Japan has experienced a long prehistoric development and entered the stage of civilization at the beginning of Gongyuan. According to China's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, in 57 A.D., the Japanese king paid tribute to the Han Dynasty, and Emperor Guangwu was named "the king of Han slaves". The Biography of Wei Zhi's Succession records the Japanese unrest from 146 to 188. Himiko, the evil queen of Mattel, unified the whole country and sent envoys to Daifang County, China in 239 AD. In 645 AD, the emperor's absolutism was established on the basis of ancient aristocratic families after the reform. In 1 192, the Yuan Dynasty established the Kamakura shogunate, which made Japan embark on the road of feudal society and lasted until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Before the defeat of World War II, the Japanese emperor was known as the "eternal family" and had never been ruled by a foreign nation. Japan is the first country in Asia to embark on the capitalist road of national independence. Japan's geographical, social and historical conditions determine its literary characteristics.
First, the forms of Japanese literature before modern times were mostly short and simple. From ancient times to the present, the literature in the form of short songs is the most developed, and later it developed into chorus, homophonic, haiku, etc., which is not bad so far. Japanese syllables and archaic tunes are simple, and the form of poetry does not have rhyming conditions, so Japanese poetry is easily confused with prose to form prose poetry. Japanese essays and diary literature emphasize the beauty of style. The development of prose promotes the development of storytelling in the form of short stories. 1 1 The Tale of Genji, a novel that appeared at the beginning of the century, is composed of short stories with loose connection and simple narration. The passage of time is not necessarily related to the changes of characters. In Japan, even novels are composed of short stories. This feature runs through the whole history of Japanese literature and becomes a tradition. In the Edo period, novels such as "A lascivious generation of men" and "Floating grass in Xihe Yiyuan" were also composed of short stories. Modern writer Yasunari Kawabata's novel Snow Country obviously has the structure and description method of Genji Tale. Japanese writers pursue exquisite artistic expression in a short and concise structure. Short songs or haiku in just three or two sentences can often accurately express the emotional world of Japanese singers and Nuo people. There are few long paragraphs in the plot description in prose and stories.
Second, the literary character is slender and subtle. Japan's top-down reform since ancient times has had a far-reaching impact on literature. Before the Meiji Restoration, there were few strong social protests in Japanese literature. The grandeur and lofty concept of ancient Greek tragedy is not the object pursued by Japanese writers. What they pursue is mostly delicate emotional experience, which mainly shows ordinary daily life and expresses their calm thinking about society and life in ordinary and simple life. With a few exceptions, Japanese literature has nothing to do with fierce class conflicts. Even with a few exceptions, writers' expressions are often subtle and tortuous.
Third, Japan's view of literature and art is based on "truth", "sadness", "glamour" and "silence". Judging from the True Story, Mourning for Things in Heian Period, Enigma in Kamakura and Muromachi Period and Silence in Edo Period were mainly developed and refined on the basis of Wako. These theories are all related to the beautiful realm that writers yearn for. The theory of "residual feelings" provides a broad world for this beautiful realm. Japanese short literature forms give full play to the writer's artistic skills and summarize the objective world as much as possible.
Fourth, be good at imitation and change quickly. After the reform of Dahua, Japan opened to Chinese mainland in an all-round way. Chinese characters, Chinese, and even China's poems and Chinese all moved to Japan intact, forming an important branch of Japanese literature-China literature. While absorbing China literature, the Japanese created variant characters, pseudonyms and mixed Chinese characters, and absorbed a large number of China characters to create literary works with unique national forms. After nearly a hundred years of innovation, Japanese literature has developed by leaps and bounds, and Nara Heian literature and Edo Lu Yuan literature have appeared one after another. Meiji Restoration took place when bourgeois literature did not grow up. In less than a century's history, it has created conditions for the emergence and development of Japanese bourgeois literature, and Japan finally ranks among the developed countries in the capitalist world literature.
