Wu Rong, a poet of the Tang Dynasty. Zihua, named Zihua, was born in Shanyin, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Wu Rong was born in the fourth year of Dazhong reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (850) and died in the third year of Tianfu reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang Dynasty (903) at the age of fifty-four. The night he was born was in the late Tang Dynasty, an era that was more chaotic, contradictory, and dark than the previous period. Three years after his death, the once-prosperous Tang Empire passed into history. Therefore, Wu Rong can be said to be the leader of the entire Tang Dynasty. One of the witnesses of the empire's demise. The style of Wu Rong's works
Wu Rong's thoughts on poetry are most directly reflected in the "Preface to the Collection of Zen Moon" he wrote for Guan Xiu. The first half of the entire preface describes his views on poetry. , the second half describes Guan Xiu's behavior and his friendship with Guan Xiu. The article reads:
The author of Husband's poems praises his good deeds and praises his bad deeds, and the wind pricks them when he is bad. Although the rhyme is very clear, it is like an earthen puppet that is not born from Qi and blood, so why is it so valuable? Since Fengya's Taoist poems are composed of five-character and seven-character poems, they are all measured in sentences. Since there are restrictions, the acting and narrative will not be complete. Moreover, songs and poems have the same way. However, poetry has nothing to do with anything, it is only based on the meaning, and it is good to use non-conventional language. There were many people in the country who could sing and write poems, among which Li Taibai was the first. Later, Bai Letian wrote fifty pieces of satire and admonishment, which were also extremely eloquent for a while. In the past, Zhang had five levels of poems and pictures, and the Bai family was the general leader of education, which is not bad. As for Li Changji and his descendants, they all took the cutting and flying style as their top priority, and ignored it if they were not among the bridal chamber, eyebrows, gods, and eccentricities. The recent scholar, immersed in romance, sleepy and unaware of changes, woohoo! It is also due to customs. When a gentleman is single-minded and utters a word, it should also be beneficial to the cause. If he thinks deeply about his words, he will not be able to teach him? (Omitted later)
Based on what is said in this paragraph, it can be sorted out that Wu Rong has three important concepts in poetry:
Re-praising the way of irony
From Wu Rong's 301 poems, we can find that those who express satire appear in almost all kinds of themes. For example, the poems mentioned in the "Sending Gifts and Replies" section above include "Thirty Rhymes of the Thirty Rhymes of a Presentation to the Prime Minister of Jingnan City after Going to Que", "Sending to the Master Yan", and "Songs of a Gift to Fang Ganchushi", etc., all of which practice "praising good deeds". "Ode to it" works, such as "Presented to Venerable Master Xue Guang in cursive script" "The seal script is simple, the official script is customary, and the sage of cursive script is unfettered. There is a monk named Xue Guang in the south of the Yangtze River. A pipe of purple hair can drive people crazy. He is good at wall exams." With a flick of the eye, three or five elements flow. It is picked like a hook, tilted like a hand, and turned back like a hand." There are many criticisms and satirical works in the "Traveling on the Road", such as "Jinqiao Feelings". 〉One poem is a euphemistic expression of his criticism of the imperial court's miscalculation of the situation and rash use of troops. It also reveals his anti-war thoughts of hoping for peaceful coexistence with foreign nations; others include "Two Poems from Huaqing Palace", The irony expressed in "Four Poems on Huaqing Palace" is even stronger, as in one of the "Four Poems on Huaqing Palace":
There are no deer in the Central Plains and no waves in the sea, and there are many phoenix and Luan flags. Today the Forbidden City is lonely, but the achievements of peace are in the mountains and rivers.
