The common definition of "awkward sentence" is: flat and irregular sentence. However, this definition is very vague, and there is no distinction between embarrassing sentences and sick sentences (because all but four basic sentences can be called "unconventional"), so its connotation cannot be correctly explained. After repeated thinking, I deeply feel that only by analyzing and classifying all specific sentence patterns from the extension of concepts can we give an accurate definition; At the same time, I think "awkward sentence" and "sick sentence" are definitely different, so we must grasp the essential relationship between "awkward sentence" and "awkward sentence", so as to get a more scientific definition-awkward sentence refers to a sentence that has been saved when the sentence is completed or it is necessary (but not necessarily necessary) to save it.
My method is exhaustive, that is, listing all possible leveling combinations (even the most impossible five leveling). It must be noted that for convenience, the listed sentence patterns are limited to five words (because the seven-character sentence pattern can be deduced by adding two words at the beginning of the five-character sentence).
Mathematically, it can be calculated that there are 32 kinds of all-flat combinations of five-character sentences. I divided them into three categories and five subcategories, covering all categories.
The first category: conventional sentences (8 sentences do not exist), which are divided into:
One, four basic sentence patterns:
A 1, even number and even number
A2 Ping, Ping, Ping
A3 is flat.
A4 is flat.
Two. Variations of four basic sentence patterns:
B 1 Pingwa Pingwa —— A variant of1
B2 is flat-a variant of ——A2.
B3-A3 variant
B4 Flat and Flat —— Variants of A4
The second category: embarrassing sentences (seven sentences that have been saved or need to be saved) are divided into:
I. Sentences that can be used independently:
C 1 is a variant of A 1.
C2 Pingwa Pingwa —— A variant of a1
C3 is a variant of ——A2, which is called "saving loneliness in sentences".
C4 is flat, even a variant of ——A3, which is called "special depression".
Two. Sentences that cannot be used alone (that is, they must be matched with specific sentences or antitheses):
D 1 is a variant of A 1, and the dual must be B2, which is called "Dawa".
D2 is a variant of A 1, and the dual must be B2, which is called "Great Olympics".
D3 is a variant of ——A4, and the sentence must be C4, which is also called "particularly depressed".
(Whether D3 can be used alone is still controversial. )
It must be clear here that our definition of embarrassing sentences is "saved sentences or sentences that are necessary (but not necessarily necessary) to be saved." "Sentence rescue completed" refers to C3, C4 and D3, where C4 and D3 constitute sentence rescue. In other words, except C3, the other six sentence patterns are "necessary to complete sentence rescue", and the three sentence patterns of Class D cannot be used alone, so it is "necessary" to complete sentence rescue.
The third category: informal sentences (that is, ill sentences, 17 kinds), including:
Variant of E 1 flat and uniform -d 1
E2 is flat, even a variant of ——D2.
E3 Pingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingpingping.
E4 Pingping Pingping —— A Variant of D3
F 1 Pingping-a variant of ——A2, called "Gu Ping".
F2 is flat, even a variant of ——A3, which is called "triple".
F3 is flat-a variant of ——A4, called "three-level flat" or "three-level flat".
G 1 Pingping, Pingping
G2 is average.
G3 is flat, flat.
G4 is average.
G5 Pingping Pingping
G6 is flat.
G7 is flat, flat.
G8 level, level, level
G9 is flat.
G0 is flat.
Just like I used different symbols, I can actually subdivide it a little without any sentences. The four sentence patterns of Class E belong to the variants of "great contradiction" and "special contradiction", and their status is controversial: some people think that one or one of them is a "special difficult sentence" and can be used in poetry. I exclude them because they appear too infrequently and they are not more common than other informal sentences. The three sentence patterns of class F are all variants of basic sentence patterns, which are almost taboo in metrical poems (especially the only three levels), and the frequency of their appearance is even far lower than other informal sentence patterns. The 10 sentence pattern of class G has nothing to analyze and can be basically ignored. In principle, only regular sentences and awkward sentences can be used in metrical poems (that is to say, 15 of 32 sentence patterns can be used), but in practice, many poets use informal sentences (sick sentences) to a greater or lesser extent, which is also the most important embodiment of "not using words to hurt meaning". What's the difference? I can sum it up in one sentence: Li Bai writes poems with "informal sentences" and we write poems with "sick sentences".
