What is the overall impression of China's poems? The person who sent this question must be a foreign reader, or a China reader who can appreciate foreign poetry. A person who only reads China's poems will never have this problem. He can see that he can't generalize like this. He wants to distinguish the special and unique beauty of each poet one by one. People with literary conscience and discernment, like serious scientists, avoid high hats and empty words such as generalization and generalization. He will remember the poet Blake's quick words: "It is a fool to introduce." If a person who can only appreciate Chinese poetry wants to make an introduction, at most, he can divide Chinese poetry into sects or periods to illustrate the characteristics of the other party. He can't do his duty to the whole native poetry, because he can't "transcend the image and get the middle way" and his views are lofty. Therefore, speaking of the overall impression of China's poems, there are foreigners and foreign poems in it. This position is comparative literature.
According to several literary historians, the development of poetry is epic, drama and lyric. China's poems are different. China wrote epics, while China people lacked what Wall called "epic heart". China's best dramatic poems came into being after the most perfect lyric poems. The essence and peak of pure lyric poetry appeared in China's poems very early. So China's poems are precocious. The price of precocity is premature aging. China's poetry reached a lofty realm overnight, and then it lacked change and gradually became corrupt. This phenomenon is very common in China culture. For example, in China's painting, the technology of objective portrait is still underdeveloped, but it has long had the style of "pure painting" such as "Impressionism ④" and "Post-Impressionism ⑤"; China's logic is extremely rough, and Hegel envies his meticulous dialectics. The hearts of the people of China.
Precautions:
① Selected from Qian Zhongshu's Prose (Zhejiang Literature and Art Publishing House, 1997 edition). There are abridgements. This is an abridged translation of the author's own speech (the original manuscript was in English, and it was 1945. 2. 6' s speech to beautiful people in Shanghai).
(2) [Blake (1757- 1827)] is now generally translated as "Blake". The pioneer of English romantic poetry. The main poetry collections are Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
(3)[ Beyond the image. Only by transcending the appearance of things can we grasp their essence. This is the "vigorous" comment in the Four Empty Pictures (837-908) (twenty-four poems). In a ring, it should be infinite. Zhuangzi's Theory of All Things: "Pivot begins with its ring, so it should be infinite." It means that the pivot (the rotating shaft on the door) is annular and can rotate freely.
(4) [Impressionism] 65438+the school of painting popular in France in the 9th century. Named after the oil painting Impression of Sunrise exhibited by the painter Di Nai in 1874. Impressionists pay attention to expressing their direct impression of the actual reality.
⑤ Post-impressionism is another painting school after impressionism. Generally refers to the art of Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin and Bernard. They accepted the impressionist color method and made some innovations.
In the room, there is no gravity, and it will rise with a jump. The Sanskrit "Hundred Similes Classic" says that an Indian fool wants to live in three floors, and two floors are not allowed to be built below. This is China's artistic thought structure. This is often a castle in the air, because China people are smart and vicious.
In your country, Poe advocates that the shorter the length of a poem, the better. The name "long poem" is self-contradictory, and the longest poem should be read for no more than half a minute. Unfortunately, he doesn't know Chinese. China's poetry is a blitzkrieg in literary appreciation, with an average of only two or three minutes. Compared with western novellas, China's long poems are just a light kite scissors in rhyme. Of course, it is forbidden to rhyme a word twice in a poem, which limits the length of China's poems. However, if shoes form feet, feet also form shoes; Poetic style may be the product of poetic heart and meet the needs of poetic heart. Compared with western poets, China poets can only be regarded as sculptors with cherry stones and two-inch ivory squares. However, a short poem can have a distant meaning, and contraction does not hinder extension, as if we want to see farther, and every eyebrow is frowning. Foreign short poems are more expensive than sharp poems. China poets want you to see infinity from "easy completion".
A China poet said: "Words are endless, meaning is endless." Another poet said: "The scenery that is difficult to write is like the present: it contains infinite meaning and can be seen outside the words. (3) "in the form of the most elaborate determined to sort out the realm of unknown words, it is difficult to get together, just in line with the conditions of Weiland's poetry theory:
That gray song
Fuzzy connection and then accurate.
This is the characteristic of China's poems that ordinary readers in the West think: full of hints. I want to put it another way, saying that this is a silence of pregnancy. What you say is not as good as what you don't say, but what you can't say by innuendo. Keats' six famous sayings are called:
The music you can hear is really beautiful, but the music you can't hear is more beautiful.
