Drinking:
Writing background
In 416 AD, Liu Yu mobilized all the troops from across the country to attack the Later Qin in five directions from east to west. Luoyang was first conquered, and the old capital of the Western Jin Dynasty was recovered. The next year, Chang'an was captured. After a hundred years of vicissitudes, Chang'an was finally recovered by the Jin army. The news spread to the south of the Yangtze River, and the court and the public in the Eastern Jin Dynasty were full of joy. Liu Yu greatly expanded his personal rights through the Northern Expedition. In order to please Liu Yu, the imperial court issued an edict to make Liu Yu the Prime Minister, in charge of the affairs of the state, and also made him the Duke of Song Dynasty. Anyone with a discerning eye would know at a glance that the imperial court was in Liu Yu's hands. Whatever he wanted, the imperial court had to issue an edict to him. He wants to be in the imperial court, and the current imperial court will have to give way to him sooner or later. That autumn, Tao Yuanming was always depressed. He had long seen through that the Eastern Jin Dynasty was exhausted, and it was only a matter of time before Liu Yu usurped the throne. He was sad and depressed about this matter all day long. As long as the Eastern Jin Dynasty exists, great-grandfather Tao Kan's achievements will shine brightly on the family. Once the Eastern Jin Dynasty was destroyed, it would be wiped out. He also thought that everything was developing and changing, and the rise and fall of honor and disgrace were constantly alternating. It can be as big as a country or as small as a family. There is no use worrying about these things, just drink more wine and have a good sleep. As long as Tao Yuanming could get his hands on wine, there wouldn't be a night without drinking until he got drunk. He realized that life in this world is fleeting like lightning, and should be spent calmly and carefree. Maybe by drinking, I, Tao Yuanming, can leave a name in history. After being drunk, I became inspired by poetry. I randomly pulled out a piece of paper and wrote down my feelings. I would revise and polish it when I sobered up the next day. The pile of poems I wrote was getting thicker and thicker, so I asked old friends to help me organize and copy them. 20 poems were obtained in one ***, and Tao Yuanming titled this group of poems "Twenty Poems on Drinking"
About the author
Tao Yuanming (about 365-427 AD), a great poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty . Also known as Qian, with the courtesy name Yuanliang and private posthumous title Jingjie, he was born in Chaisang, Xunyang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi). Tao Yuanming
He was born into a declining bureaucratic landlord family. Being educated in Confucianism since childhood, he is full of illusions about life and hopes to realize his ambition of "helping the common people" through his official career. Since the age of 29, he has served as Jiangzhou Jijiujiu, Zhenjun Joining the Army, and Pengze County Magistrate. He was dissatisfied with the dark reality that the gentry and landlords controlled the power at that time. When he was the magistrate of Pengze County, because he was unwilling to "break down his waist for five buckets of rice", he resigned and returned home after only more than 80 days, and wrote "Returning to Come", which is self-explanatory. Chi. From then on, he "worked hard and financed himself" until his death at the age of 63 due to poverty and illness. He is good at poetry and poetry, and his poems mostly describe natural scenery and scenes of life in rural areas. His excellent works contain his hatred of the decadent ruling group and his unwillingness to join in the same trend, but there is also a nihilistic "life is impermanent". Negative thoughts such as "Happy Heaven and Peace of Life". Poems on another type of theme, such as "Ode to Jing Ke", express his political ambitions and are quite sad, angry and generous. The most famous prose is "Peach Blossom Spring". Tao Yuanming's poetry has both a plain and hearty style, and his language is simple, natural, and extremely refined. There are "Tao Yuanming Collection" and so on.
