The emergence and purpose of heaven and earth society.
During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, secret associations developed rapidly, especially in southern China, especially in Fujian and Guangdong. There are many people and few land, the population is growing rapidly, and the poor are living in difficulties. Many people leave their homes and go out to make a living. In order to survive, they urgently need to unite their scattered forces. During the Qianlong period, it was pointed out: "Fujian has a vast territory and deep valleys near the sea, and it is the easiest to hide traitors." This year (referring to the seven years of Qianlong), the early rice harvest in Fujian and Guangdong was poor, and the rice price soared. However, Fujian people are fierce and arrogant, leaning against the sea to rebel, and robbing officials and looting are common. "
In addition, the fighting winds in Fujian and Guangdong are very strong. In the 19th year of Qianlong, Fujian provincial judge De Shu pointed out in Ji Ji Qin: Fujian people "are tenacious, brave and ruthless, regardless of stubbornness, and they are hungry for boxing. Always create the name of the meeting and gather momentum. " "Its original intention is nothing more than resisting foreign aggression, making friends for a long time, or being brave and skillful, or gathering people recklessly, so it is arrogant and confusing to publish fake prints and disperse fake Zagreb." In Guangdong, there are often cases of fighting in which "the big clan bullies the small clan, the strong clan bullies the weak clan, forms a party to help the tree, and is brave and heartless", and often "a hundred people kill each other, expecting to kill quickly". This way of fighting also provides an objective environment for the emergence and development of secret associations.
In the middle of Qing Dynasty, the urban and rural commodity economy developed to a certain extent. Farmers and craftsmen in Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces are in the process of transforming from natural economy to commodity economy. Their economic status is extremely unstable and their internal divisions are constant. A considerable number of people have to go to other places to make a living, and the rapid population growth has accelerated this process. There are a large number of small traders, small craftsmen, employees and other vagrants who have no fixed source of work and life. Secret communication has become the best way for them to communicate with each other. In the twenty-sixth year of Qianlong (176 1), Tixi, a monk in Zhangpu County, Fujian Province, reformed the original sworn organization into a different surname organization and founded the Heaven and Earth Society. Through the continuous efforts of the leaders and backbones in the meeting, the Heaven and Earth Society has developed from a small and ordinary sworn group with different surnames to one of the most important secret societies in South China.
The original slogan of the Heaven and Earth Society was "Follow Heaven". According to Xu Axie, a member of the Heaven and Earth Society who was arrested in Raoping County, Guangdong Province in the fifty-second year of Qianlong (1787), there is a song that everyone has to recite: "Sun Moon Road Agreement". Lin's slogan is "chasing the sky" and "eliminating corrupt officials"; When Zhang Ma in Zhangpu County, Fujian Province asked for an uprising, she also took "Shun Tian Dao" as the slogan, and Zhang Ma asked to call herself "Shun Tian General". In the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong, Chen Su, an old man from Quanzhou, Fujian Province, launched the activity of reviving the Heaven-Earth Society, and founded the "Yuemo Society" with the slogan of "dividing the country according to its source", which implicitly implied the meaning of "from the forest". After 60 years of rule, Taiwan Province Province and Chen Zhouquan came together and put forward the idea of "seizing the country from heaven", which was quite political in seizing political power. After the early years of Jiaqing, the words "anti-Qing and regaining sight" gradually appeared in the books, group books and poems of the Heaven and Earth Society. In the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), when Qiu Daqin and others from Guangdong got together, the League Book mentioned "regaining sight". Jiaqing six years (180 1), Lin Tianshen, Haikang County, Guangdong Province. At the conclusion of the meeting, an alliance statement said: "If you regain the light, you will be surnamed Wan, and you will belong to Hongzong. Once you gather, your name will last forever." In the seventh year of Jiaqing (1802), during the Fourth Incident of Chen in Boluo, Guangdong Province, the words "Fight the world, shun ming and make an appointment" were written on the flag. In the 11th year of Jiaqing (1806), when Du Shiming and others in Jiangxi got together, there appeared "Change Jiangshan into the Han Dynasty, be a courtier, be a courtier, and be Li Zhuhong" in the League Book. In the 12th year of Jiaqing (1807), Yin Zhiping, who was trained in Mongolia, wrote poems with strong anti-Manchu thoughts, such as "single-chop the traitor" and "chop the north to the Ming Dynasty", in the blank space of "Register and Repair the Money Bundle Department (Book)". In the 16th year of Jiaqing (18 1 1), when Yao Dagao and others from Donglan, Guangxi, got together, there were also many anti-Qing poems in the book, such as "Knowing that the world is bright, Wan Li is about to be bright" and "Fu Ming is bright, and we strive to win the country with one heart".
