The Legend of Du Fu's Caotang
There are many beautiful tickets in Du Fu Caotang. Some of them are thatched cottage buildings, some are Du Fuxiang, and some are Du Fu's story lines, which make people fondle admiringly. Du Fu Caotang not only has many tickets, but also has many legends and stories!
Du Fu's poems show compassion for the people, and his outstanding poetic talent is called by later generations? Poet saint? . Because Chengdu has relatives, his old friend Gao Shi is also in Sichuan. In 755 AD, Du Fu, a talented middle-aged poet, fled to the capital of Shu with his family. In 759 AD, Du Fu, with the help of his friends, built a small house near the beautiful Huanhua River in the suburb of Chengdu. So, is there? Wanli Bridge West House, Baihuatan Beizhuang? He lived in seclusion in a thatched cottage for nearly four years. There is a crystal-clear Huanhuaxi in the east of the thatched cottage, a Baihuatan with red flowers in full bloom in the south, and Xiling, which is covered with snow all year round, in the west. Even better, there is a tall nanshu in front of the thatched cottage, which is said to be over 200 years old.
When I came to Du Fu Caotang, I saw a sparkling river flowing in front of the door. This is the Huanhuaxi that Du Fu mentioned many times in his poems. Speaking of. Huanhuaxi? There is a touching story about the origin of this poetic name. According to legend, there lived a beautiful and kind girl named Ren by the Tanghe River. One day, when she was washing clothes by the stream, a monk with scabies came. Pedestrians were hiding far away, but the girl didn't give way. So the monk took off the picture frame covered with pus and asked her to wash it, and the girl accepted it gladly. I didn't know that as soon as I entered the water, the stream was full of lotus flowers. Look at the monk again, I was gone. People were very surprised. They named the river Huanhuaxi.
In fact, the name Huanhuaxi has nothing to do with Ren girl. It is more credible to say that because most people living by the stream at that time could make paper, they used the stream to make ten-color stationery. Its color is like a flower? This stream is named after it. Huanhuaxi in the Tang Dynasty, with its wide river and deep water depth, can be used as a big ship with beautiful scenery along the river. Du Fu's quatrains are vividly described. Two yellow-green willows and a row of egrets are in the sky. My window framed the snow-covered western hills. My door often says "goodbye" to ships sailing eastward?
After more than a year, Du Fu lived a leisurely and calm life. In the sunny season, he often holds a book, sings and writes for a while in the south shade, and then listens to the whispers of swallows and the harmony of bamboo. He often walks to the river with crutches and sees red-violet in the water, Bai Ou chasing waves, fishermen's nets and merchants' boats. He loves nature, whether it is the lightness of birds, the dancing of butterflies or the fragrance of wild flowers. His friends gradually increased, including poets, literati, painters, hermits and monks, but most of them were Tianfu, Elymus, flower farmers and neighbors.
One night in the second summer, a storm suddenly struck and uprooted the old southern tree. The elegy of the poet:? I have a new poem that I can't recite anywhere, and the thatched cottage has no color since then. ? One afternoon in autumn, the wind roared and blew down the hut he had worked so hard to manage. Du Fu wrote that "the hut was broken by the autumn wind". The kind that poets show? There are thousands of buildings in Ande, and all the poor people in the world are very happy. Ideal and? Am I enough to freeze to death alone? The spirit of selflessness has been moving for thousands of years! Of course, it is not difficult to see that this hut is very unstable and was rebuilt with the help of neighbors and friends. Fortunately, God never shuts one door but he opens another. June 65438+February this year, my old friend Yanwu became our ambassador (previously, my old friend Gao Shi was our ambassador). Spring has returned, and the thatched cottage, like its owner, has regained its youthful brilliance. Unfortunately, in April of the following year, Xuanzong and Su Zong died one after another, and Dai Zong acceded to the throne, calling Yanwu to the DPRK. Then there was another rebellion in Sichuan, and Du Fu had to rush to Zizhou, ending the first stage of life in the thatched cottage.
