1, central system
Three provinces and six departments system
After Emperor Wendi of Sui acceded to the throne, he abolished the official system established by the six officials of Zhou Li, which belonged to the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and replaced it with a new official system: "Sanshi, Sangong, Shangshu, Xiamen, Civil History, Secretary, Civil History and other provinces, Yushitai, Taichang, Guanglu, Weishi, Taifu, Dali, Liu Hong and Sinong. In order to strengthen centralization and restore the tradition of official system in Han Dynasty.
The system of three provinces-Shangshu, Menxia and Neishi-was the core of the central official system in Sui Dynasty. Although the three divisions and three fairs are in the first place, they are actually just honors. The status of Shangshu Province in Sui Dynasty was very high. Sui Shuzhi said that "everything is normal in Shangshu Province", which reflected his position and power as the highest state administrative organ.
Yang Di's political reform around the title system will definitely break the "Guan-oriented" policy implemented since Yu Wentai in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. He strengthened centralization by limiting and weakening the power and influence of Guanlong Group, so as to govern officials and expand the social foundation of rule.
However, its political reform plan was not mature enough and advanced too fast, which failed to be combined with the establishment of a political bureau with smooth people's livelihood, unity and stability, and finally a serious ruling crisis broke out.
2. Imperial examination system
Imperial examination?
In the seventh year of Huang Kai (587), Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty formally established the examination system for different subjects, which replaced the Nine Grades System. Since then, family status has not been considered in the selection of officials. In the early days of the imperial examination system, there was a state annual tribute, which stipulated that each state sent three people to the central government to take the examinations of scholar and Ming Jing every year, which lasted for two years (606 years).
With the addition of Jinshi in Yang Di, the imperial examination system was formally formed. In the Ming Dynasty, the strategy of trying talents, the strategy of trying time and trying things, and the technique of trying classics formed a complete national system of selecting talents.
At that time, the Ming Sutra was the highest, and Jinshi tried to occupy the second place. At that time, the system of selecting scholars was only called scholars' subjects, which was far from that of the Tang Dynasty. Scholar is the beginning of the imperial examination, and it is also an imperfect examination system, which has little effect on the actual recruitment of scholars, but it has changed the situation of family monopoly of official positions.
The imperial examination system complied with the requirements of the landlords of the common people in the past dynasties to obtain their due position in politics, eased the contradiction between them and the imperial court, made them loyal to the central government, was conducive to selecting talents, enhanced political efficiency, and played a positive role in consolidating centralization.
3. Rule of law
The laws of the Northern Zhou Dynasty were sometimes loose and sometimes severe, which made it difficult to master, leading to confusion in punishment. After Wendi ascended the throne, in the first year of Huang Kai (58 1), Gao Jiong and others were ordered to make laws with reference to the old laws of Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasties.
economy
1 agriculture
Ling Jun Tian Ling
The Sui Dynasty implemented the land equalization system and reorganized the household registration. The implementation of the "big reading law" requires officials to regularly check the population and the household registration according to the appearance, which greatly increases the number of households. And on the basis of the implementation of the "fixed sample", the number of accounts is determined first, and the "fixed version" is compiled as the basis for tax collection.
Reform currency
The sui dynasty unified the monetary system, abolished other chaotic ancient coins and privately minted coins, and changed them to five baht, which was internationally called "sui five baht".
Establish a granary
Many granaries were built in various places in the Sui Dynasty, among which Luoxingcang, Luohuicang, Changcang, Liyang Cang and Guangtong Cang are famous. Stored grain exceeds one million stones.
2, handicraft industry
Sui Dynasty is an important stage in the development of porcelain production technology in China. Its outstanding performance is that a batch of white glazed porcelain was unearthed in the tombs of Anyang, Henan Province and Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province.
