Basic knowledge of Chinese in senior high school 1
Rhetorical Skills: Eight Explanatory Skills
First, metaphor
1. Features and functions of metaphor:
Metaphor is "metaphor" That is, to grasp the similarities between two different things and compare one thing with another. The structure of metaphor is generally composed of ontology (object to be compared), vehicle (object to be compared) and figurative words (symbol of figurative relationship). Form a metaphor
The key: A and B must be essentially different things, and there must be similarities between A and B, otherwise the metaphor cannot be established. The main functions of metaphor are: turning plain into vivid; Turn abstruse into simple; Turn abstract into concrete; Turn verbosity into conciseness.
2. Types of metaphor:
1 simile. The typical form is: A is like B, and ontological vehicles all appear, which are connected by metaphors such as "image, image, as if, as if". For example, the harvested crops are piled up like hills. "
2 metaphor. The typical form is: A is B, both ontology and vehicle appear, and there are no figurative words in the middle. It is often associated with "yes", "success" and "success". For example, the relationship between Marxism and China Revolution is the relationship between the arrow and the target.
3 metaphor. The typical form is: A generation B. Without ontology, it directly describes the vehicle. But it is different from metonymy. Find out the similarities between the two things by metonymy. Such as putting down the luggage and starting the machine.
4 metaphor. Use several metaphors to compare the same ontology from different angles and with different similarities. For example, among the layers of leaves, there are some white flowers dotted sporadically, some bloom gracefully and some bloom shyly; Like a pearl, like a star in the blue sky, like a beauty who just took a bath.
Second, comparison.
1. Characteristics and functions of analogy:
Writing things as people, or people as crops, or things as other things, its formal characteristics are: humanization of things, materialization of people, or materialization of things. Its function is to make the written "people" or "things" colorful, vivid and meaningful.
2. Types of analogy:
(1) personification. For example, Du Fuchuan is singing and laughing in the willows, and the red flag is fluttering.
② simulacra. For example, if we are honest, there will be bullies. If we dare to use a knife, the bully will have to run with his tail between his legs.
Thirdly, metonymy.
1. Features and functions of metonymy:
Metonymy is not to directly express the person or thing, but to replace it with something related to it. It emphasizes the correlation between two things. Its function is to replace complexity with simplicity, emptiness with truth, everything with strangeness and feelings with things.
2. Types of metonymy:
① Feature-generated ontology. For example, the beard roared.
(2) Concrete generation abstraction. For example, don't take a needle or thread from the masses.
(3) proper name generalization. For example, our times need thousands of Qian Qian Lei Feng.
(4) Famous works. For example, we should read more books about Lu Xun.
⑤ Part replaces the whole. For example: sing low eyebrows and don't write, and the moonlight shines like water on the skirt.
⑥ Consequences and causes. For example, specializing in pen and ink, laughing at strong men.
All landowners raw materials rather than finished products. For example, in fifty years, everything is empty, and I am lazy to turn my hair bronze.
(8) Place name replaces ontology. For example: Yan 'an or Xi 'an? It is necessary to draw a clear line.
Fourth, exaggeration.
1. Features and functions of exaggeration:
Exaggeration refers to the reasonable and intentional expansion or contraction of the original things in pursuit of a certain expressive effect. Requirements are used without losing the foundation and basis of life and without exaggeration. Its function lies in setting off the atmosphere, enhancing association and enlightening people.
2. Several exaggerated forms:
① Enlarge and exaggerate. For example, I suspect that the Milky Way has set for nine days.
(2) reduce exaggeration. For example, Wuling makes waves, and Wumeng takes mud pills.
3 exaggerate in advance. For example, when you see such bright green wheat seedlings, you can smell the white flour steamed bread.
Duality of verb (abbreviation of verb)
The characteristics and functions of 1. duality;
Duality is "duality", also known as "duality". It must be a pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, relative parts of speech, the same structure and related meanings. The relationship between the two sentences includes inheritance, progression, causality, hypothesis and conditions. Its functions are: easy to recite and beautiful music; Concise and expressive, lyrical.
2. Several forms of duality:
① According to the content, it can be divided into right, reverse and string.
