Broadly speaking, expression refers to the special sentence organization used by the author when writing words and expressing thoughts and feelings. By analyzing a work, we can grasp its special performance from point to surface. First, there are many rhetorical skills of words and sentences, including metaphor, symbol, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, contrast, personification, allusions and so on. When grasping its expression from the whole work, we should pay attention to different styles of works:
There are 63 categories and 78 subcategories of known rhetorical devices.
There are metaphors: simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor (also known as compound metaphor), antonym (also known as antithesis), anti-metaphor, mutual metaphor (also known as metonymy), metaphor (also known as strong metaphor), metaphor, embellishment metaphor and quotation metaphor;
etc
Writing techniques belong to artistic expression techniques (that is, artistic techniques and expression techniques, including expression techniques (skills)), which are commonly used: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, suspense, care, association, imagination, combination of suppression, combination of point and surface, combination of static and dynamic, combination of narration and discussion, blending of scenes, comparison and contrast, bedding, expressing meaning with objects and describing details. Expression is common narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation. (In fact, it also belongs to artistic expression).
There are 63 categories and 78 subcategories of known rhetorical devices.
There are metaphors: simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor (also known as compound metaphor), antonym (also known as antithesis), anti-metaphor, mutual metaphor (also known as metonymy), metaphor (also known as strong metaphor), metaphor, embellishment metaphor and quotation metaphor;
There are sketch, analogy (also called contrast), avoiding repetition, changing use, layering, padding (also called contrast), setting off (also called contrast, setting off), inversion, inversion, reduplication, truthfulness (also called thimble and couplet), contrast, antithesis (also called duality, team warfare and parallelism)
There are overlapping intricacies, compound deviation, * * use, combination, call, intertextuality, conversion, palindrome, demotion, metonymy, rhetorical questions, ambiguity, parallelism, antithesis, imitation (also divided into imitation, imitation), list, connection and exaggeration.
2. What are the expressions of Chinese in senior high school? There are three levels of expression in literary works:
(1) Rhetoric methods: metaphor, personification, rhetorical questions, metonymy, antithesis, exaggeration, setting off, allusions, translation, intertextuality, repetition, etc.
(2) Expression: narration, discussion, description and lyricism.
Performance: the imagery and lyricism of poetry should be expressed by various artistic techniques, and some common artistic techniques should be known. Poetry mainly uses narration, description, discussion and lyric, among which description and lyric are the key points. Lyrics can be divided into direct lyricism (direct expression of mind); Indirect lyricism (borrowing scenery to express feelings, supporting things to express feelings, and blending scenes). Description: Dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination, point and surface combination, light and shade combination, front side combination, sound and emotion combination, rough drawing, meticulous painting, etc.
Expression techniques: Fu, Bi and Xing; Restrain change, elaborate description, symbolic association, etc.
⑶. Text structure: The first sentence is the title, which comes straight to the point, writes the theme, expresses one's ambition, bonds feelings with the scenery, gives an appropriate total score, sees the big from the small, deepens at different levels, takes care of the transition, and paves the way.
3. What are the common expression skills and ways of Chinese reading in senior high school? In poetry appreciation, expressive techniques are often expressive techniques and artistic techniques.
The expression skills include: rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, exaggeration, duality, contrast, metonymy, contrast 1, and expression methods: description, discussion and lyricism. Lyricism includes direct lyric and indirect lyric.
Direct lyric and indirect lyric. Direct lyric is a direct expression of one's mind, while indirect lyric includes borrowing scenery to express feelings, blending scenes and cherishing the past and hurting the present.
2. Writing techniques (expression techniques): symbolism, association, imagination, sketching, setting off, contrast, expressing meaning, lyricism by scenery, and lyricism by scenery. 2. In appreciating the reading of modern literature, the expressions are: 1, and the expressions are: narration, explanation, discussion, lyricism and description. 2. Expression techniques: imagination, association, analogy, symbol and baking.