Our poet also said, "Silence is better than sound"; He said, "Understanding silent strings means wonderful ⑦". Sometimes, he lures you to the edge of the language, and there is a deep silence below: "That makes sense, I forgot what I wanted to say." "Speak indifferently, and stay alone. ⑧"
Precautions:
(1) 【 Allen Poe (1809- 1849) 】 American poet, novelist and literary critic. He is the originator of western modernist literature and the founder of horror novels and mystery novels.
(2) [Incoherent] This is Yan Yu, a poet and critic of the Southern Song Dynasty, who commented on the poems of the prosperous Tang Dynasty in Cang Shi Lang Hua.
(3) [A scene is difficult to write, such as in front of you: endless meaning, beyond words] This is a simple and implicit poetic style that Ouyang Xiu quoted the contemporary poet Mei in Poems on June 1st in the Song Dynasty.
(4) [Bodhi] was originally a Zen term of Buddhism, which means it is difficult to combine. This means that in poetry creation, the soul of the creative subject is not well integrated with the object reflected objectively, that is, there is no unity between things and me, but it seems stiff and has the meaning of barely combining.
(5) 【 Velander (1844- 1896) 】 French poet. His poems are full of anxiety and music.
⑥ 【 Keats (1795- 182 1) 】 English poet. Famous poems include The Nightingale and The Ancient Greek Urn.
⑦ 【 Understand the meaning of silent strings 】 This is a poem in Wang Shizhen's Thirty-two Poems Parody of Yuanshan in Qing Dynasty. In other words, Wei and Liu Zongyuan's poems are elegant and rhythmic.
8 [Take it lightly, stay alone and play together] This is a poem written by Liu Zongyuan and Zhao when they were reading scriptures in the temple in the early morning. It means that reading Zen sutra is indifferent and can't be expressed in words; However, the joy of understanding Buddhist scriptures satisfies the soul.
Sometimes he can't do it, which makes you disappointed with Philip Burkart: "How beautiful she looks, open the pearly window and sit with a frown;" You may see bright tears on her cheeks now, but it's not the man she loves deeply. Baoyu said, "I asked your apprentice under a pine tree, and he said,' My teacher went to collect medicine.' "。 However, through these clouds, how can I know which corner of the mountain it is facing? 2. "This" I don't know "is so sultry! An intriguing fact is that China's poems end in a questioning tone, which is more than any western poem I know. Give a very common example. There is a formula of "where" in Latin poetry of the Middle Ages in the West, which is used to lament unforgivable death. This formula has been used in the poems of Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Czech Republic and other countries, and the most wonderful one is Wei Rong's Song of Ancient Beauty: in every sentence, first ask where the westerners such as Shi, Nan Wei, Wang Zhaojun and Yang Guifei are from, and then draw a conclusion: "But where was the snow last year?" "
Coincidentally, this formula is used most frequently in China's poems, such as "All strong men die. Are the rest of you at home? " "The emperor in the pavilion today? The Yangtze River flows freely outside the threshold. " "The color of flowers has changed this year. Who will it be next year?" "Where are the people who come to play with the moon? The scenery is vaguely like last year. ... spring is gone, where are people? Where is spring when people go? " The Duke of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night might say:
That's enough. Not anymore. Even if there is, it is not as beautiful as before.
China poets, they all like Byron pet-name ruby "elegy for Greece" miraculously asked:
Where are they? Where are you?
Ask without answering, answer with asking, and give you a thrilling answer with nothing to swallow. What remains, as Mulet said before he died, is only silence-silence deeply immersed in tears and sighs.
Western readers also think that China's poetic style is light and his writing is peaceful. We also have heavy poems, which are weighed down by emotion, nostalgia and allusions. But the "proportion" of China's poems is indeed lower than that of western poems; The relationship between spider web and steel wire mesh. The tone of western poetry is like a band ensemble. China's poems have a thin tone, just like playing a flute. This is related to the nature of language. For example, French poetry is not as strong as that of Britain and Germany. However, Sion in English and German is heavier than Sion in Latin, but it is lighter. Besides, China ancient poets always regarded shouting and shouting as inferior. Our wildest crazy songs are softer than yours; China poets are crazy, but they have the immortal significance of Feng Ling. I created the English word aeromantic to express this kind of psychology. Your poet is crazy! China's poems are by no means "wild dogs" as Whitman in your country calls them, but have the beast nature and earth-shattering power.
Precautions:
She opened the pearly casement, which looked beautiful ... but not the man she loved so hard] This is Li Bai's poem "Complain".
When I ask your students under a pine tree ... how can I tell through these clouds? [Poetry] This is a poem written by Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, and it is called "Suicide Letter".
③ 【 Wei Rong (143 1- 1463) 】 is a French poet.