When Du Fu was wandering in his early years, he met two great poets, Li Bai and Gao Shi. They traveled in Liang and Song Dynasties together, drank wine and talked about poetry, shared common feelings and forged sincere friendship. Du Fu lived in Chengdu, and Gao Shi happened to be appointed as the secretariat of Zhou Shu, so he often supported Du Fu. In the second year of Shang Dynasty (76 1), Gao Shi wrote a poem and gave it to Du Fu on Human Day to express his thoughts about his friends. As the poem says, "People write poems in a thatched cottage every day, and pity an old friend for his hometown ....." Du Fu, who was wandering in Hunan for five years (770), stumbled upon a book one day. When he reread the poem, Gao Shi was already dead. Du Fu wrote a poem, "Compensating for the Loss of a Tree Man", to express his grief. The poem reads: "Because Jumeng people are working every day, it took me a long time to sort out this poem. This morning, my eyes suddenly opened, and I was in tears, whispering what happened yesterday. ..... "This is a voice sung with blood and tears, which is very touching to read. From then on, the story of Gaudu's "Harmony between the Sun and the Sun" became a much-told story in the poetry circle.
A boat carrying the poet who wrote more than 400 poems/kloc-0, which shocked the wind and rain and made the gods cry, went bleak and northbound on the lonely Xiangjiang River. The song gradually disappeared in the misty Dongting Lake and the boundless sky. The poet finally stopped his moving voice, and only the castle peak accompanied him forever. After Du Fu's death, people preserved and renovated his residence in Chengdu in memory of this great poet, which is famous? Du Fu Caotang? .
On Du Fu's Family History
Du Fu was born in Dujia, Jingzhao, and was a scholar-bureaucrat in the north. Its distant ancestors were Du Zhou, a famous cruel official of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and his grandfather Du. Du Fu and another great poet in Tang Dynasty, namely? Little Du Li? Du was a great scholar and famous doctor in Jin Dynasty. However, the two tribes are far apart. Du Fu comes from Du Yu's second son Du Dan, and Du Mu comes from Du Yu's youngest son Du Yin. As a teenager, Du Fu lived a relatively stable and prosperous life because of his superior family environment. He was eager to learn since he was a child, and he could write poems at the age of seven. Seven-year-old thinking, open mouth to sing the phoenix? , interested? To the monarch Yao Shun, and then make the customs chun? . He was also naughty when he was a teenager. Recalling that I was a child at the age of fifteen, I was as healthy as a yellow calf. Pears and dates are ripe in August before the court, and the tree day can return to a thousand times? .
Young and excellent travel
At the age of 19 in the 19th year of Kaiyuan, Du Fu traveled to Linyi, Shandong. Twenty years old, roaming wuyue for several years. In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan (735), you went back to your hometown to attend? Xianggong? . Twenty-four years in Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam, ranking first from the bottom. Du Fu's father was Sima, the secretariat of Yanzhou at that time, so Du Fu went to Yanzhou to visit relatives and began a trip to Qi and Zhao.
In April of the third year of Tianbao (744), Du Fu met Li Bai, who was given money by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, in Luoyang, and they met to travel with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu, Henan). After that, Du Fu went to qi zhou (now Jinan). After four years, I went to see Li Bai in Yanzhou in the autumn. They visited Taoism together, talked about poetry and papers, and made a deal. Drunk sleep autumn quilt, hand in hand with Japanese counterparts? Friendship. At the end of autumn, the two shook hands and said goodbye. Du Fu was punished? Between the dissolute Qi and Zhao, Qiu Ma is quite crazy, isn't she? Wandering life, back to Chang 'an.
Bad career
Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu was born in a generation? Be an official Confucian? Our family is very knowledgeable in family research. The early works mainly show the ideal, ambition and expected life path. On the other hand, show him? To the monarch Yao Shun, and then make the customs chun? Many works in this period reflected the sufferings of people's livelihood and political environment at that time, and exposed the ugly behavior of the rulers. Since then, they have embarked on a life and creative road of worrying about the country and the people. With the increasingly corrupt politics in the later period of Tang Xuanzong, his life became increasingly impoverished and disappointed. In a wandering life.
In the first month of the tenth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong held three ceremonies to worship Taiqing Palace, ancestral temple and heaven and earth. Du Fu then presented three "big gifts" in the winter of the ninth year of Tianbao, which was appreciated by Xuanzong and ordered to be made in Jixian Academy. However, he only got it? Sequence selection? Qualification, waiting for distribution, because Li's main body is still, so he didn't get the official position.