The poem mentions the emperor's misfortune, which is actually a satire of the chaos in Anlu Mountain. The Ming Emperor and his concubine rushed to Shu in a hurry. In the late Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xizong also rushed to Shu due to the Huangchao Rebellion. Similar situations were repeated. , the comparison between the past and the present makes Wu Rong's satire more real and profound. In the "Ode to People and Things" category, poems such as "Looking at the Mosquito in Twenty-Six Rhymes" and "Flower Seller" also contain profound irony, such as the poem "Ode to the Wind and Rain":
< p> The officers and soldiers are more troublesome than thieves, and the generals are afraid of death and can only defend the city. How can I worry about the pain and slowness of the court, and the high official position? Li Ying fell into trouble when he hooked up with the party, but Dou Wuzhong failed to carry out his plan. How can we worry that all civil servants will be confined to high places, and literature and education will be in decline from today? (Omitted later)The poem expresses his deepest worries about officials forcing the people to rebel, generals and ministers fearing death, eunuchs disrupting the government, and cronies causing trouble. He is also worried about the lack of loyalty and lack of culture and education. The way of expressing satire in poetry can be traced back to the tradition of "The Book of Songs". Wu Rong also paid special attention to "the way of elegance", which shows that Wu Rong has Confucian religious thoughts. Under such a value and ideological system, and coinciding with the chaos of the late Tang Dynasty, Wu Rong's poetry can indeed meet the idea of ??"praising the good and ridiculing the evil", and his performance is quite eye-catching.
Emphasize the practical and educational function of poetry
Wu Rong emphasized the practical value of poetry under the transformation of satire, showing that he valued the practical and educational function of poetry, and he emphasized the art of satire. In his "Preface to the Collection of Chanyue", he mentioned Bai Letian's "Fifty Satirical Remonstrances", which refers to Lotte's fifty "New Yuefu" poems. Wu Rong praised them as "a moment of extraordinary elegance and extreme words". Such satirical works , is the part that Bai Letian values ??the most. Wu Rong even agrees with Zhang Wei’s listing of Letian as the “general enlightenment master”, which shows that Wu Rong appreciates the function of Letian’s poetry in educating the public, and even imitates Letian’s works, such as Wu Rong's poem "The Flower Seller" criticizes wealthy people's monopoly on spring scenery. It is imitated by Lotte's "New Yuefu - Charcoal Seller" in its title and concept. And the satire is more tortuous and euphemistic, but it gets to the point. In order to realize the function of educating the people, poetry is very important in the slang and vernacular. Although Wu Rong had the idea of ??practical education, he did write many poems with strong satirical flavor and practical value. However, if we measure it by the language of poetry, Wu Rong's effectiveness in educating the public is probably minimal.
In his modern poetry, the language is quite refined, and his emphasis on artistic expression techniques such as rhymes and allusions follows the aesthetic literary style of the late Tang literary world. Although his poems are not rich, they are very literati. He and Luo Yin, Du Xunhe, and Nie Yizhong were all born in troubled times, and suffered from inner conflicts and pains. The difference was that Luo Yin and others' poems were vulgar and simple, and their works were mostly angry and shallow. Wu Rong's poems preferred elegance and precision, showing more pathos. The sentiment is pathos, therefore, the function of practical education is less obvious. But this does not mean that Wu Rong has no works with plain language. Some of his ancient poems or the use of words and phrases show the vulgar and plain style, such as "Shouyang Mountain":
Shouyang Mountain rests on the Yellow River Two people died of starvation on the water. Different people in the world are right, but brothers regard each other as right.
Then he made the emperor know his heart forever, and he valued his righteousness as a minister rather than his body. The elves grow in the white clouds, and they can satisfy people to death at any time.
The words used in this poem are simple and simple, without any difficult allusions or metaphors. It tells the story of Chen Boyi's uncle Qi Yi who did not eat Zhou millet and starved to death in Shouyang Mountain. The two sentences "There were two people above me who starved to death" and "You should laugh and feed people to death at any time" are even more vernacular. The whole poem uses Shouyang Mountain to recall the ancient people and ancient events, expressing that as a minister, you should be noble and noble. body spirit. Also as quoted above, "A Gift of Cursive Script Songs from Master Xue Guang" says: "The seal script is simple, the official script is customary, and the sage of grass is unfettered. There is a monk named Xue Guang in the south of the Yangtze River. A pipe of purple hair can drive people crazy", and "Gift Song of Master Guangli: "It is very difficult to transform a person's mind, and it is even more difficult to transform one's own mind. There is a limit to how far you can transform people, but you must have your own ambition to transform yourself. Who is the person who has ambition in his heart? Today he will get it from Guangli. Thirty Years ago, when I first met a teacher, I learned how to write cursive calligraphy with my pen. All of them were written with simple words and plain sentences.
