First of all, there are four ways to express * * *
1, narrative
Description: Describe the occurrence, development and change of characters experience or something.
Step 2 describe
Description: Describe and depict people, events and environment in vivid language.
Step 3 discuss
Description: Views on the nature, right and wrong, value, characteristics and functions of people and things.
4. Lyricism
Description: express the author's strong subjective feelings such as love, hate, likes and dislikes, anger and affection. There are direct lyric and indirect lyric.
Second, the expression technique
1, allusions
Explain two useful things: quoting classics and quoting previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings. The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, to urge people to associate and to seek meaning beyond words.
2. Lenovo (brand name of computer)
Explain that one thing is linked with another related thing, or similar features in things are linked to form a model.
Step 3 imagine
Explain people's thinking process of creating new ideas through association, reasoning, analysis and synthesis on the basis of existing materials and ideas.
Step 4 set off or contrast
Description refers to the use of ethidium to make the characteristics or traits of nails more prominent. There are two kinds: front lining and back lining.
5. Translation
Explain that the environment and scenery are described in many ways, highlighting the image and strengthening the artistic effect.
Step 6 mark
Explain the concepts, thoughts and feelings that express similar or similar characteristics through concrete images that are easy to be associated.
7. Contrast and contrast
Compare two different things or situations.
8. Rhythm
Explain the negative and positive aspects at the same time, and highlight only one of them, so as to achieve the purpose of inhibiting this and promoting that or inhibiting that and promoting that. There are two kinds: first rising and then restraining, first restraining and then rising.
9. care
Interpretation refers to the necessary answer to what has been written before in the poem. This method is used properly to make the structure compact and rigorous.
10, dynamic and static
Explain that the dynamic and static descriptions of things and scenery set off each other and constitute a kind of interest.
1 1, front/side description
Explain that the direct description of the description object is a positive description; Describe the things around the object to make it more vivid and prominent.
12, express your mind directly.
Explain the scenery and express the poet's philosophical thoughts in the face of natural scenery.
13, borrowing scenery to express emotion in the scenery
It shows that the poet's thoughts and feelings are not positive, but completely in the natural scenery in front of him, expressing his feelings through the natural scenery.
14, support things and express your heart
Explain that on the basis of trying to describe things, we should integrate the author's feelings and entrust the author's mind.
Third, rhetorical methods.
1, metaphor
Compare one thing or situation with another. It can be divided into simile, metaphor and metonymy. It can highlight the characteristics of things and visualize abstract things.
2. Metonymy
Explain that you borrow something related, not what you want to express. Metonymy can use parts to represent the whole, concrete to replace abstraction, and features to replace people. The use of metonymy makes the language concise and implicit.
Step 3 exaggerate
An enlarged or reduced description of the image, characteristics, function, degree, etc. It has the function of expressing things more prominently and vividly.
4. Duality
Explaining two relative or similar meanings is expressed by a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit.
Step 5 compare
Explain that describing things as people is called anthropomorphism, or describing people as crops is called simulacra. Contrast has the function of prompting readers to associate and making the people, things and things described more vivid and vivid.
6, parallelism
Several sentences or phrases with closely related contents, the same or similar structure and the same tone are spoken one after another.
Step 7 ask questions
Explain the question first, and then express your opinion yourself. The introduction of the question led to the whole article, with the question in the middle, connecting the preceding with the following, and the question at the end, which deepened the theme and made people memorable.
8. rhetorical question
Express clear meaning in the form of questions. Used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings.
9. cheer up
Explain that xing is to say something else first so that the lyrics can be sung.
10, combination of excess and deficiency
Description refers to scenes and events in reality and imaginary scenes and events set off each other, interweave together and express the same feelings.
Expansion: the basic knowledge of poetry writing
Section 1 Overview of Poetry
Poetry is one of the important literary genres. "Poetry expresses ambition, and songs express ambition" ("Shangshu Yaodian") "So, the feeling of sadness and joy is the sound of songs. Recite the poems and songs they say. " (History and Literature of Han Art)
Poetry has cognitive function, educational function and aesthetic value. "In ancient times, there were officials who collected poems, respected customs, knew gains and losses, and tested themselves." (History of Art and Literature in Han Dynasty) Confucius advocated "gentle" Confucian poetry teaching. Laborers also attach importance to the role of poetry. Hungry people sing about their food, while laborers sing about their affairs. China has always emphasized "expressing ambition through poetry". Poetry expressing ambition is bound to have the power to influence people emotionally and regulate people morally. "Poetry is a message sent by human beings to the future; Poetry gives mankind the courage to move towards ideals. " (Ai Qing: On Poetry)
Poetry has the following three characteristics:
(1) Concentration of ideological content. Poetry is the most concentrated expression of a certain social life. "Meaning or grain, literacy can cook a meal; Poetry is brewed into wine. " (Wu Qiao's Poems Around the Furnace) The concentration of the ideological content of poetry is mainly reflected in its expression of the author's thoughts and feelings and reflection of social life by creating artistic conception (the image of poetry). Artistic conception is a harmonious combination of interior and exterior, a harmonious unity of reason, form and spirit, and a poetic artistic world with strong appeal and enlightenment.
