What is the historical story of hazelnut?

Hazelnut Hazelnut is a plant of the genus Hazelnut in betulaceae. There are 8 species and 2 varieties of Corylus in China. Among them, the wild resources of Corylus heterophylla are widely distributed and large in quantity. 1. Distribution There are abundant wild hazelnuts in northern China. According to incomplete statistics, there were about 6,543.8+0,667 mu of hazelnut forest in the northeast in 1950s, with an annual output of more than 25 million kilograms, which sold well at home and abroad. However, due to the lack of management, the wild hazelnut is small and poor in quality, which does not meet the market demand and develops slowly. Corylus heterophylla has been cultivated in foreign countries, West Asia, Europe, Mediterranean coast, North America and other countries for more than 700 years. There are many excellent varieties, which are one of the four major nuts in the international trade market. In order to develop China's hazel cultivation industry, Liaoning Institute of Economic Forestry began to introduce European hazel varieties for trial planting in the 1970s, and cultivated new varieties suitable for China's cultivation through seedling domestication, and hybridized with Corylus terrestris, which originated in China, to cultivate new hybrid varieties with cold resistance, high yield and large fruit. These varieties (lines) are suitable for planting in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins south of 36 north latitude in China and their similar climate areas, and have developed greatly in recent years. Second, the cultivation significance of hazelnut is a kind of tree species with wide uses and high economic value. According to the analysis, hazelnut kernel contains fat 5 1.4% ~ 66.4%, protein 17.32% ~ 25.92%, carbohydrate 6.6%, water 2.8% ~ 5.8%, and various vitamins and minerals. Vitamins C, VE and VB are dissolved in hazelnut oil. Hazelnut can be eaten raw or fried, which is not only delicious, but also high in calories. In the food industry, hazelnut is a high-quality raw material for processed foods such as chocolate, candy and cake. Hazelnut is also the raw material for extracting edible oil and various industrial oils, and its oil content is about 54%, which is 2 ~ 3 times that of soybean. Hazelnut can also be used as medicine. Oil meal can be used as feed or fertilizer, and fruit shell is the raw material for making activated carbon. Bark and bract leaves contain tannin (8.5% ~ 14.5%) for tanning and baking glue, and hazelnut leaves can raise silkworms. Wood can be used to make walking sticks, umbrella handles and so on. Third, the cultivation characteristics of hazelnut flowers are monoecious, that is, unisexual flowers, which bloom first and then leave. Male flowers are catkin inflorescences, which are inserted between leaf axils in the middle and upper parts of new branches, while female flowers are head inflorescences, which are inserted in the middle and upper parts of annual branches or the top of short branches and pollinated by wind. Therefore, hazel trees should be planted with the same or similar varieties as pollination trees. Generally, three varieties are suitable for the same garden, and the ratio can be 5 ~ 6:1. Different kinds of hazelnuts need different temperatures. Ou Zhen likes warm and humid climate. Suitable for areas with average temperature 13 ~ 15℃, absolute minimum temperature-10℃ and extreme maximum temperature of 38℃. The hybrid Corylus heterophylla is colder than Corylus heterophylla, and it is suitable for cultivation in areas where the annual average temperature is 7.5 ~ 13℃ and the lowest temperature can reach -30℃. Hazelnut is a light-loving plant, and the annual sunshine hours are generally required to be more than 2 100 hours, otherwise flower buds will form less and the yield will be low. Hazelnut trees like to grow on fertile sandy loam with good ventilation, especially flat-European hybrids have high requirements on soil, and hazelnut orchards are not suitable for dry sandy soil, cohesive soil, marshland, saline-alkali land and low-lying land. The soil pH value of Corylus