As a poet with strong Confucianism, Confucianism emphasizes the idea of ??enlightenment by saints, which has a certain influence on Wu Rong. It is precisely because of Confucian political enlightenment and the idea of ????conducting the world and benefiting the people that Wu Rong stands in front of him. Facing the declining power of the late Tang Dynasty, he never fled, and finally died during Hanlin's tenure. Value of Works Wu Rong's poetry presents a diverse aspect in terms of subject matter. He has extremely profound satirical works, extremely light and superficial works, and many works that are sad for autumn and sad for spring. His poems can be summed up in the word "contradiction". The contradictory emotions are reflected in his poetry, giving his poetry a variety of appearances. He advocates praising satire and achieving enlightenment for his poetry. However, his works that criticize satire and directly state the current ills are different from Luo Luo, who also has this concept. Compared with Yin and others, he is slightly inferior in number, and the shallowness and sharpness of his language are far inferior to them. It is said that his poetry style is elegant and graceful. Compared with Han Xianxiang's funeral style, Wu Rong is not as good as Han Xianxiang's nephrite Wenxiang. , openly expresses the love between men and women; saying that he dilutes Xianyuan, he actually can't let go of the burden he has placed on himself, and is not as open-minded as Sikong Tulai. "Siku General Catalog" says that he is "far less leisurely than Sikong Tu, less serious than Luo Yin, less prosperous than Pi Rixiu, and less clever than Zhou Pu". This is the reason. "Contradiction" is one of the characteristics of the late Tang Dynasty. The contradiction between monarch and minister, the contradiction between ministers, the contradiction between expecting the court to restrain the feudal towns but not wanting war, the contradiction between officials and hermits, etc. Wu Rong's poems are like this. The product of multiple contradictions. He satirized the current affairs with a straightforward pen, wrote about his personal feelings with a clear pen, and chanted things with a delicate pen. As a result, he became well-known at that time and became a respected figure among his peers. Even when he was demoted, some people still paid tribute to him. The reason for this volume is because he has all aspects of his poems, his performance is outstanding, and he is in line with the pulse of the entire era, enough to become a model for people of his time. This also reflects the irreplaceable value of his poetry. Life
Wu Rong, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. Zihua, named Zihua, was born in Shanyin, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang).
Wu Rong was born in the fourth year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign (850) and died in the third year of Emperor Zhaozong's reign (903) at the age of fifty-four. The night he was born was in the late Tang Dynasty, an era that was more chaotic, contradictory, and dark than the previous period. Three years after his death, the once-prosperous Tang Empire passed into history. Therefore, Wu Rong can be said to be the leader of the entire Tang Dynasty. One of the witnesses of the empire's demise.
Wu Rong began to take part in the imperial examinations in the sixth year of Emperor Xizong's Xiantong reign (865), and did not pass the examination until the first year of the Dragon Age (889). He was already forty years old at that time. After ascending to the throne, Wu Rong's official career was not smooth. He first went to Shu with Wei Zhaodu to quell the chaos, but returned without success. After returning to the court, he served as an official and served as a censor, but was slandered and demoted to Jingnan. In the third year of Qianning (896) ) was recalled to the capital and served as a doctor in the Ministry of Rites. Later, he became a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy and an official in Zhongshu Sheren. In the first year of Tianfu (901), he unfortunately encountered Zhu Quanzhong and caused a rebellion, causing Wu Rong to escape from the capital and live in the countryside; In the year (903), he was recalled to Ren Hanlin again and moved to Chengzhi. Finally, he died and took up the post of Ren Hanlin Chengzhi. Throughout his life, he experienced ups and downs in his official career. He was promoted several times, but he was demoted or exiled in other places. This was closely related to the turbulent political situation in the late Tang Dynasty. The chaotic political situation caused Wu Rong to wander throughout his life, and also shaped his life. A contradictory and melancholy personality, as well as poetry shrouded in a touch of sadness. Character background
Era background
The Tang Dynasty has been in a state of decline since the An-Shi Rebellion. The late Tang Dynasty was the most complex and contradictory period, with the Niu-Li Party Struggle, Wang Xianzhi Rebellion, During the Huangchao Rebellion, Li Keyong, Zhu Quanzhong and others attacked and plundered various states.