Exactly: the meaning of the upper and lower sentences is similar, similar, complementary and contrasting.
Such as the silver hoes of Wuling in the sky, and the iron arms of Sanjiang shake.
Objection: the upper and lower sentences are opposite. For example, it is better to use the remaining brave to chase the poor bandits than to learn from the bullies.
Series pair: Also called "flow pair". The meanings of the upper and lower sentences are inheritance, progressive, causal, hypothetical and conditional.
For example, in order to sacrifice more ambitions, I dare to teach the sun and the moon to change the weather.
② According to the form, it can be divided into working pair and wide pair.
The so-called pairing of works is to strictly follow the requirements of pairing in terms of words, parts of speech, structure, level and words; The so-called tolerance means that it basically meets the requirements of confrontation, but it is slightly different in some aspects. That is to say, the formal requirements are a little looser.
③ According to the structure, it can be divided into component duality and sentence duality.
Binary composition. If the mountains and rivers are ignorant, the butterflies and geese are ruthless; However, they treat human beings fairly and equally, that is, they will not laugh because of the rich and powerful, nor will they skimp on Shan Ye's fishing and firewood.
Sixth, parallel.
1. Parallel features and functions;
Parallelism consists of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone. The same word that is often emphasized repeatedly appears in the same position in every phrase or sentence. Its function lies in strengthening language situation, emphasizing content and aggravating feelings.
2. Several forms of parallelism:
(1) component ratio. For example, it seems that without the three northeastern provinces, the party and the country are more and more like one country. No one will make a sound without the three northeastern provinces. Without the three northeastern provinces, only a few students have made several "submissions", and the party and the country are more and more like a country, which can win the praise of "friendly people" and "be a country" forever.
② Sentence parallelism. For example, their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.
Seven, ask questions
The characteristics of questioning: "Ask without doubt". Often know perfectly well past ask, ask yourself and answer yourself or ask questions with uncertain answers. The purpose is to emphasize the problem, so as to attract people's attention and inspire people to think. For example, what pigment does a white flower contain? White flowers have no pigment.
Another example: the social productive forces have developed so much that the labor productivity has been greatly improved. -What's the purpose? The most important thing is the power of science and technology.
Eight, rhetorical questions
Rhetorical questions also have the characteristics of "asking without doubt" Express definite meaning in the form of interrogative sentences, so as to strengthen the tone and enhance the expression effect. A question mark is usually put at the end of a sentence, and some can also put an exclamation point.
There are two forms of rhetorical question:
(1) in the form of positive negation.
(2) Express affirmation in the form of negation.
Basic knowledge of Chinese in senior high school II
Common sense of literature
1. Cao Xueqin (17 15 ~ 1763) is a novelist of the Qing Dynasty. Its name is Zhan, the word, and learning the piano is its name, also known as the piano score. A Dream of Red Mansions is the greatest novel of China in ancient times, and it is also one of the classic works of world literature. At present, the sequel is A Dream of Red Mansions written by Gao E. This book takes Jia, Shi, Wang and Xue as the background, takes the love tragedy of Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu as the main line, focuses on the rise and fall of Rong and Ning, and comprehensively describes the last world and irreconcilable contradictions in feudal society.
2. "Blessing" is one of Lu Xun's representative works, and it is the first in Lu Xun's second novel collection "Wandering". This novel reflects the dark social reality of old China after the Revolution of 1911. Lu Xun's three collections of novels are: Scream, Hesitation and New Stories. The novel Diary of a Madman is China's first vernacular novel, which is included in Lu Xun's novel collection Scream.
Hemingway, a modern American writer, 1954 won the Nobel Prize in Literature. His masterpieces include The Old Man and the Sea, The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls. Courage is the central theme of Hemingway's works.
4. Li Bai, whose word is Taibai, is the most outstanding poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and another great romantic poet after Qu Yuan in the history of China literature, and is known as the "Poet Fairy". He is good at absorbing nutrition from folk literature, with rich and peculiar imagination, bold and elegant style, magnificent colors and fresh and natural language. He is as famous as Du Fu and is called "Du Li". Du Fu once said that he "shocked the wind and rain with his pen and wept with his poem". There are more than 900 poems, including Li Taibai.
