[Edit this paragraph]1Overview of the 9th century
The period from 180 1 to 1900 is called19th century. The most remarkable thing in this period is the technological and economic progress made by the industrial revolution in Western Europe and North America. Furthermore, various natural science disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, biology, geology and so on. , gradually formed, and influenced the birth or reconstruction of social sciences (including sociology, anthropology, history, etc.). On the other hand, these industrialized countries have successfully colonized most parts of the world through powerful productive forces and weapons, and destroyed the existing social and economic systems of many ancient civilizations such as China, Indian and Turkish through dumping, forcing these countries to "modernize". In addition, the rise of nationalism has enabled most European nations to establish their own modern countries and start to establish and preserve their own history and culture. In art, the popular classical art in the last century was gradually replaced by romanticism. Later, stimulated by the scientific and industrial revolution, Europe began to develop towards realism, hoping to capture various situations and characters in real life through painting, literature, music and photography, among which Impressionism is the most famous. In society, a large number of social contradictions continue to occur, which makes the socialist ideological trend gradually ferment, among which Marxism, which affects the next century, is the most famous.
[Edit this paragraph]19th century art
In art, the popular classical art in the last century was gradually replaced by romanticism. Later, stimulated by the scientific and industrial revolution, Europe began to develop towards realism, hoping to capture various situations and characters in real life through painting, literature, music and photography, among which Impressionism is the most famous. In society, a large number of social contradictions continue to occur, which makes the socialist ideological trend gradually ferment, among which Marxism, which affects the next century, is the most famous.
[Edit this paragraph]19th century Europe
People in industrial countries began to explore every corner and tribe of the world in an all-round way. On the other hand, evolutionism and nationalism gradually made them feel the superiority of "white burden", which further laid the groundwork for genocide in the first half of the 20th century.
[Edit this paragraph]19th Century Science and Technology
-The popularity of trains has popularized transportation.
-Cars began to appear and developed rapidly.
-Further development of industrialization. The concentration of large enterprises and urban residents has made the working class a force to be reckoned with. Organizations such as trade unions began to appear.
-The electric power industry began to appear. Generators, motors, electric lights, telegrams and radio communication came out one after another.
Many chemical elements have been discovered. The chemical industry began to appear. Chemical theory is improving day by day.
-Newton system reached the peak of perfection. Theory of electricity and heat.
-Darwin published the theory of evolution.
[Edit this paragraph]1War and Politics in the 9th Century
-Taiping Rebellion.
China became a semi-colony after a series of wars and unequal treaties. The rule of the Qing dynasty is collapsing.
-Japan has become an East Asian power through reform.
-The Napoleonic Wars popularized nationalism and democratic ideas in Europe. At the same time, it broke many boundaries in Europe, and the areas originally ruled by religious nobles were secularized.
-The German Empire was born under the leadership of Prussia. Italy became independent. In France, the feudal monarchy was finally completely abandoned.
-After the Mexican War and the Civil War, the United States basically took shape and became a powerful country in North America. Many European immigrants entered the United States.
-The French proletariat established its own political power for the first time-the Paris Commune.
-/kloc-Five natural and man-made disasters in the 0/9th century
Napoleon's war.
Franco-Prussian War.
-American Civil War.
-Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing (? )。
[Edit this paragraph]/kloc-The Napoleonic Wars in the 0/9th century
1793 ~ 18 15 Napoleon I commanded the French army to wage a series of wars against the anti-French alliance. The battlefield is mainly in continental Europe.
After the French Revolution, European monarchies tried to interfere in France. France declared war on Bohemia and Hungary on April 20th, 1792, Prussia on July 8th and Britain on February 1793. In March, Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, Spain, the Netherlands, Sardinia, Naples and other countries formed the first 1 anti-French alliance1September 793, Napoleon? Bonaparte served as artillery commander in Toulon fortress, defeated royalists and anti-French Coalition forces, and was promoted to brigadier general. 1794 in June, the allied forces were defeated in Flores, Belgium, forcing some countries to withdraw from the anti-French alliance, and only Britain and Austria continued to fight France. 1796 In March, Napoleon was ordered to make an expedition to northern Italy under Austrian rule. 1797 10, defeated the Austrian army in Livoli. 1 In June, 797, he forced Austria to sign the Campofomio Peace Treaty, which shattered the1anti-French alliance. 1798 At the beginning of the year, the French Governor appointed Napoleon as the commander of the expeditionary force to carry out an expedition to the East, which hindered the trade between Britain and East India. In early July of the same year, the French army landed in Egypt. Napoleon's expedition and the expansion of France's influence in the Netherlands and Switzerland prompted the anti-French countries to establish the second anti-French alliance in 1799. The main participants are Britain, Austria, Russia and the Ottoman Empire. 1799165438+1October 9 ~ 10 (foggy month 18 ~ 19) Napoleon launched a coup and established an executive government. Napoleon was in power for the first time, and then for life. After Napoleon came to power, he began to attack Britain's allies in Europe to isolate Britain.