The spread of heaven and earth.
From its establishment to Jiaqing and Daoguang years, the Heaven and Earth Clubs not only increased rapidly in number, but also gradually expanded geographically. The Heaven and Earth Clubs in Fujian and Guangdong provinces are almost all over the province, and the immigrants from the two provinces also spread the Heaven and Earth Clubs in Jiangxi, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and Hunan, which are sparsely populated overseas and inland.
During the Qianlong period, the spread of Heaven and Earth Society in Fujian was very prosperous, but it was mainly in Zhangpu, Tianhe, Lei Yun, Zhao 'an and other Zhangzhou counties. During Jiaqing and Daoguang years, the Heaven and Earth Society developed to more counties, including Pucheng and Jian 'an counties in Jianning. Nagato, Wuping and other counties in Menzhou; Nanping and other counties in Yanping Prefecture; Quanzhou Fu Nan 'an and other counties; Xinghua prefecture Putian and other counties; And Chiayi, Fengshan and Changhua counties in Taiwan Province.
According to the existing records, Raoping people in Chaozhou, which borders Fujian, have already participated in the Heaven and Earth Meeting about 50 years after Qianlong. During the reign of Jiaqing Daoguang, many counties in Guangdong discovered the activities of the Heaven and Earth Society. Such as Dongguan, Xiangshan, Shunde and other counties in Guangzhou; Yangjiang, Heshan and other counties in Zhaoqing; Boluo, Yong 'an, Guishan and other counties in Huizhou; Chaoyang, Raoping and other counties in Chaozhou Prefecture; Lingshan and Qinzhou counties in Lianzhou; Leizhou Haikang and other counties.
The development of Jiangxi Heaven and Earth Society is closely related to Fujian, and its distribution area is mostly adjacent to Fujian. Such as Huichang, Changning and Xingguo counties in Ganzhou area; Ningdu, Shicheng and other counties in Ningdu area; Guangchang County, Jianchang Prefecture; Longquan and Wan 'an counties in Ji 'an area; Nankang, Dayu and other counties in Nan 'an prefecture.
In the 11th year of Jiaqing, the Qing government discovered the knot-tying activities of the Heaven-Earth Society in Guangxi. In the early years of Daoguang, Ruan Yuan, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, once mentioned that Guangxi was "simple in people's feelings" and there was no activity of heaven and earth. Later, due to the influx of "refugees" from other provinces, the meeting activities of the Heaven and Earth Society appeared in Guangxi. The Heaven and Earth Society in Guangxi was mainly introduced from Guangdong. During Jiaqing and Daoguang years, there were eleven provinces in the province, including Nanning, Sien, Wuzhou, Liuzhou, Zhou Xun, Pingyue, Yulin, Zhen 'an, qingyuan prefecture, Sicheng and Guilin.
In the seventeenth year of Jiaqing (18 12), the Qing court discovered the knot-making activities of the Heaven and Earth Society in Libo County, Guizhou Province. The Heaven and Earth Society in Guizhou Province was introduced from Fujian and Guangdong through Guangxi, and it first appeared in some counties adjacent to Guangxi. Such as Libo county in Duyun area; Xingyi county, Xingyi region; Kaitai county and Yongcong county in Liping area.
The time when Heaven and Earth Society was introduced into Yunnan was similar to that in Guizhou. In the 16th year of Jiaqing, the Qing government discovered that Heaven and Earth would be active in shizong county. Yunnan is adjacent to Guangxi, and the Heaven and Earth Society was introduced by Guangxi people or Cantonese people who moved to Guangxi, so the organization of Heaven and Earth Society is mainly active in the places bordering Guangxi. Guangnan Prefecture mainly includes Baoning County; Wenshan county, Hua Kai area; Shizong county, Guangxi.
The Heaven and Earth Society in Hunan was introduced by Hakkas from Guangdong and Guangxi. In the 18th year of Jiaqing (18 13), the meeting activities of the Heaven and Earth Society first appeared in Jianghua County. During Jiaqing and Daoguang years, the main activities of Hunan Heaven and Earth Society were in the vicinity of Guangdong and Guangxi, including Jianghua County in Yongzhou and Lanshan County in Daozhou and Guiyang.
As Chinese immigrate to Southeast Asia and America, Heaven and Earth will spread among overseas Chinese.
Armed resistance between heaven and earth.
Lin Uprising was the largest and longest armed struggle led by the Heaven and Earth Society before the Opium War. The direct trigger of the uprising was that the local officials and gentry in Qing Dynasty searched for the members of the Heaven and Earth Society. The uprising lasted for more than a year, and once controlled most of the plains in Taiwan Province Province, which greatly shocked the Qing rulers. In order to quell the uprising, the government mobilized a large number of troops from Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan and other provinces, totaling more than 60,000 people, and spent more than RMB/kloc-0.00 million, equivalent to one third of the total income of the Qing government. Finally, due to the disparity in strength between the two sides, Lin, Zhuang Datian and other leaders of the Heaven and Earth Society were captured by the Qing army headed by Fu Kang 'an one after another, and the uprising failed.