Detailed introduction of the author
Tao Yuanming rarely had the ambition of "flying across the world with a fierce ambition, and thinking about things far away" ("Miscellaneous Poems"). In the 18th year of Emperor Xiaowu's Taiyuan Period (393) , with the desire to "help the common people", he served as a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou. At that time, the clan system was very strict. He was born in a common family, was looked down upon by others, and felt unworthy of his official position. He retired after a few days. ("The Biography of Tao Qian, Book of Jin") After he resigned and returned home, the state summoned him to be the chief clerk again. He also resigned. In the fourth year of Emperor An's reign (400), he went to Jingzhou and served as a subordinate of Huanxuan. At this time, Huanxuan was controlling the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, waiting for the opportunity to usurp the power of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Of course, he refused to cooperate with him. Huan Xuan was of the same ilk and was the confidant of this ambitious man. He wrote in his poem: "How can I leave this place and go as far away as West Jing?" "("Xin Chou went on vacation in the seventh month of the year and returned to Jiangling for a night trip to Tukou") There is a sense of regret for the official Huanxuan. "How can I be drowned in love after a long journey of love? "("Two Poems from the Capital in the Fifth Month of the Year of Gengzi") expressed a deep sigh for the official life of relying on others. In the winter of the fifth year of Long'an, he resigned and returned home due to the death of his mother. Yuanxing In the first month of the first year (402), Huanxuan raised his troops to fight against the imperial court, invaded Jiankang, and seized the military and political power of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huanxuan publicly usurped the throne in Jiankang, changed the country to Chu, and imprisoned Emperor An in Jiankang. Xunyang. He worked hard in his hometown and financed his own business. He closed his door and chanted: "I live under the Heng family, and I am isolated from the world." No one knows that the Jing Fei is always closed during the day. "It expressed disdain for Huan Xuan's proclaiming the emperor. In the third year of Yuanxing, Liu Yu, general Wu of the Jianjun Army and prefect of Xiapi, joined forces with Liu Yi, He Wuji and other officials to attack Huan Ping from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). Huan Xuan was defeated and went west, taking Emperor An who was imprisoned in Xunyang to Jiangling. He left home and joined the army under Liu Yumu (it is said that Tao Yuanming joined Liu Yu after he captured Jiankang). When Liu Yu led his troops to attack Huan Xuan, he imitated the story of Tian Chou who was loyal to the Eastern Han Dynasty and traveled in disguise. He disguised himself and traveled privately. He ventured to Jiankang and told the whole story of Huan Xuan's kidnapping of Emperor An to Jiangling. He reported to Liu Yu and completed his mission. He was extremely happy about the usurper's desire to fight, and wrote a poem to express his ambition: "Forty years old, I am unknown, and I am not afraid. I have a famous car, and I have a famous horse." Although it is thousands of miles away, who dare not reach it! " (Chapter 4 of "Rongmu") After Liu Yu entered Jiankang, his style was also quite extraordinary. The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty had long been suffering from the long-standing corruption phenomenon of "hundreds of officials wereted and slack".
After Liu Yu's rectification of "setting an example for others" (leading by example) and first imposing a majestic prohibition (imposing a majestic prohibition in advance), "all officials inside and outside were solemnly dedicated to their duties, and customs were changed." His character, talents, and achievements are quite similar to Tao Kan, and he once had a good impression of him. But not long after the scene started, Liu Yu saw that in order to eliminate dissidents, he killed Diao Kui's family who had contributed to the crusade against Huan Xuan, and Wang Yu's father and son who were innocent. And based on his personal relationship, he appointed Wang posthumous, a confidant of Huanxuan who everyone thought should be killed, to the important official position of recording Shangshu and leading the governor of Yangzhou. These dark phenomena disappointed him. In the poem "The Beginning of the Song of Zhenjun and Joining the Army" written by Aqubo: "My eyes are tired of the different mountains and rivers, and my mind is thinking of living in the mountains and rivers." Immediately afterwards, he resigned and lived in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (405), he was transferred to the Ministry of General Jianwei and Jiangzhou Governor Liu Jingxuan as Jianwei to join the army. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign on behalf of Liu Jingxuan. After Liu Jingxuan resigned, he also resigned. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him to serve as the magistrate of Pengze County. Eighty-one days after he took office, he encountered a postal dispatch from Xunyang County. The official said: "We should tie up our belts to welcome him." He sighed: "How can I He bowed to the village boy for fifty buckets of rice." Then he was awarded the seal and resigned. Tao Yuanming's thirteen years of official life ended when he resigned as magistrate of Pengze County. These thirteen years were the thirteen years in which he kept trying, being constantly disappointed, and finally despairing in order to realize his ideal ambition of "helping the common people". Finally, the poem "Come Back and Come Back" expresses the determination to break with the upper ruling class and not to collude with the secular world.
