The Pastoral Poetry School is a school of ancient Chinese poetry. The most important representative is Tao Yuanming, a poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Throughout the ages, Tao Yuanming's poetry and art have had a profound impact on later generations. The following is an introduction to pastoral poets that I carefully prepared. You can refer to the following content! Representative pastoral poet 1
Tao Yuanming
(approximately 365-427). Also known as Qian, with the courtesy name Yuanliang and private posthumous title Jingjie, he was born in Chaisang, Xunyang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi). He was born into a poor bureaucratic landlord family. Being educated in Confucianism since childhood, he is full of illusions about life and hopes to realize his ambition of "helping the common people" through his official career. Since the age of 29, he has served as Jiangzhou Jijiujiu, Zhenjun Joining the Army, and Pengze County Magistrate. He was dissatisfied with the dark reality that the Tu ethnic landlords controlled the power at that time. When he was the magistrate of Pengze County, he resigned and returned home after only 80 days because he was unwilling to "break down his waist for five buckets of rice" and wrote "Returning to Come", which is self-explanatory. Chi. From then on, he "worked hard and financed himself" until he died of poverty and illness at the age of 63.
He is good at poetry and poetry, and his poems mostly describe natural scenery and scenes of life in rural areas. The excellent works among them imply his hatred of the decadent ruling group and his unwillingness to join in. But there are also some Nihilistic negative thoughts such as "life is impermanent" and "happy heaven and peace of mind". Poems on another type of theme, such as "Ode to Jing Ke", express his political ambitions and are quite sad, angry and generous. The most famous prose is "The Peach Blossom Spring". He used an objective narrative method to fictionalize some plots and create a beautiful paradise. Through this story, he reflected the people's aversion to war and the pursuit of peace, and expressed the author's attitude toward real life. Dissatisfaction and longing for an ideal society. Tao Yuanming's poetry has both a plain conversational and hearty style, and his language is simple, natural, and extremely refined. There is "Tao Yuanming Collection".
Meng Haoran
A poet of the Tang Dynasty. A native of Xiangyang, Xiangzhou (now Xiangfan, Hubei), he was known as Meng Xiangyang in the world. In the first half of his life, he mainly stayed at home, attended to his relatives and read, and adapted himself to poetry. He once lived in seclusion in Lumen Mountain. At the age of 40, he traveled to the capital, but failed to win the imperial examination and returned to Xiangyang. When he was in Chang'an, he had close friendship with Zhang Jiuling and Wang Wei. There is a poem title. Later, he roamed around Wu and Yue, exploring the mountains and rivers to relieve the frustration of his official career. He died of illness due to excessive feasting and eating fresh food. Most of Meng Haoran's poems are five-character short stories with a wide range of themes. They mostly write about landscapes, countryside, seclusion, travel, etc. Although it is not without cynicism, it is more of the poet's self-expression. He and Wang Wei said that although his poetry was not as broad as Wang's poetry, he had unique artistic attainments and was the forerunner of the pastoral landscape poetry school that flourished in the Tang Dynasty after Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun, and Xie Tiao. Meng's poems are not ornamental, they are light and simple, feel cordial and real, have a strong flavor of life, and are full of wonderful contentment. For example, chapters such as "Walking to the Mountains in Autumn to Send Five Pieces", "Passing to an Old Friend's Village", and "Spring Dawn" are light but interesting, integrated, elegant in charm, and clear in artistic conception. Meng's poems are based on the clear and open water, but there is a strong and elegant atmosphere in the water. For example, in the couplet "Looking at Dongting Lake and presenting it to Prime Minister Zhang", "The steam is steaming over the clouds and the dream lake, and the waves are shaking Yueyang City". It is full of energy and overlooks everything. . But this kind of poem is rare in Meng poetry. In general, the content of Meng's poems is thin and it is difficult to avoid being embarrassed by its length. The current collection of "Meng Haoran Collection" contains 263 poems, but there are other people's works.