5. Du Fu (7 12 ~ 770) was a beautiful man from Gongxian County, Henan Province (now gongyi city, Henan Province). Guan Zi Zuo Shi Yi, proofreading department Yuan Wailang, and Du Shi Yi and Du Gongbu were also called great realistic poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and The Collection of Du Gongbu was handed down from generation to generation. Du Fu wrote 1400 poems in his life. He is good at classical and rhythmic poetry, and his poetic style is gloomy and frustrated. Because he lived in the historical period of Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, his poems were mostly related to social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings, so his poems were known as the history of poetry and were called poets by later generations. Representative works include Three Officials and Three Farewells, among which three officials are Shi Hao officials, Tongguan officials and Xin 'an officials. The other three are newly married, resigned and homeless.
6. Bai Juyi (772-846), a famous realist poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, was named Lotte, and in his later years, he was named a Buddhist in Xiangshan. He advocated that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written for things" and was an advocate of the "New Yuefu Movement". He created "satirical poems" represented by "New Yuefu" and "Qin Zhongyin", which reflected the painful life of the working people and exposed the decay and evil of the ruling class. Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen are also called "Bai Yuan".
7. Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. The word Yushan,No. Yuxi Sheng. Some of his poems reveal the darkness of reality, but only a few; His main achievement lies in the art of poetry, especially his rigorous discipline, and most of his works have obscure artistic characteristics. He wrote more than 600 poems in his life, including Li Yishan's. He and Du Mu are collectively called Little Du Li.
8. Mencius' name is Ke. Zou (now Zou County, Shandong Province) was born in the Warring States Period. Zisi, the grandson of Confucius, is another master of Confucianism after Confucius and is respected as a saint by later generations. He is a famous thinker, educator and writer in China. Mencius took "ruling the world" as his own duty, lobbied governors, opposed hegemony, and advocated "benevolent government" and "kingly way" with "benevolence" as the core. Mencius is one of the classic works of Confucianism, which mainly records Mencius' political activities, political theory, philosophical ethics and educational thoughts. There are seven articles in the book.
9. Xunzi (about 365438 BC+03 ~ 238 BC) was a famous thinker and writer in the Warring States Period. At that time, people called him Xun Qing. At the end of the Warring States period, Zhao was born. Xunzi was the last representative of Confucianism in the pre-Qin period, and Mencius, who was earlier than him, became two opposing factions within Confucianism. On the issue of human nature, he disagreed with Mencius' theory of good nature and advocated the theory of evil nature. He believes that the acquired environment can improve people's malignancy. Therefore, he advocates attaching importance to the role of education and affirming the importance of educational function.
10. Jia Yi (200 BC-65438 BC+068 BC) was born in Luoyang, Western Han Dynasty, a political commentator and writer. The world is called Jia Sheng, Jia Taifu and Jia Changsha. Representative works: Qin Zheng Lun, Chen Zheng Shi Shu, On Storing Shu, etc. Among them, Fu for Hanging Qu Yuan and Fu for Catching Birds are the most famous. On Qin is selected from the new book. On Qin was originally composed of three parts, and the first part was selected as the text.
1 1. Han Yu, a famous writer and philosopher in the middle Tang Dynasty. The official department of Korea, also known as Han Changli, came from posthumous title Han Wengong. He is the author of 40 volumes of Mr. Changli's anthology. He was an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, and Su Shi, a writer in the Song Dynasty, once praised him as "the decline of eight generations of literature" and "a master of one hundred generations". Later, it was the first of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties.
"Shuo" is a style in ancient Chinese and belongs to the category of argumentative writing. Generally, I state my views on something, which can be discussed first or later. "Teacher theory" is to explain the truth about "learning from teachers".
12. Balzac, 19 th century French great realist writer. He wrote ***9 1 novel, including novels, novellas, short stories and essays, such as the novels Eugenie Grandet (1833) and Gao Laotou (1834), and wrote more than 2,400 words, which were fully displayed. Engels said that this book "provides an outstanding history of French society, especially the upper class in Paris".