Tao Yuanming resigned and returned home, living a life of "self-financing". His wife, Mr. Zhai, shared the same ideals with him. She lived in poverty and contentment. "The husband plowed in front and the wife hoeed in the back." The mother-in-law worked together to maintain life. She was getting closer and closer to the working people. When I returned to the fields, my life was pretty good. "The square house is more than ten acres, with eight or nine thatched houses, the back eaves are shaded by elms and willows, and the front of the hall is full of peaches and plums." Yuanming loved chrysanthemums, and they were planted all around the house. "Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, leisurely seeing the Nanshan Mountain" ("Cong Za Shi") is still popular today. He is addicted to alcohol and will get drunk after drinking. When a friend comes to visit, no matter how high or low he is, as long as there is wine at home, he will drink with him. He got drunk first. He said to the guest: "I'm drunk and want to sleep, please go." In the fourth year of Yixi's reign, his residence in Shangjing (the foothills of Yujing Mountain in the west city of Xingzi County today) caught fire, so he moved to Lili (today's Lilitao Village of Xingzi Hot Spring), and his life was more difficult. . If there is a good harvest, you can also "have a party, drink spring wine, and pick vegetables from my garden." If there is a calamity year, "you will be hungry in the summer and sleep in bed in the cold nights". In the last years of Yixi's reign, an old farmer knocked on the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and persuaded him to become an official: "Under the tattered eaves, there is not enough room for a high place. Everyone in this life is still the same (no distinction between right and wrong), I hope you will stir up the mud (referring to the mud) He replied: "I am deeply aware of my father's words. I can learn the fine bridle (entering the car), but if I don't like it, I can't go back." "Drinking") declined the old farmer's advice in a "harmony but different" tone. In his later years, his life became increasingly poor, and some friends took the initiative to send money to help him. Sometimes, he would come to ask for a loan. His old friend Yan Yanzhi was appointed as the prefect of Shi'an County in the first year of Jingping (423), the Young Emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty. He passed by Xunyang and went to his house to drink every day. Before leaving, he left 20,000 yuan, which he sent all to the restaurant and drank one after another. However, he has principles when asking for loans or accepting alms. In the first year of Yuanjia (424) of Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty, Tan Daoji, the governor of Jiangzhou, personally visited his home. At this time, he was sick and hungry for several days and could not get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "When a sage is alive, if there is no way in the world, he will hide, and if there is a way, he will come. Today, you (you) are born in a civilized world, why do you suffer like this?" He said: "How dare you look for the virtuous when you are latent? You have no ambition." Tan Daoji offered beam meat, but he waved it away. He resigned and returned to his hometown for twenty-two years, living a poor pastoral life, and his determination to stay poor and keep moral integrity became stronger with age. In mid-September of the fourth year of Yuanjia (427), when he was still conscious, he wrote three "elegy poems" for himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said: "What is the way to die? The body is supported by the same mountain." ", showing that he views death so plainly and naturally. Tao Yuanming's life can be roughly divided into three periods. The first period was before Tao Yuanming was 28 years old in the 17th year of Taiyuan (392), the 17th year of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty. Due to the early death of his father, he has been living in poverty since his youth. The second period, the academic period, lasted from the 18th year of Taiyuan when he was 29 years old to the 41st year of Jin'an Emperor Yixi's first year (405). The third period, the return to field period, lasted from the second year of Emperor Yixi of Jin'an (406) to the fourth year of Emperor Wen of Song Dynasty (427) when Emperor Wen of Yuanjia died of illness. More than 20 years after returning to the field was his most creative period. There are currently 125 poems by Tao Yuanming in existence, including 9 four-character poems and 116 five-character poems. His four-character poems are not very good. His five-character poems can be roughly divided into two categories; one is the chanting poetry that inherits the tradition of lyrical expression since the Han and Wei dynasties and is developed, and the other is the pastoral poetry with few precedents. Tao Shi's artistic achievements have been highly praised since the Tang Dynasty, and are even regarded as "the fundamental criterion for poetry". More than 100 years after Tao Yuanming's death, Xiao Tong collected his posthumous writings, cataloged them separately, compiled 8 volumes of "Tao Yuanming Collection", and personally wrote the preface and biography. Later, Yang Xiuzhi of the Northern Qi Dynasty added other editions of "Five Filial Biography" and "Four Eight Eyes" on the basis of Xiao's edition, and the preface was the 10-volume "Collection of Tao Qian". The Yang version in the late Sui Dynasty lost its preface and became a 9-volume edition. After that, many other volumes were published, trying to compile it into 10 volumes. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Xiang republished the 10-volume "Collection of Tao Qian", which was the earliest published version of Tao's poems. None of the above books have been handed down. The earliest versions available today are several from the Southern Song Dynasty to the early Yuan Dynasty.