4. In order to read high school Chinese texts or ancient prose, we should climb up from the vast sky in the strong wind. Apes are sobbing, birds are flying home on clear lakes and white beaches, leaves are falling like the waves of waterfalls, and I watch the long river always roll forward. I have walked 3,000 miles. This autumn is sad and bitter for a hundred years. I climbed this peak alone. Bad luck has formed a bitter frost on my temples. Heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine, from the aspects of wording, expression and rhetoric. This poem was written in the autumn of 767, the second year of Tang Daizong Dali. By that time, the Anshi Rebellion had ended for four years. However, local warlords took the opportunity to compete for territory with each other. Du Fu entered the Yanwu shogunate and relied on Yanwu. Unfortunately, Yanwu died soon, which made him lose his dependence. He had to leave Chengdu Caotang, which had been in business for five or six years, and bought a boat to go south. He wanted to go straight to Kuimen, but he stayed in Yun 'an for several months before he arrived in Kuizhou. He couldn't have lived here for three years without the care of the local governor. My health is also very bad. This poem was written by a 56-year-old poet in this extremely embarrassing situation. On that day, he boarded the high platform outside Bai Di, Kuizhou, and climbed up to watch with mixed feelings. What he saw in his eyes aroused his feelings. Qiu Jiang's bleak scenery triggered the feeling that his life experience was wandering, permeated with his old illness and lonely sadness. So there is this epic poem, which is known as "the first 17-word law in ancient and modern times". This sentence explains that the sharp wind apes whimper from the vast sky and birds fly home to the clear lakes and white beaches. The weather is high and windy, the autumn wind is cold, and the ape cries and cries, very sad. Clear river, white beach, seagulls die at low altitude. The first two sentences still rhyme, and each sentence is self-correcting, without any name. This is what the poet saw when he climbed the mountain, which constitutes a sad picture of autumn scenery and sets the tone for the whole poem. Looking up, Jiang Tian was originally open, but in the poet's pen, he strongly felt: the sadness of the wind and the mourning of apes. It seems that nothing knows the arrival of autumn. "The wind is urgent", Kuizhou is located at the mouth of Qutang Gorge, the head of the Three Gorges, and is famous for its rapid water and strong wind. "Apes wail", there are many apes in Wuxia. The local folk song says, "The Wuxia Gorge of the Three Gorges in Badong is long, and the apes crow three times and touch the clothes." Zhu is a small piece of land in the water. The flowing Yangtze River is surging and rolling forward. Couplets are famous sentences throughout the ages, describing the solemn, bleak and vast scenery in autumn. When you look up, you bow your head. "Boundless" magnified the appearance of fallen leaves, and the falling of "rustling" accelerated the falling speed. While writing about the scenery, I deeply express my feelings. At the same time, it reminds people of the disappearance and limitation of life and the infinity and eternity of the universe. Through the gloomy and sad dialogue, the poet's superb brushwork is displayed, and he has the majestic momentum of "building a raft to travel in Sakamoto" and "injecting all rivers into the east". The predecessors praised it as "a unique step in ancient and modern times." I came from three thousand miles away. Sad this autumn, with my hundred years of sorrow, I climbed this height alone. I wandered thousands of miles away and lived in other places all the year round. For this, autumn scenery, I've been sick since I was born, and now I'm alone on the high platform. Neck couplet is a high summary of the poet's life and a frustrated god. The poet writes from two aspects: space (Wan Li) and time (a hundred years), and combines the feelings of a long-time guest who is most likely to be ill in autumn and go on stage alone into a vast and muddled dialogue, which makes people deeply feel his heavy emotional pulse. The language is extremely concise. Sad autumn, when sad; Be a guest and travel; Frequent visitors, long-distance travel; For a hundred years, teeth are dying; Sick and sick; Taiwan, high also; Alone on the stage, no relatives or friends; There are eight meanings between the fourteen characters, and the antithesis is extremely accurate. "Eight meanings" are eight tragedies: being a guest in a foreign country is sad; Frequent visitors, two sorrows; Wan Li is a guest, three sorrows; When the bleak autumn, four people are sad; A few years have passed, nothing has been achieved, and five are sad; The death of relatives and friends is six sorrows; It's sad to go to Deng alone; Being sick makes me sad. Bad luck has formed a bitter frost on my temples, and heartache and fatigue are a thick dust in my wine. Times are hard and life is hard. I often hate my sideburns Bai Rushuang; Turbid wine leads to sorrow, and it is difficult to give up drinking. At the end, the couplets turn to lament the trivial things around them, which is in sharp contrast with the majestic world like the opening "Songs of the South". "Bitterness and hatred" means deep sorrow and hatred. "Down and out" means that you are still depressed and depressed. The new turbid glass: generally interpreted as abstinence, inappropriate ... Without friends and relatives, I slowly lifted the glass to relieve my worries and stopped at my mouth-my body could not bear it. I have been drinking all the time, never stopped drinking, and I can't help but feel dumbfounded at my physical and mental decline. New refers to the first appearance. Compared with sake, "turbid wine" is a kind of inferior wine, just like rice wine today. It was called "Laozi" in ancient times. This is a seven-character poem that best represents Du Fu's desolate and vast scene and boundless momentum. The first two couplets are about climbing the mountain and smelling the scenery, while the last two couplets express the feeling of climbing the mountain. Choosing scenery with emotion and blending with scenery fully expresses the poet's complex feelings of wandering for many years, worrying about the country and hurting the time, being sick and lonely, but his style is magnificent in Gao Shuang. They are all right. The first two sentences are self-correcting, which can be described as "every sentence is regular, and every sentence is regular". As far as the scenery is concerned, there are meticulous descriptions (the first part) to write the shape, sound, color and state of six kinds of scenery, such as wind, sky, ape, island, sand and bird, with only one word for each scene. There are a lot of freehand brushwork couplets to convey the charm of autumn. The lyrics have been written for a long time, and they are written about the memories of "often visiting"; At the end of the trip, there is a horizontal bar that says "Wan Li Solo". From wandering all my life to the decay of my soul, I finally attributed the hardships of the times to the root of poverty. The use of this intricate technique has made the poet feel sick and lonely when he is worried about the country and the people. No wonder Hu Yinglin's poems in Ming Dynasty said that the whole poem was sad and tragic.
