Ellenborg was born in Kiev on January 27, 1891, in a family of engineers. In 1907, he studied at Moscow No. 1 Middle School and was expelled for participating in the Bolshevik underground organization. He was arrested in 1908 and immediately broke away from the organization. He was released soon and went into exile in Paris in December of the same year. In 1910, he began to publish poems, all of which were exercises in nature that imitated Symbolist poetry.
After the outbreak of the First World War, from 1915 to 1917, Eilenburg served as a military reporter for Moscow's "Russian Morning Post" and Petrograd's "Market", and went to the French and German front lines for interviews. The war made him doubtful and pessimistic. This is reflected in the collection of poems "Songs of the Night Before". During this period he also wrote military correspondence, which was later edited into a collection and published under the title The Appearance of War (1920). Returned to China in July 1917. After the October Revolution, he participated in the work of the Soviet government department. From 1918 to 1923, he also published poetry collections "Fire" (1919), "The Night Before" (1921), "Random Thoughts" (1921), "Random Thoughts Abroad", "Destructive Love" (1922), and "The Warmth of Animal Nature" ( 1923), expressed their welcome to the birth of "another great century", and at the same time felt "both ecstasy and fear" about it.
Beginning in the spring of 1921, Ellenborg stayed abroad for a long time as a Soviet newspaper reporter. In the early 1920s, he published some papers commenting on Russian contemporary art and poetry to promote the artistic ideas of structuralism. In 1922, he published the philosophical satirical novel "The Adventures of Julio Julenido and His Disciples", which attracted the attention of Lenin. The novel describes life in Europe and Russia during the First World War and the revolutionary period. It makes sharp satire and criticism of the capitalist world. It also reflects the author's contradictory and complex thoughts. Other novels published during this period, such as "The Life and Destruction of Nikolay Kurbov" (1923), "The Love of Jeanne Ney" (1924), etc., take the opposition between the individual and society as their theme. In some novels, such as "Thirteen Cigarette Pouches" (1923) and "De Yee Trust" (1923), the criticism of capitalist society and bourgeois morality is strengthened, as well as the analysis of the inherent contradictions of bourgeois culture.
In 1931, he traveled around Europe and witnessed the rampant activities of fascism. After returning to China, he visited the industrial construction sites of the first Five-Year Plan and was inspired and strengthened his confidence in the future of the Soviet country. During this period, he wrote the novel "The Second Day" (1933), which reflects the socialist construction of the Soviet Union and the growth of new people. During the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939, he went to Spain several times as a reporter for "Izvestia" and wrote some poems and short story collections "Beyond the Armistice" and the novel "What Man Needs" (1937) to express his anti-fascism and internationalist ideas.
In France at the beginning of World War II, he witnessed the fall of France and wrote the novel "The Fall of Paris" (1941) based on this theme, which won him the 1942 Stalin Prize. During the Great Patriotic War, many political commentaries were published in Izvestia, Red Star and frontline newspapers, exposing fascist policies and morality, calling on people from all over the world to rise up in struggle, and inspiring their confidence in victory. These political commentaries earned him worldwide reputation, and he later collected and published a three-volume collection of political commentaries, "War" (1942-1944).
After the end of World War II, he completed two novels: "The Tempest" (1948 Stalin Prize), which writes about wartime life, and "Nine Waves" (1951-1952), which writes about post-war life. The novella "Thaw" (Parts 1 and 2; 1954-1956) and various forms of literary and artistic essays published in the mid-1950s, and the complex memoir "People, Time, Life" (6 volumes, 1961) published in the 1960s ~1965), caused fierce controversy in the Soviet literary and artistic circles.
In 1967, Ellenborg died in Moscow due to ineffective treatment. Fei Ding
Fei Ding was born in a petty bourgeois family on February 24, 1892. He graduated from the Economics Department of the Moscow Commercial College in 1914 and later went to Germany for further study.