When Wu Rongsheng lived in the late Tang Dynasty, his situation was even more chaotic than in the earlier period. In the earlier period, there were the so-called "Government of Huichang" (841-846) and "Government of Dazhong" (847-859). Although they were short-lived, intellectuals at that time still had The ambition to turn the tide and restore the prosperous age of the Tang Dynasty. Wu Rongsheng was in the four dynasties of Xuan, Yi, Xi and Zhao. He experienced the extravagant Yi and Xi dynasties. The two emperors indulged in leisure and did not think about state affairs, which led to the eunuchs taking over power and the feudal towns becoming more and more troublesome. Even though Zhaozong later tried his best to Even if you cheer up, it will be difficult to reverse the decline. The Tang Empire, which was once prosperous for a while, cannot escape the fate of destruction.
Social background
The society in the late Tang Dynasty was extremely chaotic. Due to the separatist rule of vassal towns and continuous wars, farmland was barren and the economy was depressed. People were displaced and life was difficult. However, local officials still forced the people to pay taxes. The result of paying heavy taxes and forcing the people to rebel has changed people's minds. Once someone rises up and shouts, the people will rise up to resist, and civil unrest will arise. Even the army has rebellions from time to time, killing the commander and taking his own place, claiming to be the one who will stay behind. Even the military that symbolizes the country has problems, showing that the foundation of the country as a whole is in jeopardy. Wu Rong's poems: A branch of red apricot emerges from the wall, and the passers-by outside the wall are alone and sad. He looks hateful, but it's even harder to stay in a bad situation! The dark-colored orioles in the forest sky arrive first, and the light fragrance of spring and the cold butterflies have not yet traveled. I also recall the thousands of trees in the imperial hometown, and the darkening sun in China. ——Wu Rong of the Tang Dynasty, "Seeing Apricot Blossoms on the Way"
Seeing Apricot Blossoms on the Way A branch of red apricots came out of the wall, and the pedestrians outside the wall were alone and worried.
He looks like he has hatred, but it’s even harder to stay in a bad situation!
The dark-colored orioles in the forest sky arrive first, and the fragrant and cold spring butterflies have not yet traveled.
I also recall the thousands of trees in the imperial hometown, and the dim sky in China. When writing about flowers, one can express emotions with the orioles, but not with flowers as matchmakers. The fineness is broken by the rain, but the lightness only loves the wind. It's good to brush the brocade steps, but don't cover the bronze sparrow platform. There are tens of thousands of trees in Baling, and I will return home at dusk. ——Wu Rong of the Tang Dynasty, "Yong of the Willow"
"Yong of the Willow" He and the orioles are the ground, and he does not teach flowers to be matchmakers. The fineness is broken by the rain, but the lightness only loves the wind.
It is good to brush the brocade steps, but not to cover the bronze sparrow platform. There are tens of thousands of trees in Baling, and I will return home at dusk. Birds are seen at the foot of the forest, and the setting sun is endless and the smoke remains. The frozen river is running thick and fast, and the snow-washed mountains are scattered in the cold. He left his homeland for a long time, but he was afraid of Chang'an for many reasons. The ancestral whip fell off and the disciples became you, and I won the fishing rod in Yunxi. ——Wu Rong of the Tang Dynasty, "Climbing the Stork Tower"
Climbing the Stork Tower The birds are watching from the top of the forest, and the setting sun is endless and the smoke remains. The frozen river is running thick and fast, and the snow-washed mountains are scattered in the cold. He left his homeland for a long time, but he was afraid of Chang'an for many reasons.
The ancestral whip fell off and the disciples did it for you, and won the Yunxi negative fishing rod.
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