In the fourteenth year of Tianbao, Du Fu was made a small official like Hexi Wei, but Du Fu didn't want it to happen? If you don't be the captain of Hexi, it will be miserable. In terms of official position, the court will change to the right guard to lead the government soldier Cao (a low-level official position, responsible for guarding the armor of the staff and managing the access key). Du Fu stayed in Chang 'an for more than ten years because he was 44 years old. In order to make a living, he accepted this useless job. In November, Du Fu went to Fengxian Province. Just as Du Fu entered the room, he heard crying. It turned out that his youngest son starved to death. Based on ten years' experience in Chang 'an and his experiences along the way, he wrote the famous "From Beijing to Fengxian, reciting 500 words". [ 10]
War and displacement
In November of the 14th year of Tianbao, An Shi Rebellion broke out. In June of the following year, Tongguan fell and Xuanzong fled hastily. In July, Prince Hengli was established in Lingwu as Su Zong. At this time, Du Fu had moved his family to Qiang Village in Yinzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) to take refuge. He heard that Su Zong ascended the throne and went north alone in August to join Lingwu. Unfortunately, he was captured by the rebels on the way and brought to Chang 'an. Wang Wei, who was also captured, was closely supervised, and Du Fu was not imprisoned because of his small official position. Despite personal misfortunes, Du Fu always cared about the country and the people. During the An Shi Rebellion, he always paid attention to the development of the current situation. During this period, he wrote two articles, Guo's Situation in Huazhou and Five Questions about the Examiners in Hehuazhou, offering suggestions for exterminating the Anshi Rebellion and considering how to reduce the burden on the people. When fighting the rebels. When Li's soldiers and horses passed through Huazhou, they wrote the poem "Looking at the West Soldiers to Stand by in Guanzhong", expressing patriotic enthusiasm.
Du Fu's Personal Achievements
Du Fu's poems? There are sixty volumes? Good morning. In the second year of Baoyuan in the Northern Song Dynasty (1039), Wang Zhu collected 1405 volumes and compiled them into 18 volumes, which was named "Du Gongbu Collection". Qian edited The Collection of Du Gongbu. Yang LUN said:? Since the Six Dynasties, most of Yuefu's questions were imitated and plagiarized, and Chen Xiangyin was the most disgusting. When Zi Mei came out, she felt what she felt at that time. It is difficult to go to Benjamin, but the people there are very poor. She asked questions at random, trying to get rid of the stereotypes of her predecessors. .
When Du Fu was in middle age, Du Fu's poems were called "? History of poetry? . His poems are good at antique and rhythmic poems, and have various styles. Depressed? Depressed? Four words accurately summed up his own style, mainly depressed. Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Most of his poems involve social unrest, political darkness and people's suffering. His poems reflected the social contradictions and people's sufferings at that time. His poems recorded the historical changes of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and expressed the lofty Confucian spirit of benevolence and strong sense of hardship, so he was praised as? History of poetry? . Du Fu is concerned about the country and the people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. Du Fu wrote more than 1500 poems in his life, many of which are famous works that have been handed down through the ages, such as? Three officials? And then what? Say goodbye? ; Among them? Three officials? For Li Shihao, Xin 'an Li and Tongguan Li? Say goodbye? For newlyweds, homeless and farewell to the old. Du Fu's poems handed down from generation to generation are the most extensive in the Tang Dynasty, and he is one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Du Fu's works are known as the scars of the world and the sages in poetry. The people are in poverty, and the bottom of the pen is turbulent. It is a masterpiece of realistic poetry.
Rhyme plays an extremely important role in Du Fu's poems. The achievement of Du Fu's metrical poems lies in expanding the scope of expression of metrical poems. He not only writes about entertainment, nostalgia, travel, feasts and landscapes with Chang Song poems, but also writes about current events with Chang Song poems. It is difficult to write current affairs with metrical poems, but Du Fu can use them freely. Du Fu writes metrical poems freely, changes as much as he can, conforms to the law without seeing the shackles of metrical poems, and is in neat opposition without seeing the traces of antithesis. As Yang Lun said? Du Ji's seven-character formula is the first? Ascending is such a poem:? The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand. The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness. After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged. ? The whole poem is also very precise and elegant in tonal sentence patterns. Eight sentences are all right, so is the first sentence. Strict antithesis is concealed by the fluency of the image, and strictness becomes sparse.
The highest achievement of Du Fu's metrical poems can be said to be that this style is fluent and makes people forget that it is a metrical poem as soon as they are written. For example, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night:? Good rain knows the season, when spring comes. Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently. The wild trails and clouds are all black, the rivers and boats are bright, the red and wet places are seen at dawn, and the flowers in Jinguan City are heavy. ? The last four sentences use flowing water to write down the charm of spring rain in one breath, unexpectedly and silently, and at the end, write down a surprise that suddenly looks back, which is rigorous and seamless.