The stage of Japanese literary history
Japanese history has experienced Yamato (3rd century to 7th century), Nara (7 10-794), Ping An (794- 1 192) and Kamakura (1192-/kloc-). Edo (1600 ~ 1868), Meiji (1868- 19 12), Taisho (1912-/)
Ancient literature, including the literature of Nara era and Heian dynasty. During this period, under the social conditions of slavery, ancient times experienced oral literature in Yamato era, and written literature borrowed Chinese characters was established in Nara era. Heroic stories and legends in the clan era are recorded in Antiquities, Japanese History and Local Records, and the earliest Chinese poems in Japan, Huai Feng Zao and Ling Jiyun, were also created. Ye Zi Ji contains more than 260 songs by Long song and more than 4,000 short songs, which profoundly shows the changes of Japanese society before and after Dahua Innovation and has become the pinnacle of Nara literature. In the 13th year of Yan Li (794), the capital moved from Pingcheng to Ping 'an, and literature entered the dynasty. The Collection of Ancient and Modern Songs laid the basic form of Japanese short songs and became the beginning of the collection. In addition to short songs, storytelling in this era has also made great progress, with the emergence of fictional storytelling such as Zhuqu stories, Luowa stories, Bao stories, Yi Shi stories, Yamato stories and other songs, as well as Genji stories that combine the two. Prose and diaries of this era are also very developed, with representative works such as Pillow Grass and Diary of a Dragonfly.
Medieval and modern literature, including literature in Kamakura, Muromachi and Edo times. Japan's Middle Ages were the times when the samurai class stepped onto the historical stage. The rise and fall of the samurai class also determined the literary characteristics of this period. Japan refers to the Kamakura and Muromachi eras as "the Middle Ages" and the Edo era as "the Modern Times". The former is marked by the establishment and development of Japanese feudal society, while the latter is marked by the decline of feudal society from its heyday. Military discipline documents showing the fighting history of Kamakura and village samurai classes are widely circulated, and stories such as Pingjia, Yijing and Taiping have appeared. Essays, travel notes, and diary literature are all influenced by seclusion, and their representative works include Ya Changming's Collection of Literatures and Yoshida Kenko's Weeds. The Collection of Songs of New Ancient Harmony, written under the auspices of Goto Masako Academy in Kamakura period, shows the beauty of "Qing Yu" and "enchanting". Later, there was a long-term confrontation between Ertiao, Gyeonggi and Lengquan. In the Muromachi era, the chorus declined and the chorus rose, and outstanding chorus artists such as Zongzhi, Shenjing, Zongzuo and Zongchang appeared. The appearance of Xie Mi promoted the rapid development of drama. Wushan literature, which appeared in Kamakura era, initiated the golden age of China literature in the Middle Ages. Edo literature began in the seventeenth century and lasted for more than two hundred years. During this period, the citizen class grew up, and the influence of commodity economy on literature was profound. Yiyuan's Floating Grass, A Lascivious Generation of Men and Five Lascivious Women profoundly describe the life in the machimachi world. Later, novels appeared in various forms, such as scattered edition, yellow paper, human edition, funny edition, social volume, talking about books and so on. The works of outstanding writers include Ueda Akinari's Story of Rain and Moon, Shandong Jingchuan's Romantic Grilled Fish String, Qu Qin's Hiking in Donghai Road, and Floating Bathhouse. It reconciled Zhenmen and Lin Tan until the banana reached its peak. After the banana died, the banana door fell. Later, Xie Wucun and Kato Kota launched the Harmony Revival Movement, which once restored harmony to youth. Kobayashi's tea and summer beauty expand the theme of harmony. In the process of Nuo harmony's popularity, and crazy songs have also developed. In the early Edo period, there were representatives of Wakayama, Chichong, Holland, etc. Later, there were reformists such as He Mao Zhenyuan and Ozawa Lu 'an, as well as Kagawa Guiyuan School. The representative figure of Edo Opera is Saemon near Songmen. Under his impetus, Jingliuli and Kabuki developed into the most complete classical drama. Zoroastrianism has the greatest influence in Kamakura and Muromachi, and Confucianism has the widest influence in Edo. Zhu Xue in Xinjiang and Baishi, Yang Ming Xue in Zhongjiang, and Gu Xue in Ito Renzhai and Granthon all exerted a wide influence on Japanese literature. Sinology, which is critical of Confucianism, has made great progress in the late Edo period, and its main representative is the promotion of Confucianism.