1800 On May 8, Napoleon attacked the Austrian army in northern Italy. 14 On June 4th, the Battle of Marengo won and occupied Italy. 180 1 On February 9th, the Franco-Austrian Peace Treaty was signed in Luneville, and almost all the requirements of France were met. 1802 On March 26th, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens, and the second anti-French alliance disintegrated.
1In May, 803, France and Britain resumed the war and Napoleon occupied Hanover. 1804 Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor and became Napoleon I. In the same year, British Prime Minister W. Pitt organized the third anti-French alliance, with the main participants being Britain, Russia and Austria. 1On August 27th, 805, France began to attack the Austrian-Russian coalition forces to the west. On September 26th, Napoleon I arrived in Strasbourg from Paris. The French army to Austria * * * 186000 people. 10 year 10 on October 20th, the French army captured the Ulm fortress, and the Austrian army was defeated. The French army pursued the victory and entered Vienna on1October 1 13, and then crossed the Danube. On February 2, 65438, Napoleon I personally commanded the French army to fight a decisive battle with the Russian-Austrian Coalition forces in Austerlitz (see the color map [camping on the eve of the battle of Austerlitz (1805)]. About 1.5 thousand people were killed, 20 thousand people were captured, and the artillery was almost wiped out. Eighty thousand French troops lost less than nine thousand men. 12 On February 26th, the two sides signed the Pressburg Peace Treaty. The third anti-French alliance disintegrated.
Napoleon I established the Rhine Union in July 1806 in order to consolidate his rule in the midwest of Germany. Napoleon I's influence went deep into the hinterland of Germany and directly threatened Prussia. Prussia turned to Russia for help. 1In September, 806, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Saxony established the fourth anti-French alliance. 1806 10 The Franco-Prussian War began on 10.8, with French troops195,000 and Pujun troops175,000. The two sides fought twice in Jena and Olstadt, and Prussia was wiped out. On October 27th, 65438/kloc-0, Napoleon I entered Berlin. On October 27th, 165438+2 1 year/kloc-0, he issued a continental blockade order in Berlin and launched an economic war against Britain. The mainland blockade prevented Russian agricultural raw materials from being sold to Britain, which led Russia to declare war on France, but the Russian army lost one after another. By June 1807 and 19, the French army had driven directly to the Nieman River. The Russian army suggested a truce. 1From July 7th to 9th, 807, France successively signed the Tilsit Peace Treaty with Russia and Belgium, and the fourth anti-French alliance collapsed. In order to effectively implement the mainland blockade order against Britain, Napoleon I decided to occupy Portugal, which was unwilling to sever relations with Britain. 1807165438+1On October 29th, the French army entered Lisbon. 1808 captured Madrid again on March 23rd. 10 In May, Napoleon I appointed his younger brother Joseph king of Spain. 1809 65438+ 10, Britain and Austria formed the fifth anti-French alliance. On April 1809 and 14, the Austrian army entered Bavaria and fought fiercely with the French army in Abensburg. The Austrian army lost 1.3 million people. On April 22nd, the battle started in Ekmoor, and Napoleon I won. Napoleon I entered Vienna in May. On July 6th, the Austrian army was defeated in Vagram, and the Austrian emperor requested a truce. The Vienna Peace Treaty was signed in June+10/October+April, 65438. The fifth anti-French alliance disintegrated on its own.