(4) [Southern Wei] The beauty of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period.
⑤ 【 All the strong men are dead, the rest are safe 】 These are two sentences in the Yuefu poem of Bao Zhao, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. See Yuefu Poetry, Volume 27, Harmony II.
⑥ [Where is the emperor in the pavilion, the Yangtze River flows freely outside the threshold] This is a poem in Wang Tengting's Poem by Wang Bo, a poet in the Tang Dynasty.
⑦ This is a poem written by Wang Bo, a poet in the Tang Dynasty.
⑧ Where did all the people who came to play with the moon go? The scenery is vaguely like last year. This is a poem written by Zhao Shen, a poet in the Tang Dynasty.
Pet-name ruby [Byron (1788- 1824)] English romantic poet. Famous poems include Don Juan and Childe Harold's Travels.
Attending 【 Whitman (18 19- 1892) 】 American poet. His poetry collections include Leaves of Grass and Drum Branches.
Bark ",but civilized people. This is a conversation. This is not a speech, but the voice like conscience is quiet and weak-but people with conscience can hear it unless their ears are too used to microphones and radios or …
I intentionally ignored the contents of China's poems. There is no difference in content between China's poems and those of the West. China has many social poems and few religious poems. That's all. For example, pastoral poetry-not a romantic and mysterious love of nature, but a classical and leisurely forest-is considered to be the characteristic of China's poetry. However, since the sixth Horace (1) in the second volume of Rome, works of the same type as China's pastoral poems have become outstanding in western poetry. Another example is the following two poems, which are acknowledged to be permeated with China's unique emotional appeal: "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. " "Birds fly high, and lonely clouds go alone. Never tire of meeting each other, only respect Tingshan 3. " I try to compare two very common foreign poems. The first is the first section of Gray's Mourning in the Cemetery:
On the day when the evening bell struck,
Cattle and sheep are howling on the Yuan Ye,
The farmer strode home wearily,
Only twilight and I share the world equally.
The second is Goethe's "Nocturnal of the Wanderer":
The breeze gathers sawdust,
The crowd moved towards the top of the mountain.
Birds sleep quietly,
I want to return to my body, too.
The tone is strikingly similar to that of Tao Yuanming and Li Taibai. Chinese and western poems not only have the same content, but also often coincide in style. He said that the quietness of China's poems reminded him of Welland's style. As I have explained in detail elsewhere, pure poetry produced by Poe's poetic method in your country existed in our poems thousands of years ago.
So, you said that there was nothing special about "China" in China's poems. China's poems are just poems, which are more important than "China's". Like a person, whether he is from China or the United States. English, always English. There is a curly pug with a sunken nose. You call it "Beijing Dog" and we call it "Western Dog". Dream of Red Mansions. Western flower ideas pug. "This little beast, which is full of China in the west and considered western in China, should sharpen his teeth and kill those who speak Chinese and western cultures. Whenever such a person
Precautions:
(1) [Horace (65- 8)] is now generally translated as "Horace". Roman poet. He advocated taking classical poetry as a model and stressing rhythm. His literary theory work The Art of Poetry has a great influence on the development of European literary theory.
2 [Feng Hui] ethos and fashion.
Birds fly high ... only Jingting Mountain] This is Li Bai's poem "Sitting alone in Jingting Mountain".
④ [Gray (1716-1771)] is an English poet. I have only written more than a dozen poems in my life, the most famous of which is "Scared in the Cemetery".
⑤ [Slytherin (1880- 1932)] is now generally translated as "Strachey". British literary critic and biographer. The masterpiece is The Biography of Queen Victoria.
When it comes to the characteristics of China's literature and art or thoughts, we can't be credulous, just as we don't want to be fooled by the commercial advertisements of "Ten Features of Our Store". China's poems have the so-called "western" characteristics, and western poems also have the so-called "China" elements. It is fragmentary and weak here, but it develops clearly and satisfactorily in your place. or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium Therefore, reading foreign poems will bring you back to your own country. It's not surprising that this happened. Greek mysterious philosophers have long said that life is nothing more than staying at home, going out and going home. All our emotional, rational and will pursuits or attempts are nothing more than the homesickness of the soul, trying to find a person or a thing. A place, let our body and mind have a home in this vast and desolate world, as if the patient went to bed and the prodigal son went home. The purpose of traveling is to go home, otherwise you don't have to remember the impression of the journey. Learning our poems will definitely make you have a deeper understanding of your own poems, just as your stay in China will increase your love for your own country. My hometown, which feels very sweet, has been sweetened by exploration.