Wang was one of the four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty who wrote more frontier poems. He had several experiences in the army, and he also joined the army during the reign of Emperor Gaozong Xianheng, thus wrote many frontier poems reflecting the life of the army, such as Sunset in the Border Court, Joining the Army, Going Out in Early Autumn, Returning a Friend in the Army, Difficult to Join the Army, Looking at the Military Camp of Su Wencheng, Climbing the Tower in the Army, Being Late, etc. In addition to a few frontier poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Luo created many frontier poems with good quality. The poem not only describes the scenery of the frontier fortress, but also describes the hardships and instability of the life of the soldiers in the army, such as: "Clouds doubt the leaves of the garden, snow is like flowers in the ditch", "Wild geese fly over the autumn, the bay is startled" and "the wind flags fly over the wings." The poem also expresses gratitude for killing the enemy and serving the country, missing Beijing and homesickness. As far as its brushwork is concerned, it covers almost all fields of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, with a wide range of themes and high style. At the same time, other famous writers in the early Tang Dynasty, such as Yang Jiong, Shen Quan, Guo, Li Qiao, Cui Rong and Du Fu, etc. , wrote some frontier poems. The poet yearns for the military life of the frontier fortress, hoping to make contributions to the frontier fortress and serve the country. For example, Yang Jiong said in "Joining the Army": "Xijing is blazing with fire, but his heart is not satisfied. Leaving the palace, the general will assume the command; Surrounding the enemy and attacking the city, the elite cavalry are extremely brave. The heavy snow darkened the color; The wind roared and the drums rang. Better be a centurion than a scholar. " Du Fu's "You Annan" describes the exotic climate and products in a novel and unique way: "The weather is different when crossing the toes, and it is cold and warm at night. The fruit of Zhongdongshan Mountain is ripe, and wild flowers bloom in the first month. Rain and fog, light frost and thunder. My hometown is not only Wan Li, but I think twice. " Some poets who may not have been to frontier fortress also follow the trend to write frontier fortress poems, which became a trend for a while. Reading the poems of this period, the achievement of frontier fortress poetry is a beautiful landscape, which is a prominent part of the poems in the early Tang Dynasty, and has made good preparations for the emergence of frontier fortress poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. ?
The prosperous Tang Dynasty was the heyday of frontier poetry creation, and the famous frontier poetry school appeared. There are not many writers who can be directly classified into this school of poetry. The writers in the prosperous Tang Dynasty who wrote frontier poems are a very large group, and the number of their writers and works is unprecedented. Li Bai and Du Fu, great poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, both created some exquisite frontier poems, which became part of their representative works. For example, Li Bai's Guan Shanyue, Battle of the South of the City, Popular in the North, Humak Song of Youzhou and Song of Xia Sai ... Du Fu's Military Vehicle Shop, First Nine Embankments, Last Five Embankments, Du Gao's Protecting Horses and Wang Changling's Joining the Army. Some poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, such as Han Tao, Liu Changqing, Chang Jian, Chu Guangxi, Zuyong, Liu Wan and Wang Zhihuan, also created a certain number of frontier works. These works have shaped the heroic image of the soldiers in the frontier court who heroically killed the enemy and defended the frontier, and written the spirit of hardship in the frontier and serving the country. The representative writers of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty are Wang Wei, Li Qi, Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling. Among them, Wang Wei, Gao Shi and Cen Can all had rich frontier life experiences: Gao Shi sent troops to the northern expedition to Jimen from the 19th year of Kaiyuan (73 1) to the following year, and once went to Lulongsai; In the ninth year of Tianbao (750), he sent troops to the north of Hebei, returned from the north envoy, and toured the territory of Zhao Yan. In the 11th year of Tianbao (752), he served as the left commander-in-chief and secretary of Chonghan House, Cao, and went to Hexi. In the fifteenth year of Tianbao (756), he took over Tongguan from Geshuhan, and at the end of the year, he served as my ambassador in Huainan, Pengzhou and Zhou Shu, and I served as my ambassador in Jiannan ... These experiences enriched him in military and foreign wars. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan (737), Wang Wei entered Hexi as our ambassador and judge. Cen Can's life experience in Frontier fortress is more abundant. From the solstice winter to the summer of ten years, he lived in Tianbao for eight years (749) and went to Anxi as a subordinate of Gao Xianzhi. In the 13th year of Tianbao (754), Cen Can was appointed by Feng Changqing, our special envoy to the North Hospital, as our envoy for the second expedition. In the first year of Zhide (756), he was appointed as an assistant envoy of North Court. This time I stayed in the North Campus for three years and traveled all over the northwest several times. Their life of joining the army and leaving the fortress greatly enriched their creative themes. The magnificent scenery of the frontier fortress, its geography, traffic, folk customs, ethnic exchanges, songs and dances of ethnic minorities, and music are all fully reflected in their poems, such as "Lonely smoke in the desert, the long river setting the yen", "Like spring breeze, the petals of Wanli pear trees are blown open at night", "Until dusk, the snow crushed our tent, and our frozen red flag could not fly in the wind". There are some magnificent, magnificent, patriotic and colorful chapters in their poems, and at the same time they miss the hardships of life in their hometown and frontier soldiers, which are deeply reflected in their poems. Although Li Qi and Wang Changling didn't have the experience of joining the army and living in frontier fortress, they wrote new ideas with the old saying Yuefu, and integrated the breath of the prosperous Tang Dynasty into their frontier fortress poems. These poems are inspiring and inspiring. After thousands of years, they are still full of vitality, becoming the strong voice of patriotism and the concentrated expression of the national spirit of the Chinese nation.
Frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty are usually regarded as the peak and end of frontier poems in the Tang Dynasty. In fact, the creation of frontier fortress poems continued throughout the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Although there was no recognized frontier poetry school in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, there were no fewer poets engaged in frontier poetry creation than in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. During this period, famous poets such as Lu Lun, Li Yi, Bai Juyi, Li He, Du Mu, Li Shangyin, Zhang Ji and Jincon all wrote many frontier poems, while more poets wrote some frontier poems (especially Yuefu poems with frontier themes), including Lang Shiyuan, Liu and Jincon. Some poets have few masterpieces, but some frontier poems (such as Chen Tao, Jin Changxu, Xu Tang, etc. Mr. Dong Naibin even found that "all writers in the middle and late Tang Dynasty who have more than one volume of poems have written some works directly or indirectly related to frontier life." ?
In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, there were serious internal and external troubles. Although the war at this time is more a war between the imperial court and the separatist provinces, as well as a war between provinces. There were also many foreign wars during this period. After the Anshi Rebellion, the national strength of the Tang Dynasty declined gradually, and the central government gradually lost control of the remote areas. For example, Tubo moved eastward on a large scale, and Longyou, Hehuang and other places fell one after another, and more than ten states including Zhi, Qin, Cheng and Tao all fell. In the past, Anxi and Beiting areas where Cen Can lived belonged to Tubo. Therefore, it reflects the demand of recovering lost land, the fact that Han people were forced to change from vulgarity to vulgarity, and the number of works reflecting the good old friends has increased significantly. For example, Du Mu's Early Goose, Hehuang, Bai Juyi's Xi Liang Ji and Zhang Ji's Leading Star are all the same. These poems are quite similar to the patriotic poems of the Southern Song Dynasty, with a gloomy and sad tone. They faced up to the cold reality and expressed their strong desire to save the country and the people in the occupied areas, closely focusing on the theme of national territorial integrity and border security, which was similar to the Southern Song Dynasty. ?
Compared with the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the themes of frontier poems in the middle and late Tang Dynasty are also pioneering, such as reflecting the frontier life in the south, such as Shi Jian Wu's "Going to the Island", Wang Jian's "Songs of the Sea People" and Li Shangyin's "Different Customs". Compared with the prosperous Tang Dynasty, frontier poems were limited to the northeast and northwest. In addition, it reflects that the officers and men in the army are suffering unevenly, the court rewards and punishments are unknown, and Princess Taihe returned to Chang 'an from Uighur. Shang Liu's Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia clearly wrote: "The Han Dynasty declined, the four barbarians were not accepted, and wars were frequent." "Once Hu rode into China, the yellow race and the yellow race would see Hu people everywhere." The poem wrote that there was no painful experience of barbarians. Another example is Si Kongtu's "Hehuang Feelings": "Zeng Xiao fought with the dust, and Hehuang broke the spring in a foreign land. Han Er speaks in Hull, but scolds the Han people in Chengtou. " The situation reflected in the poem is definitely not found in the frontier poems in the early Tang Dynasty, which reminds people of "How much is my father in Chang 'an today?" In Chen Jia's He Xinlang. No complaints and no snow after death, but still not dry, born at that time! "The descendants born in these enemy-occupied areas have lost their original national consciousness because of their age, and they have not asked to return to their motherland. This is what the poet is most worried about. The arguments in the poem are also full of sadness and anger. ?
It is also an indisputable fact that there were no frontier poets, Li, Gao, Cen and Wang Changling in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. However, it is an indisputable fact that frontier poems in this period not only strengthened their sharpness and profundity, but also expanded the subject matter they reflected. ?
Frontier poems in Tang Dynasty run through the whole process of early stage, prosperous stage, middle stage and late stage. The general situation is as follows: writers who have personal frontier life experience and military life experience create frontier poems from their own experiences, and also use indirect materials to create old tunes with some old Yuefu poems. This kind of Yuefu poetry has different connotations in different periods. Obviously, there are many writers in the latter, including Li Bai, Du Fu and Gao Shi. Because of the different national strength, the victory and defeat in foreign wars are also different. Frontier poems in the early prosperous Tang Dynasty were full of high-spirited and vigorous style, while in the early middle Tang Dynasty, there were still different voices, and in the late middle and late Tang Dynasty, there were only admiration for the past grand occasion and lament for the bleak reality. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, frontier poems have always been the most profound, imaginative and artistic part of Tang poetry. ?
Personally, I think it is very important to look at the people's martial arts plot at that time from frontier fortress poems, and we must not ignore the writing background of the poets at that time. It's very simple, touching the scene can become touching the scene here ... So, when you read different frontier poems, you must start with the historical background of the poet's period. Only in this way can you have the opportunity to experience and ponder as a "person at that time"
In addition, I think I can tell you the background of frontier poems, hoping it will help you.
First, some poets are usually angry and depressed. Seeing that the frontier fortress was in flames of war, they wanted to devote themselves to serving the country, but they couldn't start, so the depressed feelings accumulated in their hearts became the embryonic form of frontier fortress poems.
Secondly, with hopeless dedication and inspired by the victory of the national army, we did so generously. On the one hand, we let the feelings accumulated in our hearts be released and expressed, on the other hand, we also want to encourage the national army to make persistent efforts and strive to recover more mountains and rivers. ...
Third, when the country loses again and again, it is angry, worried and sad. This kind of poetry is often based on the premise that the country is invaded, which may show sadness, and it is more likely to describe some decadent scenes after the war at the beginning, and then directly attack the incumbent at the end of the conversation.
That's all I thought of. Everyone likes stories and wants to communicate more.