Literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties characterized by "literature in troubled times".

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties can be said to be "troubled times" in the history of China. Therefore, the literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties born in this period, due to its special historical reasons, presents unique characteristics! Now I will briefly introduce the general characteristics of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and let's have a look. 1, the literary theme is life and death, wandering immortals and seclusion, which is consistent with the pessimistic and open-minded emotional tone of literati. The theme of life and death is mainly to feel the shortness of life, the inevitability of death, and how to face life and death, such as Cao Cao's Short Songs. The theme of wandering immortals is mainly to imagine the fairy world and express the yearning for the fairy world and the desire for longevity, such as Cao Zhi's poems about wandering immortals. The theme of seclusion is mainly the yearning and praise for seclusion life, as well as the attraction and opposition to seclusion. For example, Tao Yuanming has a large number of works describing reclusive life and expressing reclusive thoughts. He pushed the creation of this theme to the peak. 2. The emotional tone of literature is pessimistic and open-minded, and many literati in this period are inexplicably involved in the whirlpool of political struggle. Some of them were excluded and suppressed, some were persecuted or even beheaded, and some lived in war. These experiences make them feel powerless to society and themselves. Some of them are pessimistic and desperate, while others vent their hopeless feelings with wanton behavior. In this way, the literature of this period formed a pessimistic and open-minded emotional tone. 3. Literature is permeated with Confucianism, metaphysics and Buddhism. During this period, the country was in a state of division for a long time, wars continued and people were displaced. On the one hand, the social economy has been severely damaged, and the life of the broad masses of people is very difficult. On the other hand, people's thoughts have been liberated as never before, and metaphysics, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism go hand in hand, which inevitably affects and permeates literary creation. For example, metaphysical poetry, which has occupied a hundred years in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is the result of the influence of metaphysics on literature. Literature reflects the depression of the poor. In addition to social unrest in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, another noteworthy feature was the gate valve system. Gate valve system is also called gentry gate valve system. Gentry or clan refers to aristocratic families. Around the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, some aristocratic families appeared among the literati. They worked hard for generations, and their children gained political rights more easily than ordinary people after they entered the government. After the end of the Han Dynasty, they became a very independent social force. At the end of the Han dynasty, clan power was once hit and weakened. However, after Cao Pi implemented the "Nine-grade Zheng Zhi System", because Zheng Zhiguan was dominated by clans, a situation of "no poverty for the top grade, no clan for the bottom grade" was formed. This naturally made many talented literati feel wronged, and these grievances were reflected in literary creation, which became a feature of literature in this period. By the Eastern Jin Dynasty, due to the strong influence of elites, some elite men controlled the central government, forming a situation in which elites ruled the government and imperial power ruled the government. The so-called "ruling the world by the king and the horse" is a reflection of this phenomenon. Related recommendations: What are the poems of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties? Who is the originator of Huajian School in the literary history of the five major literary areas in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties? What contribution has it made to the history of literature? 5. During this period, a large number of literary families appeared, such as "San Cao" and his son, "Zhang Zhang" (Zhang Zai, Zhang Xie,) and "Erlu" (Lu Ji,) brothers. The superior cultural innate conditions of the gentry have a great influence on the formation of their literary advantages. The literary families or literary groups that appeared in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and centered on aristocratic families were related to the cultural inheritance of the gentry. The literary group characterized by the clan literati group has become an important phenomenon in the literature of the Six Dynasties because the clan generally loves literature and righteousness, and its group interests and personal temperament are often revealed in literature, which can affect its literary thought and creative practice (Cheng's Clans and Six Dynasties Literature). Lu's family in Jin Dynasty, Xie's family in Liu Song Dynasty, Xiao's family, Yu's family and Xu's family are representatives in this respect. 6. The creative forms are rich and colorful, and the main achievement of this period is poetry. The achievements of literati's five-character poems are outstanding, and so are the folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Although prose in this period was gradually replaced by parallel prose, there were some excellent prose handed down from generation to generation. Novels that sprouted in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties began to flourish in the Six Dynasties. It laid the foundation for the development of later novels and operas. 7. As far as the prosperity and consciousness of literary theory and criticism are concerned, many works of literary theory and criticism have appeared. For example, Cao Pi's canon? Papers, Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long, Zhong Rong's Poems, etc. Lu Xun said in his famous paper "The Relationship between Wei and Jin Manners and Articles and Medicinal Liquor": Cao Pi's era can be said to be an era of literary consciousness, or, as modern people say, a school of "literary consciousness" that is artistic for the sake of art is the most important feature of literature in this period. Throughout the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, it took about 300 years to realize. The so-called literary consciousness has three signs: first, literature is differentiated from a broad academic sense and becomes an independent category; Secondly, the various genres of literature are distinguished in detail, and more importantly, the system and style characteristics of various genres in this period are clearly understood; The third is the conscious pursuit of literary aesthetic characteristics. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was a turbulent period. The war killed many people, brought famine, plague and large-scale population migration, profoundly affected the mentality and mental outlook of literati, and also affected the theme, theme and tone of the whole literary creation. Due to the large number of deaths caused by the war, sensitive writers and scholars generally feel the fragility of human life, the unpredictability of fate, the impermanence of life, and the helplessness of individual life in the face of changes in the times. So we saw some concentrated literary themes in the literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, such as the theme of life and death, the theme of wandering immortals and the theme of seclusion. In troubled times, the way of life of literati is either generous and sad, or generous and sad, or eat, drink, and pursue lewdness, and the style of writing also shows the characteristics of rich outline, ambiguous twists and turns, or gorgeous, which has to be said to be related to the specific background of the times.