The main ones include: two volumes of poems and essays collected by Zeng, published in the third year of Shaoxi in the Southern Song Dynasty, with a shadowed version of the Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty; a 10-volume collection of Jiguge, published in the Southern Song Dynasty, with a printed version of the Qing Dynasty; an 8-volume collection of Jiao □, published in the Southern Song Dynasty, with Jiao's Ming version, the 5 volumes of "Tao Ji" in today's "Seventy-two Collections of Han and Wei Dynasties" are also the Song version of Jiao's version. In addition, there are also the "Poems of Mr. Dongpo and Tao Yuanming" published in the Song Dynasty and the large-character version written by Su in the Yuan Dynasty. The first person to annotate Tao's poems was Tang Han of the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Yuan Dynasty, the number of annotations and commentaries increased day by day. In the early Yuan Dynasty, there are 10 volumes of Li Gonghuan's "Annotations on Tao Yuanming Collection": it is common to have photocopies of four series. In the Qing Dynasty, Tao Shu annotated 10 volumes of "The Collection of Mr. Jingjie", which is available in the family journal version and the literary and ancient book publishing house typesetting version. The "Tao Jingjie Poetry Notes" written by Gu Zhi in recent times is available in the "Yulou Series" version and the "Debingtang Five Types" version, the latter is called the "Tao Jingjie Poetry Notes Final Version". Tao Yuanming was the first poet in the history of Chinese literature to write a large number of drinking poems. His twenty "Drinking" poems use an "intoxicating" tone to accuse the upper class society of confusing right and wrong and criticizing the same; or they expose the decadent darkness of the world; they reflect the dangers of official career; or they express the poet's intoxicated mood after retiring from officialdom; Or express the poet's dissatisfaction in distress. Judging from the mood and style of the poem, it may not be a work from the same period. In the second year of Yuanxi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (420), Liu Yu deposed Emperor Gong of the Jin Dynasty as King Lingling. He killed him the following year and established the Liu Song Dynasty on his own. "Shu Jiu" uses metaphors to obscurely and tortuously record the process of usurping power and changing dynasties, revealing infinite sadness for Emperor Gong of Jin and the collapse of the Jin Dynasty. At this time, Tao Yuanming had been living in seclusion for many years. He was used to seeing troubled times and usurping power, but this poem still reveals his unforgettable spirit about worldly affairs.
Twenty poems about drinking
I have nothing to do but enjoy myself, and the night is getting longer. Occasionally there is famous wine, so I drink it all night long. Gu Ying was alone, and suddenly he became drunk again. After getting drunk, he would amuse himself by asking a few questions. There is a lot of paper and ink, and the words are incomprehensible. I thought it would make me laugh when I chatted about my life with an old friend.
One:
The decline and prosperity are not fixed, and they are more dependent on each other. The melon fields in Shaosheng are as peaceful as those in Dongling! There is metabolism in the cold and heat, and human nature is like this. The master understands the meeting, and there will be no more doubts about the passing of the general; suddenly he and a bottle of wine, enjoying each other day and night.
Second:
The good deeds will be rewarded, Uncle Yi is in Xishan. There is no need for good and evil, so why talk in vain? Ninety lines with ropes, hunger and cold conditions at that time. It’s not bad for Guqiong Festival, who will pass it on to all generations.
The third one:
The Tao will be mourned for thousands of years, and everyone cherishes his feelings. He refuses to drink wine, but he cares about his reputation in the world. So don’t you value my life for the rest of my life? How many times can you live in your life? It's as sudden as lightning. Within a hundred years of Ding Ding, what can you achieve if you hold on to this!
Fourth:
The birds are missing from the flock, flying alone at dusk. Wandering without end, the sound turns sad every night. The sharp sound reminds me of the clear distance, and I can't help but feel where I am when I come and go. Because of the solitary pine trees, they come and go from afar. There are no prosperous trees in the strong wind, but this shade alone never fades. You have achieved what you have achieved, and it will not be violated for thousands of years.