Modern literature, that is, literature in the Meiji era, began with the Meiji Restoration and ended with the end of the First World War. In the first two decades after the reform, literature was in the enlightenment stage. Fukuzawa Yukichi, Western Zhou Dynasty, Chomin Nakae and others first introduced Japanese capitalist civilization. During this period, the translated political novels such as Junichiro Koizumi's works in Dan Yu, Talks between China and America by Yano Longxi, and Plum in the Snow by Tiechang Xinbo had a great influence. 1885, Hirauchi published The Essence of Fiction; 1887, Futabatei Shimei published the novel Floating Clouds, which marked the beginning of realism theory and creation taking root in Japan. In the same period, there were realistic novels written by Ozaki Hongye, Koda Rohan and Higuchi Ichiyo. 1890, Mori Yoshiro published the romantic novel Dancer, followed by Tomoko Kitamura published a critical theory of inner life, and Shimazaki Tōson published a new poem, Collection of Tender Dishes, which greatly promoted the rise of romanticism. The Star School and its poets, Xie Ye Teagan and Kaoru Yosano, also promoted the development of romanticism. Kyouka Izumi's concept novels are masterpieces of the late romanticism. After the Russo-Japanese War (19O4- 1905), romanticism faded and naturalism rose. Shimazaki Tōson's Broken Ring and Tayama Katai's Quilt laid the foundation of naturalism. Since then, naturalism has developed into a private novel, with authentic Bai Niao's Where to Go, Tokuda's A New Family Born in Autumn, and Iwano's Wild Waves to Protect Ming. The Miracle School, which is composed of Hirotsu and Hiroshi, who started late, is a branch of the Naturalism School. Masaoka Shiki's sketch theory, woodpecker in Ishikawa, Ma Lu in Shangqi Mountain and others are also related to naturalism. At the end of Meiji, anti-naturalistic writers and schools became popular. Led by Sengai and Xia Zishu. Europe and abroad, whose personality is immersed in waves, have created novels such as Youth, Wild Goose and the historical novel Abe Family, showing sober rationalism. Shu published "I am a sketch", criticizing capitalist civilization. Later, he wrote novels such as Sanshiro, Smile as Flowers, Door, etc. On the eve of World War I, birch literature entered the literary world. Saneatsu Mushakoji's The Happy Man, Shiga Naoya's In the Vessels, Walking in the Night and Tadao's The Last Descendants of Cain all express strong humanitarianism. The new trend of thought rose during the First World War and lasted until the early 1920s. Representative writers include Akutagawa Ryunosuke's Rashomon, Nose and River Children, Kan Kikuchi's Father's Return, Hatred Will Be Revealed, Yamamoto Killing Babies and so on. On the one hand, they pursue rationality, on the other hand, they stress skills. Aestheticism writers are also hostile to naturalism. The representative figures of poetry are Taro Muxia and White Bear Kitahara, and the representative figures of novels are Junichiro Tanizaki, Gai Na and Haruko Sato.