Essential knowledge of high school Chinese 3
(A) the role of sentences in the text:
1. Preface: opening point; Render the atmosphere (narrative, novel), bury the foreshadowing (narrative, novel), and set suspense (novel) as an auxiliary foreshadowing for the following; Below the general collar;
2. Text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above;
3. At the end of the article: point out the center (narrative, novel); Deepen the theme (narrative, novel); Pay attention to the beginning (argumentative, narrative, novel)
(2) the function of rhetoric: the function of rhetoric itself; Combined with sentence context.
1. Metaphor and personification: vivid;
Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.
2. parallelism: momentum, emphasis on tone, and so on. ;
Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.
3. Ask questions: arouse readers' attention and thinking;
Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics
Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc.
4. Contrast: emphasize … stand out …
5. repeat: emphasize ... strengthen the tone.
(3) Answer to the meaning of the sentence:
In such a topic, a word or phrase in a sentence is often expressed by metaphor, contrast, metonymy and symbol. When answering the question, reveal the object it refers to, and then clear the sentence.
(4) Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why?
Verb: No. Because the word accurately, vividly and specifically wrote ...
Adjective: No. Because this word vividly describes ...
Adverbs (such as all, most, very only, etc. ): no. Because this word accurately describes the situation of … (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc.). ), after the change, it becomes ... not in line with the facts.
(5) Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?
I can't. Because:
1. does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence)
This word has a one-to-one correspondence with the above.
These words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be interchanged.
(6) Summary of paragraph meaning
1. Narrative: Give a clear answer (when and where) to who did what.
Format: (time+place)+people+things.
2. explanatory text: the answer clearly States what the object is and what its characteristics are.
Format: description (introduction)+description object+description content (characteristics)
3. Argumentative essay: clearly answer what the question is and what the author's point of view is.
Format: What demonstration method is used to prove (demonstrate)+demonstrate?
Essential knowledge of high school Chinese 4
1. Three elements of the novel:
A character b plot c environment
2. Three elements of argumentative writing:
Parameter a, parameter b and parameter c
3. Metaphor three elements:
A body b vehicle c vehicle
4. Six elements of narrative (five W+H):
When, where, where, who, why, how and what.
5. Four conditions for regular poetry:
A Eight Sentences and Four Tones (First Chin, Neck and Tail) B Even Tail Homology C Joint Duality D Flat Tone
6. Five expressions:
A narrative b argument c lyric d description e description
7. Six interpretation methods:
For example, the number C in column B is compared with the number D, and the classification F is defined.
8. Three explanatory texts explain this structure:
A total score structure b total score structure c total score structure
9. The order of the three expositions:
A in chronological order, B in spatial order, C in logical order.
10. Two basic argument structures:
A ask questions-analyze problems-solve problems.
B put forward opinions-argumentation opinions-summary opinions.
1 1. Four demonstration methods:
A example method b comparison method c analogy method d truth method
12. Eight main rhetorical methods:
A metaphor b personification c platoon is more exaggerated than d.
E repeatedly asks g, f asks h duality.
(abbreviation: metaphor is intended to exaggerate, and the two opposites are set opposite)
13. Four methods of character description:
A appearance description b language description c action description d psychological description
(abbreviation: foreign language temptation)
14. Seven types of phrases:
According to the function, it is divided into seven types.
Parallel phrase part b affirmative phrase
C subject-predicate phrase d verb-object phrase
Verb complement f preposition object phrase
G's word phrase
Divided into three parts of speech.
noun phrase
verb phrase
Adjective phrase
15. Six sentences:
A subject b predicate c object d complement e attributive f adverbial
16. Twelve parts of speech (sex):
A noun-verb, b quantity-generation, c particle, d particle.
17. Three narrative modes (sequence):
A direct sequence b flashback c interpolation
18. The function of the three ellipsis:
References in table A are omitted, enumerations in table B are omitted, and interrupts in table C are extended.
19. Four kinds of twists and turns:
Table a explains the starting and ending digits of table c when the sound is interrupted and table d when the time is extended.