18 12 Napoleon I led 5 1000 troops to Russia. On June 24th, he crossed the Niemann River and occupied Kovno. The Franco-Russian war officially began. On September 5, Borodino fought fiercely, with heavy casualties on both sides. On September 15, the French army entered Moscow. 65438+ 10/9 Napoleon's army was forced to leave Moscow because of hunger and cold. The Russian army turned to counterattack, and the French army was losing ground. By June+February of 65438, nearly 450,000 troops had been lost. On February 6th, 65438, Napoleon I returned to China. 18 13 In the spring, Russia, Britain, Prussia, Spain, Portugal and Sweden formed the sixth anti-French alliance. Austria joined in August. The total number of allies is 850,000, and Napoleon's army is about 550,000. On August 27th, a great war broke out in Dresden, and Napoleon I won. 65438+1October 16 ~ 19 The two sides fought in Leipzig, and all the Saxon troops in Napoleon's army defected and the French army was defeated. 1814 65438+10 Allied troops crossed the Rhine in October. On March 30, Marshal A.-F.-L.V.de Malmond, who was guarding Paris, surrendered and the allies entered Paris. Napoleon I was forced to abdicate on April 6 and was exiled to the island of Elba on April 20. 1865438+On February 26th, 2005, Napoleon I left the island of Elba and entered Paris on the evening of March 20th, beginning the "Hundred Days" rule. In order to deal with the anti-French allied forces, Napoleon I began to recruit soldiers to attack the allied forces. At this time, Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia organized the seventh anti-French alliance. /kloc-in June of 0/8, Napoleon I was defeated at Waterloo, and abdicated for the second time on the 22nd, and was exiled to St. Helena.
The early period of the Napoleonic Wars was mainly an anti-feudal national war, which was progressive. Later, the transformation was mainly a war of aggression that plundered and enslaved other ethnic groups. Napoleon I's military art mainly focused on concentrating superior forces, taking attack as the main means and annihilating the enemy as the main goal. His fighting methods are flexible, adaptable and unconventional. Napoleon's military thought occupies an important position in military history.
[Edit this paragraph]19th century Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War is a war that Prussia broke out in order to unify Germany and compete with France for hegemony in the European continent. But the war was launched by France, and ended with the victory of Prussia and the establishment of the German Empire. In Germany and France, this battle is called the German-French War.
The cause of war
In order to unify Germany, Prussia defeated Denmark and Austria in 1864 and 1866, but France still occupied the southern German States in the matchmaking process, which hindered the reunification of Germany. Therefore, at the instigation of Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck, there was a dispute over the succession of the Spanish throne, which made the French emperor Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte declare war on Prussia, and Prussia used this to unite the German nation and attack France.
War process
After the French emperor declared war, France immediately organized the Rhine army and assembled in the border area between France and Germany. Corps * * * has eight armies with about 220,000 people, with Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte as the commander-in-chief and Loeb as the chief of staff. France wants to preempt, seize Frankfurt and force Prussia to yield; But at the same time, Pu Jun also assembled three legions, about 470,000 people, with William I as commander-in-chief and Mao Qi as chief of staff. Prussia plans to attack Alsace and Lorraine with superior forces, defeat the French army on the border, and then attack Paris to force France to surrender.
The war began when the French army attacked Pu Jun in Saarbrü cken on August 2nd, 1870. But by August 4th, Pu Jun had successfully defeated the French army and entered the counter-offensive stage. At the same time, the French army lost one after another in other battlefields and was forced to return to the border and turn to defense. By mid-August, the French army had been split in two by Pu Jun, and a Rhine army of Marshal Bazin was surrounded by Pu Jun in the Mace fortress. Another film, led by Marshal Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte and McFarr, with more than 6.5438+0.2 million people, was forced to retreat to the erotic position after a fierce battle with Pu Jun on August 30th.
1 In September of 2002, the Franco-Prussian armies fought a decisive battle in Sedang, that is, the Battle of Sedang. On the morning of September 1 Sunday, Pu Jun occupied Fridge, Donchery and other places, successfully cut off the road for the French army to retreat westward and intercepted the French army from behind. At noon that day, Pu Jun also completed the siege of the French army and attacked it with powerful artillery. At that time, in the afternoon, after the French army failed to break through several times, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte was forced to write to William I at 4: 30 in the afternoon, expressing his willingness to "hand over his sword to your majesty". On September 2nd, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte formally led 83,000 officers and men to surrender to Pu Jun. In this battle, the French army lost124,000 people, while the Pujun army only lost more than 9,000 people. France was in an uproar, and the bourgeoisie took the opportunity to launch a coup in France, overthrow the monarchy and set up a national defense government.
Paris Commune
Prussia was not satisfied with the surrender of the French emperor and continued to attack France on a large scale. On September 65438, 2009, Pu Jun surrounded Paris. In order to defend Paris, the working class in Paris established the garde nationale of Camp 194, with a population of 300,000, led by the Central Committee of garde nationale elected by the workers. This is a political force against the national defense government. Soon, the workers in Paris revolted and occupied the city hall in just one day. The national defense government fled to% 94% E8% B5% 9b% E5% AE% AB "class = innerlink > Versailles in Pakistan.