Fifth one:
The house is in a human environment, without the noise of horses or carriages. I ask you, what can you do? The mind is far away from itself. Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, you can leisurely see the Nanshan Mountain. The mountain air is getting better day by day and the birds are flying back and forth. There is a true meaning in this, but I have forgotten to explain it.
The sixth one:
Thousands of things have happened, but who knows what is right or wrong. Right and wrong are nothing compared to each other, and they are the same as corruption. This matter has lasted for more than three seasons, and it seems that Da Shi is not here. You are stupid in the vulgar world, and you should follow Huang Qi.
The seventh one:
Autumn chrysanthemums have beautiful colors, and the dew on their clothes reveals their beauty. I have forgotten all my worries, and I have left behind my feelings in the world. Although the cup is taken alone, the cup will be exhausted and the pot will tip over. The flocks are moving every day, and the returning birds are singing in the forest. Xiao Ao Dongxuan, chatting about regaining this life.
The eighth part:
The green pines are in the east garden, and the grass has no shape. The eighth part (part) of Zhu Yunming's book "Drinking"
The condensation of frost kills the strange ones, Zhuoran sees Gao Zhi. Even the people in the forest don't realize it. It's a wonder that a single tree has many people. Holding the pot to caress the cold kettle, it will appear again when you look into the distance. In the dream of my life, what is the matter?
Nineteenth:
When I heard knocking on the door in the morning, I poured out my clothes and opened them. Ask the child for whom? Father Tian has a good idea. The pot of pulp is far away from the future, and I doubt that I will be good with the time. Under the tattered thatched eaves, there is not enough room for a high place to live. We are all still the same in this life, I hope you will gurgling the mud. I deeply feel that my father's words are inconsistent with his temperament. You can learn how to be sincere, but it is not a delusion if it goes against one's own self. And if you enjoy this drink, I will not be able to return.
The tenth:
In the past, I traveled far and wide to the corner of the East China Sea. The road is long and windy, with wind and waves blocking the way. Who ordered this trip? Seems to be driven by hunger. When you are full, you will have more than a little. Afraid that this is not a famous plan, I will rest and go back to my leisurely life.
Eleven:
Yan Sheng is known as benevolent, and Rong Gong is right in his words. Years are spent in vain, and hunger leads to old age. Even though one has a posthumous name, he will be withered throughout his life. What will he know after death? It is good to have a solid heart. It is good for a guest to support a body of thousands of gold, but the treasure will be dissipated before it disappears. Why is it evil to be buried naked? People should understand their intentions. .
Twelve:
The eldest son once served as an official, but his integrity was suddenly lost; Dumen did not come back and died for the rest of his life. When Zhongli returned to Daze, Gao Feng began to emerge. It's easy to go away, so why doubt again! Go and ridicule, the secular world has been bullying each other for a long time. Let's talk leisurely, please follow the rest.
Thirteenth:
There are guests who often stop by the same place, choosing to go to a different place.
One scholar is often drunk alone, while the other is awake all year round. When they are drunk, they still laugh at each other, and neither of them understands what they say. There is nothing stupid about the rules, but there is nothing like being proud. Send a message to the guest, and the candle will be held when the sun goes out.
Fourteen:
An old friend appreciated my interest and came with me with a pot in hand. Ban Jing sits under a pine tree, drinking several glasses of wine and has regained his drunkenness. His elders talk nonsense, and he loses his way while drinking wine. He does not realize that I am there. He knows that things are precious. He has long been fascinated by them, and there is a deep flavor in the wine.
Fifteenth:
The house is poor and lacks labor, and the bushes are deserted. There are flying birds everywhere, but they are silent and traceless. The universe is as long as one, and the number of lives is as few as a hundred. As time passes by, my temples have already turned white. It would be a pity to have such a deep love if we don't bear the burden of poverty.
Sixteen:
Young people rarely have people and things to do, and the best way to travel is in the Six Classics. If you walk without confusion, you will not succeed if you stay in trouble. Unexpectedly, he held on to the poverty alleviation, hunger, cold and fullness. There is a sad wind in my hut, and there is no front yard with weeds. I keep watch all night long in brown clothes, but the rooster refuses to crow in the morning. Meng Gong is not here, so he always hides my feelings.