heterophylla is 6.5 ~ 7.5, and that of Corylus heterophylla is 5.5 ~ 7. Branches of hazelnut are easy to take root, and adventitious buds are easy to germinate roots and tillers. Therefore, layering or grafting propagation is usually used to cultivate seedlings. In early spring, the annual strong sprouting branches are used for layering, and in June, the annual tender branches are used for layering. Grafting seedlings are mostly based on hazel seedlings. Hazelnut is easy to drop flowers and fruits, and the rate of empty kernels is high. The main preventive measures are as follows: ① Select excellent mother trees when breeding and raising seedlings; (2) When the garden is built, pollination trees are arranged, supplemented by artificial pollination; ③ Strengthening management and adequate nutrition. 4. The maturity of hazelnut in harvesting, storage, processing and market is closely related to species, varieties and climatic conditions. Generally, it takes 147 ~ 176 days from female pollination to nut ripening. Because the nuts on the periphery and top of the same tree ripen first, and the lower part and inner chamber are late, they should be harvested in stages in production. The picked hazelnuts with bracts were fermented for 1 ~ 2 days, and then shelled with a stick to remove impurities and dried to obtain commercial hazelnuts. Hazelnut should be stored at low temperature, low oxygen, dry and protected from light. The suitable temperature is below 65438 05℃ and the relative humidity is below 60%. Otherwise, the "spicy taste" produced by fat conversion cannot be eaten. The hazelnut processing industry in China is still very backward. For example, the processing of hazelnuts in Italy is divided into five categories and dozens of products, not only fried in shells, but also a variety of advanced raw materials for candy and food. With the development of food industry and the improvement of people's living standards in China, hazelnut market has broad prospects. The Chinese herbal medicine Corylus heterophylla has different names: Xunzi (seeking the grassland), Pingzhen (illustration of common trees in Hebei) and Fanli (tree taxonomy in China). The source is the kernel of betulaceae hazelnut. Plant morphology: Corylus heterophylla (Book of Songs), deciduous shrub or small tree, 1 ~ 7 meters high. Leaves alternate; Broad ovoid to broad obovate, 5 ~13cm long and 4 ~ 7cm wide, with a nearly truncated top, sharp corners, rounded or heart-shaped base, irregular double serrations on the edge, hairless top and pubescent lower veins; Petiole length 1 ~ 2 cm, densely hairy; Stipules are small and fall off early. Flowers are unisexual, monoecious, and the first leaf is open; Male flower is cauliflower inflorescence, cylindrical, 5 ~ 10 cm long, each bract has 2 secondary bracts with fine hairs, sharp apex, bright purplish brown, 8 stamens and medicinal yellow; The female flower has 2 ~ 6 clustered branches, which are wrapped by scales and buds when flowering, only the style is exposed, and there are 2 red styles. Nutlets are nearly spherical, with a diameter of about 0.7 ~ 1.5 cm, light brown, leaflike or bell-shaped involucre, formed by (1 ~) 2 bracts, slightly lobed at the edge, almost completely split and hairy. The flowering period is from April to May. Fruit-bearing period: September ~ 65438+ 10. In the jungle on the shady slope of the mountain. Distributed in Northeast China, North China, Shaanxi, Gansu and other places. Hazelnut seeds. Chuan Zhen can also be used as medicine. Main characteristics of camphor tree. The top of Chuanzhen's leaf is not as flat as normal, sometimes it is round, and a long or short tip appears from it, which is hairy above and hairless or almost hairless below; Involucre lobes are usually toothed. Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang. The collected fruits are easy to fall off when they are ripe, so they should be picked in time and dried to remove the involucre and shell. Chemical composition Nut contains carbohydrate 16.5%, protein 16.2 ~ 18%, fat 50.6 ~ 77% and ash 3.5%. Fruit contains starch 15%. The leaves contain 5.95 ~ 14.58% tannin. Sex is sweet and plain. 