On March 26th, the people of Paris voted for the workers' own regime, the Paris Commune. However, due to the socialist nature of the commune, it was jointly attacked by the capitalist national defense government and imperialist Prussia.
The retreating national defense government immediately signed a peace treaty with Prussia, ceding Lorraine and Alsace provinces bordering Germany, and paid 5 billion francs in exchange for Prussia's withdrawal from France, releasing10,000 French prisoners of war captured in the war, and then using it to suppress the Paris Commune. Finally, the Paris Commune was defeated by the national defense government and most of its members were executed.
The influence of war
The Franco-Prussian War ended with the collapse of the Second Empire of France and the surrender of the French bourgeois government. The Franco-Prussian Armistice and the Frankfurt Treaty were extremely harsh: France was required to cede Alsace and Lorraine to Germany and pay 5 billion francs in reparations. 1871118, King William I of Pu announced the establishment of the German Empire in the Mirror Hall of Versailles, and he himself became the first emperor. Germany was unified. However, the feud between Germany and France in this war laid the groundwork for the outbreak of World War I in the future.
[Edit this paragraph]/kloc-American Civil War in the 0/9th century
From April 186 1 to April 1865, the war between the south and the north of the United States was also called the American civil war. The bourgeoisie led the Northern War, and the fighting forces were workers, peasants and blacks. In the south, only plantation slave owners insisted on the war. The purpose of their war was to expand slavery to the whole country, while the purpose of the North was to defeat the South and restore national unity.
prologue
/kloc-In the mid-9th century, the contradiction between the free labor system in the north and the slavery system in the south became irreconcilable, and slavery in the south became the main obstacle to the social and economic development of the United States. In the struggle for land in the west, the struggle between the north and the south is particularly fierce. /kloc-In the process of the expansion of American territory to the west in the first half of the 9th century, new states were established in the west. Every time a new state is established, there is a struggle to allow or prohibit slavery. The northern bourgeoisie and peasants advocated that NSW banned slavery and demanded that NSW be determined as a free state. Slave owners in the south tried to expand slavery to the west and advocated defining NSW as a state that allowed slavery. Slave owners used their dominant position in Congress and government to win one after another, which aroused the indignation of the broad masses of people in the north. 1854, the North Peace Party was founded. In the same year, the southern slave owners tried to spread slavery to Kansas by force, so an armed struggle broke out in Kansas between western farmers and immigrants from free States against the southern slave owners, which lasted until 1856, and started the civil war. 1857, slave owners used Scott's trial to try to extend slavery to all the territories of the United States. This led to the uprising in john brown.
First stage
1860, * * * and Republican A. Lincoln were elected president, and the Democratic Party was defeated, which became the signal that the southern slave owners left the union and launched a rebellion. South Carolina, the southern slave-holding state, was the first to secede from the Union, followed by Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. 186 1 February, 2000, announced the establishment of the "Southern Alliance" and set up another government with J. Davis as president. 1861April 12, the rebels began shelling the federal fort Sumter in South Carolina, and fell on June 14. On April 15, Lincoln government issued a crusade order, and the civil war broke out. Soon, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas seceded from the Union and joined the Confederacy.
At the beginning of the war, the strength of the north greatly surpassed that of the south, with a population of 22.34 million and a population of 965.438 million+in the south, of which more than 3.8 million were slaves. The industry in the north is developed, the railway network extends in all directions, and food is abundant. There is almost no industry and few railways in the south. But the south is fully prepared militarily, with better equipped and trained troops. In addition, on the eve of the civil war, President Buchanan (the agent of slave owners) tried to transport a lot of weapons and money to the south. In the first stage of the civil war, the north suffered a series of military failures. In Manakas in July of 186 1 2008 and Peninsula Battle in summer of 1862, the northern army suffered heavy losses. Although the northern army achieved a series of brilliant achievements in the western front and seized several important strategic strongholds from the southern army, these achievements were offset by the fiasco in the eastern front. In the case of many military failures in the north, * * * and the radicals in the party and the abolitionists in society put forward the idea of liberating slaves and arming blacks. Lincoln also realized the necessity of liberating slaves.