Seventeen:
The orchids are growing in the vestibule, waiting for the breeze. The breeze came suddenly, and I saw Xiao Aizhong farewell. If you lose your way, you may be able to pass by another road. When you wake up, you should think about it. All the birds will use up your good bow.
Eighteen:
Ziyun was addicted to alcohol, and his family was poor, so he relied on good people to dispel his confusion. The drinkers come to do everything possible, and the consultations are all blocked. If you refuse to speak sometimes, you are not attacking the country. A benevolent person uses his heart and never loses his silence.
Nineteen:
In the past, I suffered from hardship and hunger, so I went to study in Lei. They will not be able to maintain their health, and they will be frozen and exhausted. It's the right time to start a new year, and you will be ashamed of your ambitions. Then he separated completely, brushed his clothes and returned to the fields. The stars were flowing slowly, and the pavilions and pavilions were one after another. The road of the world is long and long, so Yang Zhu stops. Although there is nothing to spend money on, the wine can be relied on.
Twenty:
It has been a long time since Xi Nong left me, but the whole world has rarely returned to its true state. The old man in Jiji Lu will fill the gaps to make him pure. Although the phoenix bird has not arrived, the rituals and music have been renewed for the time being, and the music has stopped ringing slightly, drifting to catch the mad Qin. What's the crime with poems and books? Once turned into dust. All the old men are sincere and diligent in their work. How could it be that in this peerless world, there is no one relative among the six families? Driving around all day long without seeing anyone. If you don't drink quickly, you will have to wear a turban on your head. But if you hate the many fallacies, you should forgive the intoxication. "Drinking" consists of twenty poems, preceded by a small preface, indicating that they were all works after drunkenness. They were not written at one time and have no internal connection. They were written out of excitement and became an independent chapter. One of his favorite things in life is wine and the other is chrysanthemums. These two points are very prominent, and both of them are vividly reflected in the fifth chapter of "Drinking".
Edit this paragraph to explain drinking in detail (Part 5)
Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence
Drinking (Part 5) ① Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty built a house ② In the human environment ③ , without the noise of carriages and horses. I ask you, how can you do this? The mind is far away and biased ⑨. Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountain air is getting better day and night, and the birds are returning. There is a true meaning in this, but I have forgotten to tell it ⑦.
Edit the comments for this paragraph
Jielu: Build a house. Knot, build, construct. Hut, simple house. Human realm: the human world. Er: That’s it. Mountain Qi: refers to the scenery and atmosphere in the mountains. Rixi: evening. Xiangyou: Accompany. Want to identify but forget the words: I want to identify but don’t know how to express it. Distinguish, identify. Leisurely: A leisurely and comfortable look. Mind far away from the world: The mind is far away from the world, so naturally it feels like the place where you live is secluded.
Edit the translation of this paragraph
Living in the human world, but without the hustle and bustle of the world. You ask me how I can do this. As long as your mind is far away from the busy city, you will naturally feel that the place you live in is secluded. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely, the Nanshan Mountain in the distance comes into view. The mountain air is dense and the sun is setting in the west. The scenery in the evening is really beautiful, and there are even birds flying back together. This contains the true meaning of life. I want to discern it, but I have forgotten how to express it in words. (Among them: the scene here and now refers to the scene in the mountains, and also refers to the secluded life.)
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(1)
This This chapter is the fifth of the twenty poems in "Drinking". The main purpose of the poem is to show the poet's thinking process of understanding the "true meaning" by using the metaphysics of the Wei and Jin Dynasties to "forget the image when he is proud", which is full of rationality and interest. However, it is not a dry philosophical rendition. The poem describes the leisurely and contented feelings, as well as the beautiful and distant scenery. In the realm of blending of scenes, it contains the philosophy that everything has its own place and is entrusted with its destiny. This philosophy has been refined and condensed by the poet into "the heart is far away and is partial to itself." "," "There is a true meaning in this" and other aphorisms give readers rational enlightenment, and the rhythm of the whole poem is also more meaningful and profound. Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty said: "Although the figures in the Jin and Song Dynasties are noble and noble, they all want official positions. Here they are talking, while there they are recruiting power and money. Tao Yuanming really can do it, so he is higher than the figures in the Jin and Song Dynasties." This poem It depicts the different popular spiritual features of poetry. He is not like other hermits who claim to be transcendent from this world, but "makes a home in the human environment"; he is in the "human environment", but he can be "without the noise of cars and horses" and not tainted with worldly things. Why? The poet said meaningfully: "The heart is far away and is biased." The mind is calm and the environment is calm. There is no desire for fame or profit. Even if you live in a busy city, it feels like you are in the mountains. This profound truth was stated by the poet in a plain and touching way.