(2) the lyricism of the expression method. Poetry is a lyrical literary style. "Poets, ambition is also, in the heart for ambition, words for poetry. Emotions move in the middle and are formed in words. " (Preface to Mao's Poems) Poetry values true feelings. "Without feelings, there would be no poets, and there would be no poetry." (belinsky) "Poets: root feelings, Miao language, Hua Sheng, true meaning." (Bai Juyi) "The creation of poetry lies in the expression of nature. The generation of poetry is like the existence of natural things, without the slightest affectation. I think the life of new poetry is here. " (Guo Moruo) Compared with other styles, the lyricism of poetry is particularly strong.
(3) Musicality of language form. Poetry is the most musical language art, "Emotion comes from sound, sound is literary sound" (Preface to Mao Poetry), which is a basic feature that distinguishes poetry from other styles. Marx said, "Since you write in verse, you should arrange your rhythm more artistically." Lu Xun demanded: "New poems should have stanzas and roughly similar rhymes". In a word, the essence of poetry is: through careful language, vividly express unique thoughts and feelings, and skillfully express the general from the special, so that the sensory world and emotional world of the self can achieve harmony and unity.
Section 2 Poetry Writing
How do beginners learn to write poems?
First, capture and create the image of poetry.
(1) Poetry is written with images.
Belinsky pointed out a long time ago: "Philosophers use syllogism, poets use images and pictures to speak, but they all say the same thing." (/kloc-a glimpse of Russian literature in 0/847) This tells us that we should think in images when writing poems. The so-called thinking in images first means that when you go deep into life, you should feel life in images, experience life in images, observe life and analyze life.
Thinking in images should be good at capturing images on the basis of image feelings. Ai Qing pointed out: "The activity of thinking in images is to fix everything that is difficult to capture and everything that is erratic, and present it clearly to readers, as clear as a seal on paper." So he said, "People who write poems often look for images to express an idea." Can capture the image of the novel, but also have the material to write poetry. So how do we capture images? It depends on inspiration. Mayakovski gave an example of capturing the image: he returned to Moscow from saratov in about 19 13.
In order to show the woman on the same journey that he has no evil thoughts about her at all, the poet said, "I am not a person, but a cloud in pants." After saying this, he immediately thought that he could write it into a poem-but he was worried that oral uploading would be abused in vain. So what should we do? He is very anxious. For almost half an hour, the poet asked the girl a lot of questions, and he didn't breathe a sigh of relief until he believed his words flew out of the girl's other ear. Two years later, he used Clouds in Pants as the title of a long poem.
(2) Poetry is the expression of imagination. Aristotle said: "Poetry needs a special talent, or it has a crazy component, or it makes it easy for him to imagine the required expression." Shelley: "Generally speaking, poetry can be interpreted as an expression of imagination." Breslet: "Poetry is the language of imagination and passion." Belinsky: "Imagination is the main active force in poetry. The creative process can only be completed by imagination. " Ai Qing said, "Without imagination, there is no poem". "The most important talent of a poet is to use imagination." The imagination of a poet is different from that of a scientist. Bacon pointed out: "Poetry is a science, which is limited in most aspects of literary rhythm, but it is extremely free in other aspects and is related to imagination. Imagination, because it is not bound by material laws, can combine things that are naturally separated at will, and can also separate things that are combined. This leads to illegal spouses and divorce. " Shelley also said, "Poetry has changed everything it touches." In his fairy tale creation, Andersen wrote: A young man who loves to write poems was distressed because he couldn't write good poems, so he went to a witch. The witch put on her glasses and receiver. He heard the potato singing the history of his family, the wild plum tree telling stories, and the crowd kept turning one story after another. What I'm saying here is that to be a poet, it is not enough to have ordinary people's hearing, but also to wear the poet's deformed glasses and headphones. Therefore, when writing poetry, we should not only accurately observe the characteristics of life, but also have the courage to change these characteristics. Due to deformation, the images of poetry often have symbolic significance. For example, the old horse in Cang Kejia:
You have to let the cart fill it up. You don't know your life at the moment.
It didn't say a word, but swallowed its tears in its heart.
The pressure on the back buckled into the meat, and a whip shadow floated in front of me.
It hangs its head heavily! It looked up at the front.
What is written here is not only a poor old horse, but also the indomitable spirit of northern farmers in the 1930s. "Old horse" is a symbolic image.
(III) Creation of Poetic Images Mayakovski said to young writers in How to Write Poetry: "Poetry should be vividly expressed to the maximum extent. A major means of vivid expression is image. " Eliot believes that creating images means "looking for the objective counterpart of ideas." There are many specific methods, such as: virtual and real conversion; The transformation between people and things; Transformation between things; Internal and external transformation; Size transformation; Far and near transformation; Less and less; Part and whole transformation; The transformation between history and reality; Reality and future transformation, etc.
What needs to be emphasized is that both the poet image and the landscape image in poetry are to express emotion, mood and interest. Emotion is more important than image in poetry. Without lyricism, we need to construct images at will, which can only damage poetry.