Modern literature, which began at the end of World War I, refers to literature in the late Taisho period, Showa period and Heisei period. Under the influence of the October Revolution, the Japanese workers' movement was very developed in the 1920s and early 1930s, thus pushing the proletarian literature and art movement to a climax. On March 15th, 1928, Yoshiki Hayashi Yeshan wrote The Man at Sea, Kobayashi Takiji wrote The Crab Boat, Nakano's poetry anthology, and Deji wrote The Street Without the Sun, which greatly inspired the revolutionary masses. The new feeling schools that are opposite to proletarian literature and art mainly include Sun and Machine, Izu Dancer, Snow Country and so on. Later, emerging art schools, such as Jingfu Tieer and Fumiko Hayashi, were once very active; New psychologism literature appeared such new people as Hori Chen Xiong and Ito Shinji. 1937 After Japan launched a full-scale war of aggression against China, many writers were involved in the wrong path of advocating struggle. The failure of the war of aggression gave Japan an opportunity for democratic reform. In the early postwar period, democratic literature developed rapidly. Yuriko Miyamoto's novels are very popular. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, there appeared postwar writers who were critical of the war, such as Nobuhiro Noguchi, shiina Linsan, Haruki Nakamura, Shinichiro and Taijun Takeda, followed by the second batch of postwar writers such as Yukio Mishima, Datong Shengping and Abe Public House. In the mid-1950s, the third generation of newcomers, such as a trip to Shunsuke, Yasunaka Akitaro, Kojima nobuo, Run Sanyezhuang and Shusaku Endo, attracted people's attention with their themes of urban life. In the late 1950s, anti-traditional moral novels by Shintaro Ishihara, Kenzaburo Oe and Kenzaburo Haijiang became popular. In the 1960s, when the economy was highly developed, the works of Sawako Ariyoshi, Tsutomu Minakami, Beidoufu, Maruya Zhaichi and Kiyooka Takuyuki were popular. In the early 1970s, around Zuo Ren magazine, writers who care about social issues, such as Gao Qiao Heji, Oda Shi, Nohiko Shinji and Shibata Xiang, United. In 1970s and 1980s, writers known as the "introverted generation" began to appear, mainly including Fu Ruiyousi, Goto Akio, Kurai Chiji, Abe Zhaohui and Guo Fu Nana Ogawa. After that, the "Empty Generation" appeared in the literary world, with Ry? Murakami, Tami Chengguang, Song Li Heping, Gao Qiao's Three Thousand Classics and Neutral Virtue as the representative writers. After the war, mystery novels developed greatly. Since 1950s, Seicho Matsumoto has won a large number of readers with its social mystery novel, and many suspense writers have appeared, such as Sano Yuki, Miho and Seiichi Morimura. In the aspect of popular literature, Jing Shangjing, who unified pure literature and popular literature, created Bullfighting and Ice Wall, which are called "intermediate novels", and they are very popular. The famous writers of post-war popular literature are Junlang Erji, Sh?gor? Yamamoto, Jiro Xintian, Masaaki Rihara, and hoshi shinichi.
Sino-Japanese literary exchange
China and Japan had cultural ties as early as two thousand years ago. From 1 century to the 2nd century, China's iron, copper and textile technologies were introduced to Japan, and bronze mirrors, swords and priests with Chinese characters were also used as treasures and sacrificial vessels by the Japanese. It is said that China's The Analects of Confucius and Thousand Characters were introduced to Japan by Qi Zhi and Wang Ren.
Japan entered a country ruled by law for five years (7 12), and Taian Lv Wan was ordered to complete Historical Records. It is the first masterpiece written by Japanese, which is closely related to China literature. This book is written in Chinese characters. On the basis of Chinese characters, a "pen name book" (one word and one sound) and a "declaration book" (with Chinese characters as phonetic training and auxiliary verbs, verbs and descriptive suffixes in the middle), pure Chinese style and quasi-Chinese style are formed. Later Japanese History copied China's Hanshu and other historical books, and was written in pure Chinese. The writing style of The Picture of Long Lu Min is also fluent and pure Chinese style. Zhao Huaifeng (75 1), Ling (8 14), Ji (8 18), Ji (827), etc. Are the earliest collections of Chinese poems in Japan, showing the poetic art from five-character poems to seven-character poems.
Ye Wan Collection is the crystallization of ancient harmony songs, which reflects the other side of China's literary influence. This book takes Chinese characters as Ye Wan's phonetic pen name, and sorts out and studies China's The Book of Songs and other books. Among the authors, Yishan Yiliang and others studied in China and were greatly influenced by China literature. China's Confucianism, Laozi and Zhuangzi and Buddhism also had a far-reaching influence on The Collection of Ye Wan.
In Heian period, due to the frequent return of envoys to Tang Dynasty, learning from China became a craze. As Japan sent a large number of monks and scholars to study in China, a large number of books from China were also introduced to Japan. The influence of China literature has developed in a deeper and broader direction. The poems of Li Bai and Bai Juyi have penetrated into the harem and aristocratic families with excellent literature. Novels in the Tang Dynasty, such as You Xian Dong, were widely circulated, which affected the development of stories and words. Murasaki shikibu received a good education in China literature, and The Tale of Genji was obviously influenced by Historical Records and Baiji, among which Tonghujuan fully reflected the influence of Song of Eternal Sorrow.