The poem makes clever use of symbolism. "The flying birds return to each other", the bird returning gracefully in the evening light and the man "seeing Nanshan leisurely" are in harmony, as if they have found their own destination in this quiet mountain forest.
(2)
Roughly before the Wei and Jin Dynasties, with Confucianism as the core, the Chinese had always believed that human beings and nature were under the control of "heaven" with will. This kind of authority that is external and higher than human individual life began to be strongly doubted at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which ushered in the era of personality awakening; correspondingly, in literary creation, there was the so-called "human theme" "The rise of. But the awakening of personality is not only the end of old dilemmas and contradictions, but also the discovery and beginning of new dilemmas and contradictions. First and most basic, it is the establishment of limited individual life and the eternal universe. Poets constantly express sad sighs: "There is no place in life, suddenly like a traveler from afar" ("Nineteen Ancient Poems"); "It is sad to think of oneself as gold and stone" (Cao Zhi's "Giving the White Horse to Wang Biao"); "Life is like dust and dew, and the path of heaven is long and narrow" (Ruan Ji's "Poetry of Ode to Huai"). What people feel in nature is the oppression of infinite existence on finite life. However, even if difficulties and contradictions are destined to accompany the entire process of human beings (this is an existential concept), at different stages, people still have to find different ways of relief. Even if it is conceptual or poetic, people must discover a perfect life form. Therefore, by the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, in the context of metaphysics, Tao Yuanming's poems began to express a new outlook on life and nature. This is to oppose the oppositional attitude towards the connection between man and nature, but on the contrary emphasize the unity of man and nature and pursue the harmony between man and nature. This is most fully and beautifully expressed in his "Drinking" No. 5. With its simple language, subtle structure, lofty artistic conception, and profound philosophy, this poem has almost become the most well-known piece in the history of Chinese poetry. The purpose of the whole poem is to return to nature. The first step to return to nature is to deny secular values. From ancient times to the present, power, status, wealth, and honor are generally the basic objects that people pursue, which are also the value standards recognized by society. Although Zhuangzi has long said that all of this is a "guest", that is, the opposite of the spiritual subject (in modern terms, it is "alienation"), for most people, they cannot get rid of it after all. Tao Yuanming seems to be different. He had just retired from officialdom at the time, and he knew very well how people had to use tricks, show off, and shamelessly lose all dignity in order to get all this. He vowed to throw away these "customary" things and return to the "true" nature of human beings. Hence the first four lines of this poem. At the beginning, I said that although my residence is built in an environment where people come and go, I can't hear the noise of cars and horses. "The noise of carriages and horses" means the interactions between upper-class people, the so-called "caps and belts are related to each other". Because Tao Yuanming liked to complain about poverty and people often forget that the "poverty" of a wealthy family is not the same thing as the "poor" of common people, the meaning of these two lines of poetry was ignored. In fact, the Tao family is the descendant of Tao Kan, the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and is the most powerful family in Xunyang. Therefore, although Tao Yuanming's line has declined, it is unusual for him to be so lonely and without a carriage or horse. So the next question is: How can you do this? Then there is an answer, which naturally boils down to the core of the first four sentences - "the heart is far away and the ground is biased." "Yuan" is the most commonly used concept in metaphysics, which refers to a spiritual state of indifference and contentment that is detached from worldly interests. The word "afar" here refers to an attitude of isolation and indifference towards the world that competes for fame and wealth. Naturally, it alienates people traveling in the secular world, and the place where they live becomes secluded. Furthermore, the "noise of carriages and horses" is not only a real thing, but also a symbol. It represents the entire bureaucratic society that is constantly striving for power, fame and fortune. These four sentences are as simple as spoken language, but in fact they have a very strict structure. The first sentence speaks plainly, the second sentence makes a twist, the third sentence continues and asks questions, and the fourth sentence concludes with an answer. Gao Ming has no trace of rigid artificiality in this structure. The reader's thoughts are unconsciously led to the fourth sentence by the author. No wonder even Wang Anshi, who wrote lofty words, sighed with