20. Four quotation mark functions:
Table A refers to actual content, table B refers to satire, table C refers to specific titles, and table D emphasizes.
Essential knowledge of high school Chinese 5
Common sense of literature
1. Dai Wangshu, born in Hangzhou County (now Yuhang), Zhejiang Province, is a modernist poet in China. Rain Lane is his famous work, so he won the title of "Rain Lane Poet".
2. Xu Zhimo, the author of Farewell to Cambridge, is a modern poet, essayist, a native of Haining, Zhejiang, and a major poet of the Crescent School.
3. Ai Qing, the author of Dayan River-My Nanny, is a modern poet from Jinhua, Zhejiang.
4. Zuo Zhuan is the first chronicle work with detailed narration in China, and it is said that it was written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Spring and Autumn Annals is a history of Lu compiled by Confucius, which mainly records some political, economic, military, diplomatic and cultural events in various countries in the early years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. It is a precious document to study the pre-Qin history of China and an excellent prose work.
5. The Warring States Policy was compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty according to historical materials, with a total of 33 articles, belonging to the national sports history book. It mainly records the struggles of strategists and strategists during the Warring States period and related discussions or speeches.
6. Historical Records is the first biographical general history in China. It was written by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty, formerly known as Taishi Gongshu, with a total of 130 articles, divided into eight books, ten tables, twelve biographies, thirty biographies and seventy biographies. It records the history of 3,000 years from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and its biography is China's first. Historical Records is a monument in the history of ancient Chinese prose, which gives endless enlightenment and far-reaching influence to future generations. It was praised by Lu Xun as "the historian's swan song, and Li Sao has no rhyme." It is also called "the second Sima in history" with Sima Guang and "Ban Ma" with Ban Gu. Sima Qian also wrote "Letter to Ren An", in which he described that he was in prison, determined to write a book, and his perseverance was praised by all generations.
7. Lu Xun, formerly known as Zhou Shuren, was a talented man. Great writers, thinkers and revolutionaries. "Looking at a thousand fingers coldly and bowing down as a willing ox" is a true portrayal of his life. 19 18, The Diary of a Madman, the first vernacular novel in the history of modern literature in China, was first published under the pseudonym of Lu Xun. His main works include novel collection Scream (including Diary of a Madman, The True Story of Ah Q, Medicine, Kong Yiji and so on). ), wandering (including blessing, regret for the past, etc. ) and new stories. Prose collection "Morning Flowers Picking Up in the Evening" (including Mr. Fujino, Fan Ainong, etc. ) and prose poetry collection "Weeds"; Tomb raiding, Hua Gai Ji, Hua Gai Ji sequel, two new sets and many other essays. "In Memory of Liu Hezhen Jun" is selected from "The Collection of Gai Hua".
8. Ba Jin, formerly known as Li Yaotang, is a famous novelist and essayist in modern China. Home is the first best-selling novel in new literature. His main works include the novel Riptide Trilogy (Home, Spring and Autumn), Love Trilogy (Fog, Rain and Electricity), novella Cold Night, Resting Garden and so on.
9. Liang Shiqiu, the author of a speech by Mr. Liang Rengong. Liang Qichao, whose real name is Zhuo Ru, Ren Gong, the owner of the icehouse, is from Xinhui, Guangdong. China modern reformist leaders and scholars. The work is co-edited as Drinking Rooms.
10. Xia Yan, the author of bonded labourers, is a famous playwright in modern times. The main works are the script "Sai Jinhua", "Under the Roof of Shanghai" and "Fascist Fungi".
1 1. Confucius, Zhong Ni, a famous thinker, politician, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. The Analects of Confucius is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. Judging from the name and tone of the record, it was written by Confucius disciples and their re-disciples according to their own memories or legends. The book contains 20 articles, covering politics, education, literature, philosophy and ways of dealing with the world. The Analects of Confucius is the most important Confucian classic.
12. Charles Dickens, the author of david copperfield, is a world-famous English novelist. He wrote fourteen and a half novels and a large number of other works in his life, and he is the only English writer who can be compared with Shakespeare. David copperfield is a semi-autobiographical novel.