1 "Kaibao Materia Medica": "Sweet, flat and non-toxic." ② Outline of Medical Forest: "Sweet and salty, flat." Functions: regulating the middle, stimulating appetite and improving eyesight. (1) Cui Yuxi's "Eating Classics": "The eyesight of eating is clear, except for the three worms." (2) "Japanese Herbs": "Fat white people, stop hunger, adjust the middle, appetizing." (3) "Kaibao Materia Medica": "Main qi and blood, wide stomach, people are not hungry, walk." Oral administration and dosage: decoction,1~ 2; Let's grind it. After treatment, the prescription is weak, eating less and being tired: hazelnut, yam, codonopsis pilosula, dried tangerine peel and San Qian. Decoct with water. (Ningxia Chinese Herbal Medicine Manual) The name of how hazelnuts eat hazelnut porridge has all the characteristics of the cuisine to which hazelnut porridge belongs, benefiting qi and widening the stomach. Can be used for treating diarrhea and warming middle warmer caused by spleen and stomach qi deficiency. There are more hazelnuts, 50 grams of glutinous rice and a little source of honey. In the process of making the new edition of Jizhong, hazelnuts are peeled with water, filtered with water mill, and then boiled with glutinous rice into porridge. Usage: Mix honey when eating, especially for long-term consumption. Stir-fried hazelnuts stir-fried hazelnuts 1. Composition: 1. Ingredients: hazelnut kernel100g. 2. Seasoning: salt and oil. Second, the method: remove impurities from hazelnut kernels, wash and dry them, and pickle them with salt water. A few hours, remove and drain, fry in oil pan until golden brown, and remove. Press: Fried hazelnut kernel is rich in protein, fat, sugar and other nutrients, which has the function of promoting fluid production and moistening throat. It is suitable for quenching thirst, dysentery and other diseases. Secret Hazelnut Sauce Secret Hazelnut Sauce Ingredients: Cooked Hazelnut, Chicken Leg Meat Accessories: Honey Beans, Cucumber, Eggs, Peanuts Seasonings: Onion, Ginger, Garlic, Salt, Soy Sauce, Water Starch, Edible Oil, Oyster Sauce, Cooking Wine, Sesame Oil and Sugar Practice: 1. Crushing hazelnuts and peanuts, adding Chili oil and salt to make a sauce. 2. Dice the chicken leg, add chicken essence, egg white, salt and water starch and marinate for a while; 3. Put oil in the pot, add onion, ginger and garlic until fragrant, add diced chicken and stir-fry until it becomes discolored, add sauce, salt, sugar, cooking wine, oyster sauce, soy sauce and chicken essence, add cooked hazelnut, honey beans and diced cucumber, add sesame oil, thicken and stir-fry evenly, and take out the pot. Features: hazelnut is a kind of nutritious and delicious nut, which is made into meat sauce with other ingredients, thick and delicious. Hazelnut, also known as famous chestnut, pointed chestnut, pestle and so on. Its fruit is shaped like chestnut, with hard shell, fat and white kernel, round, rich fragrance, high oil content, especially delicious to eat and long aftertaste, so it has become the most popular nut food and is called "the king of nuts". Hazelnut is rich in nutrition. In addition to protein, fat and sugar, nuts are also rich in carotene and vitamins B 1, B2 and E, and the contents of calcium, phosphorus and iron are higher than other nuts. ≮ Efficiency ≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯𕫯𕫯𕫯𕫯 Hazelnut contains paclitaxel, an anticancer chemical, which is the active ingredient in paclitaxel. This medicine can treat ovarian cancer, breast cancer and other cancers, and prolong the life span of patients. Chinese medicine believes that hazelnut has the effects of invigorating spleen and stomach, benefiting qi and improving eyesight, and walking, and is quite beneficial to symptoms of deficiency of lung and kidney such as thirst, night sweats and frequent micturition at night. ≮ Suitable for people ≯ Ordinary people can eat it. It is also a nut tonic suitable for cancer and diabetes patients. ≮ Usage ≯ 20 capsules at a time. ≮ Special note ≯ It is not suitable for eating after a long storage time. ≮≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯≯𕫯𕫯𕫯≯≯≯≯̯8