3. Business
Chang 'an and Luoyang are not only national political and economic centers, but also international metropolises.
culture
1, academic thought
In the early stage, Emperor Wen of Sui advocated the harmony between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, advocated simple literature and opposed the gorgeous literary trend of thought in the Southern Dynasties. He advocated Confucianism, promoted Confucianism to an indispensable position in governing the country, and encouraged him to persuade students to salute.
In 60 1 year, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty thought that there were many schools but not good ones, and ordered to cancel all schools, leaving only imperial academy with 70 places. In his later years, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty helped Buddha to oppose Confucianism, which made many Confucian scholars discredit the rulers of Sui Dynasty.
2. Literature
Because the Sui Dynasty was short, it had little influence on China literature. Although there was a demand to reform the frivolous style of writing, it was later interrupted, and the ancient prose movement did not develop successfully until the middle Tang Dynasty.
The total number of famous scribes in the north and south of the Sui Dynasty was just over ten.
3. History
In historiography, the history books before the Sui Dynasty were either written by the government or by the people themselves. His thoughts are relatively free and of good quality, but because he doesn't make good use of the books collected by historians, he usually has only biographies that are not recorded, which can't be said to be a complete national history. In 593, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty announced that it was forbidden for people to privately write national history and comment on figures. Since then, the national history of successive dynasties has been changed to official revision.
4. Phonology
Due to the integration of North and South cultures, phonology and bibliography have made outstanding achievements. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, eight people, including Yan Zhitui, Xiao Gai and Sun Qiang Yan Na, spoke with Lu to discuss phonology. They agreed that the tones in the four directions were very different, and the rhymes in the north and south were different.
5. Contents
In terms of bibliography, the Sui Dynasty is famous for Fei Changfang's Catalogue of Buddhist Sutras of the Great Sui Dynasty, Catalogue of Taoist Sutras of the Great Sui Dynasty, Three Treasures of Past Dynasties and Shi Yancong's Catalogue of Sui Renshou Years. The Sui Dynasty collected books preserved in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and compiled the Catalogue of Imperial Books of the Great cause of Sui Dynasty.
Based on this, Wei Zhi compiled the Annals of Sui Shu Classics and Records in Tang Dynasty, which became the general catalogue of works before Sui Dynasty, and its position in bibliography was as good as that of Ban Gu's Annals of Han Shu Literature and Art..
6. Religion
Since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism have been collectively called the three religions, occupying a dominant position in the ideological field. Emperor Wendi of Sui advocated reconciling religion and Confucianism, and adopted the strategy of paying equal attention to the three religions, so that Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism could complement each other in governing the country. With the opening of the country, Zoroastrianism, which is popular in West Asia, has also spread widely in China.
At that time, the mainstream Buddhist factions were Tiantai Sect, Sanlunzong Sect and Sanjunzong Sect. The Sui Dynasty * * * built more than 5,000 pagodas, shaped tens of thousands of Buddha statues and translated tens of thousands of Buddhist scriptures, making its spread hundreds of times more than that of Confucianism.
Extended data
From the establishment of the Sui Dynasty by Emperor Wendi in 58 1 A.D. to the strangulation of the Emperor in 6 18 A.D., * * * existed for 37 years, which was a typical short-lived dynasty. However, the historical position of the Sui Dynasty can not be ignored, because many systems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty were established by the Sui Dynasty. Tang Gaozu and Yang Di Yang Guang are also related, so to some extent, the Tang Dynasty is an extension of the Sui Dynasty. For this reason, history books often refer to the Sui and Tang Dynasties as "Sui and Tang Dynasties".
The greatest contributions of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty are as follows: First, the official system was abolished, and the six official systems in Northern Zhou Dynasty were established. Basically inherited after the Tang Dynasty, which is the main content of Japan's reform from the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty also formulated new laws, which contributed to the maturity of feudal laws in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Punishment is no longer as cruel as it was in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
In addition, the establishment of the imperial examination system is another great achievement, which has innovated the way of selecting officials and is more fair and reasonable than the original recommendation.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Sui Dynasty
Baidu Encyclopedia-History of Sui Dynasty