After returning to China after the outbreak of the First World War, Feiding was detained by the German authorities as an enemy alien on his way back. After the victory of the October Revolution, he was hired as a translator for the Soviet government's embassy in Germany. Returning to China in 1918, he participated in the struggle against Yudenich and served as editor of the Red Army and local newspapers.
During the Civil War, he wrote many political commentaries, features and short stories. Among them, the novels "Uncle Kircher" (1919) and "The Orchard" (1920) won the literary award at that time. He met Gorky in Petrograd in 1920, and later wrote a long memoir "Gorky Among Us" (1937-1942), detailing their long-term close friendship.
In 1921, Fei Ding joined the "fellow travelers" literary group "Serapion Brothers". The main representative works of the 1920s include the short stories "A Morning's Story" (1921) and "Anna Timofeyevna" (1922), the short story collection "Transvaal" (1926), the novel " "City and Years" (1924) and "Brothers" (1928), etc.
Among them, two short stories describe the ignorance, selfishness and callousness of small citizens and local officials in other provinces before the revolution; the novella "Transvaal" reflects the arrogance of rural rich peasants during the New Economic Policy period; both novels are based on the October Revolution. The theme of the great social changes caused by it is to expose the decadence and decline of European capitalism and the rule of the old Russian landlord and bourgeoisie, affirm the necessity of revolution and the strong will of the Bolsheviks, and at the same time accuse the revolutionaries of lacking humanity and kindness, and promote artists Only by keeping a certain distance from the revolution can we create truly good works. This shows that although the author supports revolution, he fails to truly understand the nature of revolution. In terms of art, it reflects his multi-faceted exploration.
In the late 1920s and 1930s, Feiding visited Germany, France, Italy, Switzerland and other countries many times. He published the novels "The Stealing of Europe" (1933-1936) and "Alktur Sanatorium" (1940). The former mainly writes about the family background of a Dutch forestry king and his experience in the Soviet Union; the latter writes about various characters in a tuberculosis sanatorium in Switzerland. The two works made extensive and profound revelations about the European capitalist society in a period of economic crisis, but their descriptions of socialist life in the Soviet Union and the new Soviet people at that time were relatively simple.
Participated in the Patriotic War from 1941 to 1945. During this period, he created the script "The Test of Emotion" (1942) and a large number of short stories and features, which are full of patriotic enthusiasm. After the war, as a reporter for "Izvestia", he attended the International Military Tribunal for the trial of war criminals held in Nuremberg, Germany from 1945 to 1946, and wrote a feature collection "Trial at Nuremberg" (1946).
Fei Ding's most important works are the two parts "Early Joy" (1945) and "Extraordinary Summer" (1947-1948) published in the early post-war years. These two novels mainly tell the story of a young intellectual who grows up to be a proletarian revolutionary. They express the relationship between the individual and the revolutionary cause, the fate of art in the socialist revolution, etc., and shape the two characters of Izvikov and La Gaojing. The flesh-and-blood Bolshevik image has a broad picture, twists and turns in the plot, delicate description, and beautiful language. It is considered an outstanding novel in contemporary Soviet literature and won the 1949 Stalin Prize. "Bonfire", which was published in 1961, was originally planned to be a sequel to the two parts, describing the protagonist's experiences in the 1930s and the Great Patriotic War, but it was not completed.
Fei Ding published many speeches and articles in his later years, criticizing some of the complacency, narrowness, simplicity, and shoddy tendencies in postwar Soviet literary creation. He emphasized "opening windows" and improving the ideological and artistic nature of creation.
Fei Ding was elected as an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1958. From 1959, he served as the first secretary of the Secretariat of the Soviet Union of Writers. In 1967, he was a Hero of Socialist Labor. From 1971, he served as Chairman of the Presidium of the Soviet Union of Writers. In 1977 Died in the year. In our country, Lu Xun translated and introduced his "Orchard" in 1928.