Stories about the army in Kamakura era related to China's oral literature abound. The story of Pingzhi includes the story of Xu You, the story of the struggle between Chu and Han, and the story of the battle between Wu and Yue. The rise and fall of Yuan Ping are related to the stories of Zhou Chengwang's lieutenants, Wang Mang, Wu Zetian, Cong Si, Su Wu, Ji Zha, Gou Jian, Lai Maichen and others. The Story of Pingjia is written in a mixed style of Chinese and Chinese. It quotes many historical stories of China and uses many idioms and words from China. The most published books are Historical Records, Bai Anthology, Chunqiu, Analects of Confucius and Hanshu. Taiping Ji has a great influence on China literature, especially Historical Records. The shadow of Li Wa Biography can also be found in Taiping Ji.
Wushan literature originated from Yung Yung, who studied in China, and has developed poetry and prose. After Yi Shan and Yi Ning, the eminent monks of the Song Dynasty, became Japanese citizens, they cultivated Hulao Pass's master Lian, Xing Cun and other pioneers of Wushan literature. In the history of more than 250 years, Wushan literature has a close relationship with China literature.
The development of Edo novels is closely related to the scripts of Song Dynasty and novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties. Shi Yu, the pen name of Tang Yinbi, is a translated version of Gui Wanrong's History of Tang Yinbi in Song Dynasty. In the edo period, this method of translation and rewriting was called "reversing the verdict" and became a trend for a while. "Jia Girl" is a copy of "A New Story of Cutting Lights" by Qu You and He in Ming Dynasty, and its meaning is very simple. Dog Zhang Zi is a continuing mystery record, and the Tang people said that it would be revised with Deng Jian Xinyu. Ueda Akinari's Tale of Rain and Moon is adapted from China's ancient and modern novels Awakening the World, Warning the World, Cutting Lights, Newspeak and so on. Du He Zhong Ting's Cao Yingzi has also been translated into Shi Jing Tong Yan, ancient and modern novels and so on. Qu Tingma Qin's Biography of Eight Dogs Seen by General Manager Nan was reversed in Water Margin. Bajiao, a foreign harmony master, has studied the poems of Du Fu, Li Bai, Su Wu and Huang Tingjian, especially Du Fu, and the formation of Bajiao style depends on Chinese poems.
During the Edo period, Confucianism developed by leaps and bounds, and schools such as Zhuzi, Yangming, Drum Learning, Eclecticism and Textual Research appeared. During the Edo period, China's poems were also extremely developed. /kloc-in the 7th century, the poems of China poets such as Fujiwara Keiji and Natsume Shun 'an were mainly based on Confucian classics. From the end of17th century to the middle of18th century, Tang poetry was highly praised by Sheng Shulai, Xinjing Baishi, Nankuo and others in Hattori. From the middle of18th century to the beginning of19th century, Shi, Shihe Kuanzhai, Yamamoto Beishan and others changed from advocating Tang poetry to advocating Song poetry. In the middle period, Liang Chuan and others attached importance to Qing poetry, especially Yuan Mei and Jiang Shiquan.
After Meiji Restoration, Japan turned to open to the west, but still maintained the tradition of literary exchange with China. Today, Japanese schools still offer China's poems and Chinese courses. Most famous Japanese writers have profound attainments in China literature. Influenced by Tao Yuanming, Wang Wei and Du Fu, Natsume wrote many excellent China poems. Masaoka Shiki once said, "Haiku, Hege and China's poems are different in form, but have the same taste. Among them, haiku has many similarities with Chinese poetry, because haiku benefits from Chinese poetry. "
There are many Japanese scholars who study China literature in modern times. Aoki Changzi's research on Yuanqu and Shuihu, Ji Chuan's research on Du Fu and Takeuchi's research on Lu Xun have all been widely praised.
Before modern times, the influence of China literature on Japanese people was far-reaching and extensive. However, after modern times, because Japan absorbed capitalist civilization earlier, it began to influence China more. Mr. Lu Xun said that he likes reading Xia Zhi's novels and Sen Gai's novels best. Guo Moruo, Yu Dafu, Tian Han and Cheng all studied in Japan and started their literary creation.