". Neither.