Now let's look at the so-called "difficult to save". It should be pointed out that this concept was put forward by later generations after summing up previous works. * * * Five rescue modes are proposed: inter-sentence rescue, inter-sentence rescue, adjacent sentence rescue, inter-sentence rescue and multi-sentence rescue. Among them, the validity of commutation is still controversial. In fact, there are only three kinds of rescue: multi-sentence rescue, sub-sentence rescue and adjacent sentence rescue. Because adjacent sentence rescue has no influence on the definition of difficult sentences, we only need to analyze two rescue modes of difficult sentences: sentence rescue and sentence rescue mentioned in my definition of difficult sentences.
Saving in one sentence means saving in one sentence, including C3, C4 and D3 ("saving loneliness in one sentence" and two "special contradictions");
Inter-sentence rescue is to complete a joint sentence and inter-sentence rescue, including rescue C4 and D3 (double "special contradiction"), rescue D 1 and B2, D2, B2 ("big contradiction"), and rescue C 1 and B2, C2, B2 (or C3).
Whether C 1 can be saved by C3 is also controversial. )
Obviously, except B2, all sentence patterns involved in rescue are difficult sentences that we divide. The function of B2 is to "save" other sentences, but it doesn't need to be "saved". Therefore, my definition can be established.
The above content is completely aimed at five words, so let's expand it to seven words.
The method is very simple, because the five-character poem itself can be regarded as the "decapitation" of the seven-character poem, so we only need to add "Pingping", "Yiping", "Yiping" and "Pingping" before the four basic sentence patterns of the five-character poem. In addition, the level of the first word is completely free, while the level of the second word is absolutely not accommodating; To put it simply: the first two words of the seven-character rhyme have nothing to do with any difficulty.
So we can review the famous formula "135 whatever, 246 clear". Of course, we must make it clear that this is the change of four basic sentence patterns in the seven-character poem. In the five-character poem, "one third regardless, two or four distinct" is equivalent to "three or five regardless, four or six distinct" in the seven-character poem. The answer is that "whatever" and "whatever" are absolute, and "whatever" has 1 exceptions, that is, "four distinctions" are absolute, while "whatever" and "six distinctions" have many exceptions, including "great contradiction", "special contradiction" and "three levels".
The above discussion has covered all the contents of "difficult sentences" and "difficult to save", but for those who don't care about the concept, my list still has its value. I only know that ABC three sentences can be used casually, EFG three sentences can't be used, and D sentences need to be used together with other sentences as required.
Although this article does not involve the position of sentence patterns in the whole article (that is, the position of "sticking to the right"), because the scope of "awkward sentences" is related to the style of the law, I have to declare here that the content of this article is limited to the modern poems with flat and even metrical patterns. Because prosodic poems and awkward poems have different requirements for meter-for example, allowing "three-line poems".
Therefore, although theoretically, as long as 15 is used, even if it is stuck or misaligned, it can be regarded as a metrical poem. However, I strongly suggest that you don't use writing clumsy poems as an excuse to violate the rules (or use triple), because clumsy poems have many special requirements, which are not easy for us to control.
When writing this article, I referred to several books, including The Rules of China's Poetry (Wang Li), The Writing of Metric Poetry (Yu Haoran), An Introduction to Poetry Writing (Zhao), and the notes of my teacher and senior poet Mr. Jinling Night. I can't even remember the names of several books. But now because there is no information at hand, and in order to save space, the article does not list any examples. I believe that everyone will not be harsh.