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and creatively developing them. Du Fu's thought of paying attention to people's livelihood and his achievements in rhythmic poetry directly influenced the creation of new Yuefu by Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi and others in the middle Tang Dynasty. He is the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" archaic novel, which is also a history of poetry, began to narrate and focus on the whole story, marking the high achievement of China's poetic art. The Song Dynasty, full of social contradictions, was the most prosperous time to learn from Du Fu, and the Jiangxi Poetry School with Du Fu as the Sect appeared. Gu and others in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties also had an obvious tendency to learn from Du Fu. They also used metrical poems to reflect the anti-Qing struggle at that time and were impassioned.
Du Fu's influence on later generations
His poems are rich in social content, rich in the color of the times and distinctive in political inclination, which truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life prospects of a historical era before and after the An Shi Rebellion, so they are called the first generation? History of poetry? . Du Fu's poems have various styles. Besides Five Ancient Poems, Seven Ancient Poems and Five Laws and Seven Laws, he also wrote a lot of rhymes and styles and used various artistic techniques. He is a master of the thought and art of Tang poetry. Du Fu inherited Han and Wei Yuefu? Feeling sad and happy, what is the reason? Ling, got rid of the shackles of Yuefu ancient poems and created a lot? That is, a famous article, no reply? New topics in Yuefu, such as famous articles? Three officials? 、? Say goodbye? Wait a minute. After his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Shi went to Bai Yuan? New Yuefu Movement? His literary thoughts and Li Shangyin's recent allegorical current affairs poems have far-reaching influence. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Wang Yucheng, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and others hold Du Fu in high esteem, while Wen Tianxiang regards Du Fu's poems as the spiritual strength to stick to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art since ancient times. ..
Du Fu did not get much praise and attention during his lifetime and several years after his death, partly because of his innovation in style and meter. Some critics think that some of his works are still bold and eccentric. There is little information about his life, only six poets *** 1 1 poems. Moreover, these poems did not mention that he was a model of poetry and ethics.
In the ninth century, his works became famous, and the early positive comments came from Bai Juyi, who popularized some ethical viewpoints in Du Fu's works, although he only found these viewpoints in some of Du Fu's works. Besides Bai Juyi, there is Han Yu, who wrote articles to refute the voices against Du Li and defend their aesthetic status. At the same time, the poems of these two poets have the shadow of Du Fu's poems. Du Fu is just like William Hung said, right? The only poet with growing influence in China? .
/kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, Wei Zhuang, a poet of Shu Kingdom five generations ago, discovered the site of the thatched cottage and rebuilt it to preserve it [38]. During this period, China was bombed? New Yuefu Movement? Du Fu is regarded as the initiator of this realistic poetry movement. Since Bai Juyi, Du Fu's realistic creative spirit has influenced the creations of Pi Rixiu, Cao Ye, Nie, Du Xunhe and others, thus forming a school of realistic poetry, which dominated the poetry circles in the late Tang Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, Du Fu's fame reached its peak, along with Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao. Committed to exploring the strange side of Du Fu's poems? Jiangxi Poetry School? Later Wang Anshi, Lu You and Wen Tianxiang were also influenced by Du Fu to some extent. Wen Tianxiang wrote 200 episodes of Du Fu's five-character poems in prison, and said in the preface: If I speak frankly, Zi Mei will speak for me first. ? [39] And Du Fu's wider influence is that Du Fu's works turn rhyme from a game on words into a carrier for expressing political ambitions.
It laid the foundation for later poets to write political themes.
The development of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty established Du Fu's position as a model of poetry and his supreme position. Su Shi explained the reason as follows: There are many poets in ancient and modern times, and Zi Mei is the only leading figure. They not only live a life of hunger and cold, but also don't need it all their lives, and they won't forget you for a meal! ? His thinking ability exerted his influence. Because of his yearning for establishing a good social order, he is highly respected by politicians, reformers learn from his sympathy for the poor, and writers learn from his innovation in artistic techniques.
Jin Shengtan, a literary critic in the early Qing Dynasty, equated Du Fu's poems with Qu Yuan's Li Sao, Zhuang Zhou's Zhuangzi, Sima Qian's Historical Records, Shi Naian's Water Margin and Wang Shifu's The West Chamber? Six genius books? . In contemporary times, Du Fu's loyalty to the country and concern for the people have been reinterpreted as nationalism and socialism, but he used it himself. Human language? It is appreciated by modern researchers.
Du Fu's influence on later generations is also moral. Rex Ross, a modern American poet in the 20th century, thinks that what Du Fu cares about is love between people, tolerance and sympathy between people. There is no doubt that my poetry is mainly influenced by Du Fu. I think he is the greatest poet except epic and drama. In some respects, he even surpassed Shakespeare and Homer. At least he is more natural and kind? .