5. What are the expressive techniques and rhetorical devices of Chinese in senior high school? (3) Expression: In a broad sense, expression is a special sentence organization method used by the author in writing words and expressing thoughts and feelings. (1) Rendering and contrast rendering are originally a technique of Chinese painting. Where it needs to be emphasized, the picture is painted with ink or light color to show the image of yin and yang, so as to enhance the artistic effect.
Poetry is often used to describe the environment, scenery and so on. These descriptions are positive in many ways to highlight the image. For example, Meng Haoran's "Early Cold Feelings": "The wood falls to the south, and the water is cold with the north wind.
My hometown is Xiangshui District, a southern country surrounded by clouds. I walked forward. I cried until my tears ran out and I returned to the sky.
Ask in advance, it's getting rough. It is getting dark. "This poem is about the poet's homesickness and confusion about the future when he roams the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the cold and autumn.
The first pair of couplets, "Wild geese fly south, the water is cold with the north wind", describes the scene of late autumn. The leaves of konoha gradually fall off, the geese in the north fly, and the north wind howls, rendering a cold and sad atmosphere in autumn.
Poets grasp the most representative things to describe the autumn chill from the front, which is a rendering technique. Contrast is a traditional landscape painting technique in China, in which ink or color is used to draw outside the outline of the object, making the object stand out obviously.
Used in poetry, it refers to deliberately describing from the side, as a foil, to make the things to be expressed more vivid and prominent. For example, Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity (I): "Jade dew withers and hurts the maple forest, and Wushan Wuxia is angry.
Between the river and the sky, the waves are rough and the clouds are covered with fog. Cong Ju shed tears the other day. She was alone in the boat.
Cold clothes push knives and rulers everywhere, and Baidicheng is anxious. "The first couplet focuses on the big picture and writes the bleak scene of Xiao Killing in late autumn, while the couplet writes about the things of heaven and earth, the river is cut off, the waves are everywhere, and it is turbulent and depressed, vividly showing the ups and downs of the poet's worries and bumps.
These scenery descriptions are intentional from the side, with pen and ink on the scenery, but actually vividly contrast the poet's thoughts and feelings, which is a foil technique. Many times, the theory of rendering contrast does not mean that the two can be equal, but only that the two expressions are often closely combined.
Especially in poetry works that express feelings through scenery, it is often used to describe the scenery and shape the artistic conception first, and then to set off the feelings of the characters through the scenery (artistic conception). Like Meng Haoran's "Early Cold Feeling" above, it first renders a cold and bleak atmosphere in autumn, and then through this atmosphere, it sets off the poet's homesickness and gloom about the future.
Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity (Part I) first rendered a gloomy and tragic atmosphere, and then used this atmosphere to set off his inner feelings. Second, contrast and contrast is to use the approximate or opposite conditions between things to highlight the things to be expressed by setting off some things.
It can make the things that are set off more prominent and vivid. There are two types of foil: positive and negative.
Using similar conditions of things to set off is positive contrast; To set off with the opposite conditions of things is to contrast. It emphasizes "lining" one by comparison.
For example, Cui Hu's titled "Village in the South of the City": "Last year today, at this gate, peach blossoms set each other off. People don't know where to go, and peach blossoms are still smiling in the spring breeze. "
This is a lyric poem. In the seemingly narrative, by comparing last year's today with this year's today, the author highlights the sentimental feeling that this year's peach blossom is "still" and the face is no longer at this moment. The key point here is to set off (contrast) this year's loneliness, sadness and helplessness by comparing with last year's joy! Contrast is to compare things, or scenery, or environment, or characters, or emotional expression, so that people can feel something from it, convey the poet's intention more strongly and clearly, and enhance the artistic effect.