emotion: Since the beginning of poets, there have been no such four sentences! Excluding the value scale recognized by society, where does the author establish the basis of life? This involves Tao Yuanming’s philosophical thoughts. This philosophy can be called "natural philosophy". It not only includes the self-cultivation and self-feeding, frugal and ascetic lifestyle, but also deepens the unity and harmony of human life and nature. In Tao Yuanming's view, people not only exist in society and in relationships between people, but even more importantly, every individual life, as an independent spiritual subject, exists directly facing the entire nature and universe. From the origin, human life is originally a part of nature and a manifestation of the transformation of "Dahua". It is just that people separated themselves from nature and threw themselves into the competition for power, status, fame and wealth that has no real value. It even loses its authenticity, making life full of anxiety and contradictions. Therefore, the perfect life form can only be obtained by returning to nature. If these principles are written directly, the poem will become an essay. Therefore, the author just embodies philosophy in images. The poet (the title is "Drinking", naturally he is a drunken poet who has lost his consciousness) was randomly picking chrysanthemums in his garden. He accidentally raised his head and looked at Nanshan (that is, south of Tao's residence). Lushan) meet. "Seeing Nanshan leisurely", according to the rules of ancient Chinese grammar, can be interpreted as "seeing Nanshan leisurely" or "seeing Nanshan leisurely". Therefore, this "leisure" not only belongs to people, but also to the mountains.
People are leisurely and at ease, and the mountains are quiet and high. At that moment, it seemed that a different melody was playing from the human heart and the mountain together, blending into a light piece of music. In another version, the word "jian" in "Jian Nanshan" is "wang". Su Dongpo, who admired Tao Yuanming the most, criticized: If the word "wang" is used, the poem will become uninteresting. Mr. Dongpo is very smart and knows the benefits of drinking. What he said is right. Why can't we say "hope"? Because "looking" is a conscious gaze and lacks the "leisurely" flavor. We can go one step further and say: In Tao Yuanming's philosophical view, nature is a self-sufficient existence without external pursuits, so it can be content and free; the reason why life is flawed is that people have external pursuits. External pursuits will inevitably bring about surprises of gain and worries of loss, which fundamentally destroys the harmony of life. Therefore, in this image that expresses the unity of man and nature, we can only use "seeing" with no intention of belonging, but not "hope" with fixed eyes. What can you see in Nanshan? The hazy mist of sunset floats around the peaks; flocks of birds fly together and return to the mountains and forests. It's all beautiful, of course. But this is not a simple description of scenery. In Tao Yuanming's poems, we can often see similar sentences: "The clouds have no intention of coming out of Xiu, and the birds know when they are tired of flying" ("Returning Words"); "The flowers and trees are prosperous, the gentle breeze is quiet" ("Returning Words") "Encouraging Farmers") and so on, the list goes on and on. These are all movements that express nature. Because they have no volitional purpose or external pursuits, they are calm, fulfilling, and perfect. Since humans are part of nature, they should also have natural nature and complete their individual lives throughout the natural movement. This is the harmonious unity of man and nature. The last two sentences are the summary of the whole poem: here you can understand the true meaning of life, but when you want to say it out, you can't find the right language. The actual meaning is that this kind of truth is a lively feeling of life, and logical language is not enough to express its subtlety and integrity. The flavor of later generations of Zen masters. In terms of the structure of the poem, these two sentences are very important. It reminds the deep meaning of the image in the whole poem, and at the same time leads the reader's thinking back to the image to understand and chew on it. This poem, especially the two lines in the poem "Paling chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, leisurely seeing the Nanshan Mountain", has always been rated as "quiet" and "indifferent", and has received high praise. However, it would be biased to simply use this aesthetic realm to summarize all of Tao Yuanming's creations. Because in fact, Tao Yuanming's poems still express a lot of anxious and even angry emotions, which are more intense than any poet of his generation. But it was precisely because of his anxiety that he sought silence. As I said at the beginning, this is the ideal and poetically perfect life form found in new difficulties and contradictions. Perhaps, at some point, we can actually experience the beauty it conveys and enter a state of pure peace and forget all the troubles in life, but this will never be the entire life of anyone (including Tao Yuanming).