stage Ⅱ
1On September 23rd, 862, Lincoln released the preliminary The Emancipation Proclamation. It was announced that if the southern rebels did not lay down their arms before 1863 65438+ 10 1, the slaves in the rebel states would be free from that day on. After the news spread to the south. Thousands of slaves fled to the north. The British working class also launched a movement to support the North, forcing the British government to give up its original intervention plan. Lincoln government also carried out a series of revolutionary measures and policies: 1862- 1863 carried out the policy of arming blacks, and thousands of blacks signed up to join the northern army, mainly fugitive slaves from the south; 1The Homestead Law promulgated in May, 862 stipulates that all adults loyal to the Federation can acquire 160 acres of land in the west by paying the registration fee of 10, and they can become the owners of this land after five years of cultivation. The Lincoln administration severely suppressed counter-revolutionaries and purged agents in the south-central part of the army. 1893 implemented the conscription law to replace the conscription system, thus strengthening the troops in the north. At the same time, Lincoln adjusted the leadership of the army and implemented unified command. Ki/U% EF% BC% 8ES% EF% BC% 8E% E6% A0% BC% E5% 85% B0% E7% 89% B9 "class = innerlink > Grant of the United States was the commander-in-chief of the whole army.
1863, the north turned for the better militarily. In July of the same year 1, Gettysburg won a great victory and became a turning point in the Civil War. The initiative on the battlefield was transferred to the Union Army. 1864, the supreme commander of the north adopted a new strategic policy: launching a powerful offensive on the east and west lines at the same time. On the eastern front, the main goal is to consume the enemy; The western front went deep into the enemy's hinterland with strong forces, cutting off the links between the northeast and southwest of SAARC.
1864 In September, the northern army led by General W.T. Sherman captured Atlanta in one fell swoop, and two months later began the famous "March to the sea", which completely destroyed the enemy's various military facilities, dealt a heavy blow to the enemy's economic strength and paralyzed the southern economy. On the eastern front, General Grant led the northern army to drive the enemy to Richmond, the capital of the rebel army. At the beginning of 1865, slaves fled one after another and the plantation economy was on the verge of collapse. The sea blockade imposed by the northern navy almost cut off the trade between the south and Europe. At the same time, there were opposition voices in the south, and many small farmers joined the ranks of "federalists" and engaged in anti-war activities. There are more and more deserters in the south. Food and daily necessities are scarce. On April 9 1865, R.E. Lee's troops were trapped in the encirclement of the North Army and forced to surrender to Grant. The civil war is over. The United States is reunified.
1883 Krakato volcano erupted in Indonesia.
[Edit this paragraph] Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing in19th century.
Allied invasion:
With the rapid development of the Boxer Rebellion in Zhili and Beijing and Tianjin, foreign powers repeatedly coerced the Qing government to suppress it. 1900 in April, the Boxer Rebellion just developed in the suburbs of Beijing, and the Russian minister proposed repression. The envoys of the United States, Britain, France, Germany and other countries also received secret orders from their own governments, and jointly noted that the Qing government "eliminated the Boxer Rebellion" and assembled a fleet at Dagukou as a threat. In May, the Boxer Rebellion developed rapidly in Beijing and Tianjin. More and more Qing soldiers joined the Boxer Rebellion, and the xenophobic forces headed by Duanwang Zaiyi gained the upper hand in the Qing government. Seeing that the Qing government was unable to control the situation, ministers of various countries planned to send troops to intervene directly, and the prime minister's yamen was also "unable to persuade the court to take severe repressive measures". On May 28th, Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States formally decided to jointly send troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion in the name of "protecting the embassy". From May 30th to June 2nd, more than 400 marines from eight countries arrived in Dongjiaomin Lane by train from Tianjin. Subsequently, countries constantly sent more troops to China. Twenty-four warships from various countries gathered outside Dagukou, and more than 2,000 invading troops gathered in Tianjin Concession. Around June 6th, the eight countries' joint policy of aggression against China was approved by their respective governments, and the war of aggression against China broke out.
Wherever the Eight-Power Invaders went, they burned, killed and looted, and no one was spared. Even the commander-in-chief of Eight-Nation Alliance, Wadesi, admitted that "the details of all the damage and robbery suffered by China this time will never be found out, but the number will be extremely considerable".
After the Boxer Rebellion, foreign powers took the opportunity to send troops to China and plundered it. The news reached Russia, and the czar government thought it was an excellent opportunity to invade China. In addition to taking an active part in Eight-Nation Alliance, in July 1900 and 16, the Hailan gun tragedy was created. Almost all the thousands of China people living in Hailanpao were brutally killed by the Russian army, and less than 100 people swam to escape. 17-2 1 On this day, the Russian invaders drove more than 10,000 residents of 64 villages in Jiangdong to the Heilongjiang River and were shot or hacked to death with axes. The rest were driven into Heilongjiang and drowned. Only a few people made a living by swimming. On August 28, Russian troops occupied Qiqihar; Occupy Jilin on September 22 and Liaoyang on September 28; 65438+1 October1,entered Shengjing (Shenyang). Wherever the Russian army went, it burned, killed and looted, doing all kinds of evil.