It emphasizes expressing a certain meaning more clearly and strongly through comparison. For example, Li Bai's "Visiting Yue Gu": "The Yue King Gou Jian broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers went home.
Maid-in-waiting is like a flower in Man Chun Hall. At present, only partridges fly. The poet uses the method of contrast to form a strong contrast between the past and the present, so that readers can clearly feel the impermanence of the rise and fall of history.
The key point here is to make people feel a certain philosophy clearly and strongly through the comparison between the past and the present, rather than highlighting one of them. Contrast and contrast have the meaning of contrast, and they are all done by comparing something (or image or emotion).
But contrast is limited to the contrast of relative things (or images or emotions), and contrast can also be the contrast of similar things (or images or emotions). The foothold of comparison through comparison does not lie in either side of comparison, but shows some emotional understanding from comparison; The foothold of contrast is to highlight the side of mutual contrast.
Thirdly, foil and foil have been introduced before. No matter what kind of foil it is, it emphasizes that two things make one of them stand out more by comparison.
Stay in a "lining", with special emphasis on things that are similar or relative. For example, in Cui Hu's "South Village of the Capital" mentioned earlier, the poet compared two relative scenes, namely "Peach Blossom's face is red" and "Peach Blossom still smiles at the spring breeze when its face is unknown" to express his inner disappointment and loneliness.
Through the comparison of these two things with the same quality, highlight the sadness of today this year with the joy of today last year. I have also introduced contrast before, emphasizing the description or arrangement of a thing from the side to make its image more prominent.
Landing is not necessarily something similar or relative, but emphasizes "baking" things horizontally. For example, Meng Haoran's "Early Cold Feeling" mentioned earlier, the first two couplets describe the scenery and render the artistic atmosphere; The last two couplets express their homesickness and gloomy future.
Although artistic conception style and artistic conception have internal similarities, they are not similar or relative to "quality", and there is no relationship between highlighting one side through comparison, so they are not foil. The cold and sad artistic atmosphere is like an external decoration for the author's mood and emotion. This artistic atmosphere exudes the author's inner anxiety and confusion. Although it seems to be writing a scene, it is actually describing the author's emotions from the side and outside.
Therefore, the description of scenery and the rendering of artistic conception are a foil to the author's emotional expression. Both foil and contrast focus on "support", even if it is to highlight something, an image or an emotion.
But the means of the two are different, and the contrast is mainly through.
6. All expressions of high school Chinese and their meanings: Fu, Bi and Xing; Restrain change, elaborate description, symbolic association, etc.
Summary of the poetic expression techniques used in Chinese textbooks for senior high schools: writing static by moving, writing joyful scenes and writing lofty sentiments. There are many contrasts between the words "Qinyuanchun Changsha", which makes the depicted image vivid. For example, "Wan Shanhong Edge" and "Man Jiang Bi Tou" are mainly color contrast; The contrast between Eagle Strikes the Sky and Fish Shallow, Pointing at the Jiangshan and Inspirational Words is mainly in action. Xuedi Xuemei and Wan Huhou are obviously better than Fang. There is an implicit contrast between the freedom in Ten Thousand Frosts and the oppression of the people (not specified in the text); The use of contrast is expressive, the artistic conception of language is vivid, and the flowing picture beauty supports and symbolizes "stagnant water"; The use of irony, the language color of painting beauty; Realism and symbolism are intertwined; Give up its shape and pass on its god "old horse"; The symbolic novel Motherland, My Dear Motherland; Profound philosophy "Mountain People"; Irony and exaggeration in The Mountain Man: Review and compare Feng Wei; Fu Bixing's technique of expression; Repeatedly rhyming, repeatedly chanting "no clothes"; Empathy for Li Sao; Comparison of bedding, the beginning and end of Peacock Flying Southeast; A comparative description of the past and the present, "Vietnam's visit to the ancient times"; Put the feelings and scenery of "Stone Town" together; Scenes blend and the weather is magnificent. Express one's feelings through the ancient "book fragrance"; Visualize the abstract feelings "when is the spring flowers and the autumn moon"; The writing of melting feelings into the scene is "Yulin makes people feel sad"; Virtual and real "Yulin chilling"; Set off and set off Niannujiao Chibi nostalgia; Appreciate the emotional interest of the poem "Queqiao Xian"; Fresh and delicate style "a piece of plum red crisp hand"; In the words, there is "Yong Yule Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia"; The writing method of "Yangzhou Manhuai ZuoDu Ming" is different: the expressive skills of literary appreciation works have three levels: (1) Rhetorical methods: metaphor, personification, rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions, metonymy, duality, exaggeration, setting off, allusions, translation, intertextuality, repetition and so on. ; (2) Expression: narration, discussion, description and lyricism.