In the fifty-second year of Qianlong (1787), Zhang Ma, the leader of the Heaven and Earth Society in Zhangpu County, Fujian Province, asked more than 100 people to correct it. 1February 12 night, they all went to the alley outside Zhangpu County to propose. Luo Zekun, the magistrate of Zhangpu County, was informed of the incident and ordered to guard the city gate. And sent troops to search the city closely and arrest the congregation. Zhang Maqiu decided to get up early. On the seventh night, he led his congregation to attack Shuixun Camp in Hukou, took money and clothes, and then attacked Zhangpu County Salt Hall. Zhang Maqiu and others decided to seize the boat and cross the sea to Taiwan Province as soon as they got more materials. He went to Bachimen flood in Lei Yun county and Hou Lin flood in Wudu county, and was captured by Zhangpu magistrate, Zuo Ying guerrilla Xu Tengjiao in Zhangzhou town and Changtai, a magistrate in Zhangzhou town.
In April of the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782), Su Ye and Chen Su, the fundamentalists of the Heaven and Earth Society, successively corrected more than 100 people, intending to "revive the Heaven and Earth Society" in Tongan County, Fujian Province. At that time, the government found that the news of the Heaven and Earth Society was getting tighter and tighter. Chen Su always changed the Heaven and Earth Society to the "Moon Ink Society", which still implied the meaning of the Heaven and Earth Society. People carved the seal of "Moon" and the printing plate of "Shun Fen", printed the seal and printing plate with yellow paper and distributed them to the congregation as a sign of membership and mutual recognition. Su Ye also wrote four songs: "Ten percent of the sky is connected with water, and twenty percent of the earth is connected with fire." . This divination is a synthesis of heaven and earth, and ten thousand Qian Qian will change. "Let the congregation recite it as a code word, so as to take care of each other. Su Ye, Chen Su and others agreed to get together on August 15th and rob villages and towns. On the 24th, when they arrived in Maxiang, the Qing government sent troops to search for and capture more than 200 people.
In the seventh year of Jiaqing (1802), the Heaven and Earth Societies in Boluo, Guishan and Yong 'an of Guangdong Province revolted. On the eighth day of August of the same year, Chen Si first led the congregation of Heaven and Earth in Luoxiying, Boluo County, publicly raised the flag and launched an uprising. There are more than 10,000 people, and everyone covers their heads with red cloth. Since August 15, he has successively attacked Tuguawei, Liu Jiawei and other villages in this county. Emperor Jiaqing urgently dispatched the Qing army from all over the country to March into Luoxi Camp in Yang Shishan. On September 19, Chen was captured by the Qing army in Zhoushan, the border of Boluo and Zengcheng.
Guishan Heaven and Earth Society, led by leaders Chen Yaben and Cai Buyun, is actively preparing for the uprising, and plans to rob the local Niutouhui village in Renshan, Baimanghua and Pingshan. The tauren club is an organization established by the local rich family. Participants pay money according to the number of oxen owned by the family, which is used to hire brave people in rural areas and carry out vendetta against the Heaven and Earth Society. Chen Ya and others were scheduled to set up a flag to attack the village on August 15, but they were detained by the government before they could do it. Chen Ya Ben and Cai Buyun took the opportunity to escape, and Xuan was arrested and killed.
In August of the same year, Zeng Qinghao and Wen of Yong 'an made obeisances to the Heaven and Earth Society, and the local Niutou Society in Qingxi County was monitored by Lan. They got Wen's, and Wen died in prison soon. On September 26th, Zeng Qinghao led two or three thousand people to raise a flag. After fighting with the Qing army, it was defeated and fought repeatedly. Seeing that it was difficult to reach the enemy, the leader Zeng Qinghao led thousands of people to surrender in Qingying.
Before the Opium War, the Heaven and Earth Society was mainly in the stage of secret communication, organization development and strength accumulation, and its existence and communication posed a potential threat to the Qing rulers. After the Opium War, due to the disintegration of the natural economy, the bankruptcy of farmers and craftsmen was accelerated, and they joined the Heaven-Earth Society one after another, making the Heaven-Earth Society a mutual aid organization growing day by day. During the Revolution of 1911, the Heaven and Earth Society became an important force of the bourgeois revolutionaries, and overseas Hong Men (Heaven and Earth Society) also made great contributions in raising funds for the revolutionaries.