1900165438+1October, Russia coerced General Zeng Qi to sign the provisional charter of Fengtian in an attempt to legalize the military occupation. Russian troops seized the opportunity of military occupation and plundered gold mines, coal mines and forest resources in northeast China.
1June 900 10, more than 2,000 foreign invaders led by Seymour attacked Beijing from Tianjin, and they were resisted by the Boxers along the way. 1 1 day, the boxer and the invading army started hand-to-hand combat near Lofa Station. In June of 5438+08, the Boxer Rebellion surrounded the invading army at Langfang Station and launched an attack, killing and injuring dozens of invading troops. 19, Seymour defeated Tianjin and was intercepted by the people on the way, killing 400 people. 22, back to Tianjin Xigu. /kloc-in June of 0/7, another invading army landed in Dagu, invaded Tianjin and was beaten everywhere along the way. It was not until 23rd that he stole the Old Dragon Head Station (now tianjin railway station), joined the invading army in Xigu, arrived in Tianjin Concession and launched an attack on Tianjin City. The fighting in Tianjin has been fierce since July 6. Zhang Decheng led the Boxer Rebellion in Zizhulin for three days and three nights. 14, Tianjin fell.
The news that the invading army invaded Beijing and the Dagu Fort was captured reached Beijing, which aroused great anger. People have executed Moriyama Bin, secretary of the Japanese Embassy, and German Minister Klender for provoking and killing people in Beijing. From June 5438+05 to June 20, they launched fierce attacks on foreign churches in Xishiku and foreign embassies in Dongjiaominxiang, which dealt a heavy blow to foreign invaders.
Xin Chou Treaty:
During Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, under the pressure of the people, the Qing government declared war on the great powers on the surface, but secretly sabotaged the Boxer Rebellion and surrendered to the invading army. 1900 14 After the fall of Tianjin in July, the Qing government appointed Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary on August 7, and formally made peace with foreign powers. The powers tried to carve up China by force, but failed under the resistance of the people of China. At the same time, countries have their own plans and contradictions, which makes it necessary for them to continue to use and maintain the Qing government and indirectly rule China through it.
1900, 65438+February, the great powers (except the eight countries that sent troops, plus Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain) submitted an outline of the peace talks to the Qing government, and then made detailed provisions, which was formally signed in Beijing on September 7,190/kloc-0. The main contents of the Xin Chou Treaty are: punishing officials who "offended" the great powers; Send princes and ministers to Germany and Japan to make amends; The Qing government explicitly prohibited China people from establishing and participating in various organizations to resist the invading army; The compensation is 450 million taels of silver, which will be paid in 39 years, with the principal and interest of 980 million taels of silver; Beijing Dongjiaomin Lane has an embassy district, where the state can station troops, but China people are not allowed to live. Destroy the Dagu Fort and the Fort from Beijing to Haikou and Tianjin; The state can station troops along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan. After the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty, China was completely reduced to a semi-colony.
[Edit this paragraph]1political celebrities in the 9th century
-Asia
-Empress Dowager Cixi of China.
-Ito Bowen, Japan
-Europe
-Napoleon of France
William I, German.
-Bismarck in Germany
-Austrian metternich
-Alexander II, Russia
-Middle East
[Edit this paragraph]19th century scientist
James maxwell.
-Darwin
Max
Edison
Humboldt
[Edit this paragraph]19th century artists
Hugo
Charles Dickens
Gothic
byron
-Shelley
Mary Shelley
keats
-Wordsworth
-Southey
[Edit this paragraph]19th Century Yearbook
Als: 19。 Jahrhuntja:19th century ko:19th century simple:19th century:? 19 zh-min-nan: 19sè-kí
age
Year, an era is ten years, which means ten years in a row, and it is usually suitable to use AD year. The division of time is: according to the AD year, ten years adjacent to the year divisible by 10 are a time. However, there are two different ways to divide the time. For example, in the 1960s, it usually refers to the continuous years from 1960 to 1969, but some people think it should refer to the continuous years from 19 1 to 1970. Category: time unit ja: 10 Simple age: ten years