Performance: the imagery and lyricism of poetry should be expressed by various artistic techniques, and some common artistic techniques should be known. Poetry mainly uses narration, description, discussion and lyric, among which description and lyric are the key points.
Lyrics can be divided into direct lyricism (direct expression of mind); Indirect lyricism (borrowing scenery to express feelings, supporting things to express feelings, and blending scenes). Description: Dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination, point and surface combination, light and shade combination, front side combination, sound and emotion combination, rough drawing and meticulous painting combination.
7. High school Chinese expression skills and their functions. Please list the expression skills (followed by their functions). Rhetoric: Metaphor: vivid image, simplification, vividness, concreteness, intangibility and conciseness. Exaggeration: highlighting characteristics and strengthening feelings; Set off the atmosphere and enhance the appeal. Anthropomorphic: being human, kind and natural; Vivid and concrete image. Duality: symmetrical structure and neat form; The rhythm is distinct and the chapter is harmonious; Highly generalized and expressed. Parallelism: compact structure and good cohesion of articles; Enhance the momentum of the article and enhance the appeal of the article. Repeat: highlight the content, strengthen the feelings and enhance the appeal. Metonymy: Lively and lively, which makes the evaluation vivid and helps to express the author's thoughts and feelings. Set questions: ask questions to attract attention; Inspire thinking and deepen understanding. Rhetorical question: strengthen the tone and aggravate the language situation; Stimulate feelings and deepen impressions. Quote: add meaning to the sentence, enrich the content of the article and enhance the persuasiveness. Pun: implicit expression, rich in meaning. Contrast, contrast (positive contrast, negative contrast): highlight the characteristics of the described things and highlight some feelings of the author. Deepen the theme of the article. Expression techniques: scene blending, borrowing scenery to express emotion: rendering atmosphere, promoting plot development, contrasting characters' psychology, contrasting characters' images, symbolizing social environment and contrasting thoughts and feelings. Holding things to express one's will (symbol), combining reality with reality: make the expression more implicit, intentional and implicit, and make the article rich in connotation, philosophy and inspiration. Combine static and dynamic, and turn static into dynamic. Full of appeal. Contrast and contrast (positive contrast and negative contrast): highlight the characteristics of the things described, highlight some feelings of the author, and deepen the theme of the article. Sketch: concise, without rendering and contrast, with concise and vivid expression effect. Detail description: highlight the main characteristics of things, enrich the content of the article and express feelings easily. Suppression: first suppress, then promote or suppress first, its function is
8. How to answer the questions of classical Chinese reading and ancient poetry reading in senior high school? The reading of classical Chinese mainly depends on the usual accumulation, and the usual reading of classical Chinese has the following points: ① the usage of function words in classical Chinese; ② Common words; 3 words with different meanings in ancient and modern times; ④ Special sentence patterns. Do a good job in these aspects, and then read more books at ordinary times, and there will be no problem.
As for the common expressions and functions involved in the reading of ancient poems, there are mainly the following points: ① Comparison. There are vertical and horizontal contrasts. The so-called vertical contrast is the contrast between ancient and modern times. For example, a maid-in-waiting is like a palace full of spring. Today only partridges can fly. The function of this contrast is mainly to miss the past and hurt the present. The horizontal contrast is the comparison between today and today, such as the smelly wine and meat in Zhumen and the frozen bones on the road. This contrast is mostly to express dissatisfaction or complaints about reality. However, specific problems need specific analysis, but I am talking about this situation much more frequently. Imagine. That is fictional writing to express people's feelings. For example, in Fuzhou, far away, she is looking at the moonlight and watching it alone from the window of her room. Mostly to express the poet's yearning. 3 metaphor. This technique is easy to master, so I won't explain it much, but I want to answer the word "vivid" because it is a metaphor. 4 personification. If the intended object is more energetic or powerful, then people's feelings are generally called positive; If the intended object is depressed and powerless, the poet's feelings are generally negative and depressed. ⑤ Contrast. The general function is to contrast the characteristics of the content sung, thus expressing the author's feelings. There are many specific examples, so I won't list them one by one. 6 duality. This technique is easy to judge and often used to make the structure rigorous, but it has little effect on expressing the poet's feelings, so it is rarely investigated. Since we seldom visit and see them, there are still some technologies not listed.
All of the above are summed up in my usual Chinese exams, which are practical and targeted, and absolutely based on experience. My Chinese is generally the first in my class, and I passed the exam the first time. I hope my answer can help you.