"An old friend invited me to Tian's house with chicken and millet. The green trees border the village, and the green mountains and hills slant outside. I opened a pavilion and a garden, and drank wine and talked about mulberry and hemp. On the Double Ninth Festival, I came to bring chrysanthemums. ". Green trees, green hills, cottages, fields, mulberry trees and hemp are harmoniously blended together. This is a beautiful and peaceful pastoral landscape painting with a fresh earthy smell and a strong sense of life. The poem here is "too bland to be invisible" (Wen Yiduo's "Meng Haoran"), but there is no lack of tranquil artistic beauty and simple beauty of life that are deeply integrated into the flesh and blood of the entire poem. Meng Haoran seemed to have found a sense of refuge here. The poet finally forgot all the setbacks he encountered in his political pursuit, the gains and losses of fame and fortune, and even the loneliness and depression in seclusion. His thoughts finally relaxed, and even the poet's actions became flexible and comfortable. Nature shows its conquering power here.
When I sleep in spring, I don’t realize the dawn, and I can hear the singing of birds everywhere. How many flowers have fallen to the sound of wind and rain at night? "These four lines of poetry are the works of Meng Haoran who have reached both artistic and spiritual realms. "How much do you know about the sound of wind and rain at night and the falling flowers? Wang Guowei commented that Li Yu's words "have the meaning of Sakyamuni Christ bearing the sins of mankind." Meng Haoran's two lines of poems also contain a great and deep emotion. "His emotion is similar to the emotion of all things." "**Ming", there is a deep sympathy for the universe and life. This poem expresses the highest profound heart and the greatest romance. This is the most natural poem, the sound of nature. Meng Haoran is happy, he puts his own The realm of life has changed from the realm of utilitarianism to the realm of heaven and earth, from self to selflessness. Although he experienced ups and downs during this period, he finally came to the end of all the hardships
Bland: Bland is different from mediocrity and tastelessness, it is deep emotion and richness The thoughts are expressed in simple language, full of emotion, so they are often plain and thoughtful. As Wang Anshi said: What seems plain is the most amazing, but it is easy but difficult to achieve.
The plainness is the first choice. Tao Yuanming, there are not many people who can write poems that are plain. Li Yu's words are definitely not plain. On the contrary, they have a strong inspirational power.
Wang Wei
Wang Wei. He is a representative figure of the landscape pastoral school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
He inherited and carried forward the landscape poetry pioneered by Xie Lingyun and became unique, bringing the achievement of landscape pastoral poetry to its peak and playing an important role in the history of Chinese poetry. Wang Wei also has excellent works in other aspects. Some reflect military and frontier life, some show chivalry, and some expose current abuses. Some short poems to say farewell to relatives and friends and write about daily life, such as "Send Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi", "Lovesickness", "Remembering Shandong Brothers on September 9th", "Send Shen Zi Blessed Return to Jiangdong", etc., have been recited from ancient to modern times. These small poems are all five or seven unique poems, with sincere feelings and sincere words, no need for decoration, and a simple and profound beauty. They are comparable to the quatrains of Li Bai and Wang Changling, and represent the highest achievement of quatrains in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. There are occasional famous poems in his poems, hymns, and poems promoting Buddhism, but most of them are not worth mentioning. Wang Wei had the highest attainments in Wulu and Wulu and Qijue. He was also good at other genres and was very prominent in the poetry world of the Tang Dynasty. Its seven rhythms are either majestic and gorgeous, or pure and elegant, which are the imitations of the Seven Sons of the Ming Dynasty. The seven ancient forms are in order and the momentum is flowing. The prose is quiet, meaningful, and very poetic, such as "Discussing with Pei Xiucai in the Mountains". Wang Wei enjoyed great fame both before and after his lifetime, and was known as the "Tianwen Sect" and the "Poetry Buddha". It has a huge impact on future generations.
It is precisely because he often views everything with the eyes of a Zen practitioner that his poems have a kind of tranquility, clarity, and joy that other poets cannot match. Especially when he describes the moment-to-moment dynamic phenomena in nature, they are so pure and quiet, full of Zen charm, such as: "People are leisurely, osmanthus flowers are falling, the night is quiet in the spring mountain sky. The moonrise scares the birds, and they sing in the spring stream." "The Birdsong Stream" "In the rustling autumn rain, the pomegranates are splashing in the waves, and the egrets are frightened." etc., often cleanse the reader's mind and give people an endless reverie of tranquility and tranquility. Artistic characteristics of pastoral poetry 2
Specifically, the artistic characteristics of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry can be summarized as:
The fusion of emotions, scenes, events and reasons
The Pastoral School does not pursue the resemblance of objects when describing scenery, nor does the narrative pursue the twists and turns of the plot. Instead, it uses things that everyone can see and ordinary things. Things, express feelings that are higher than those of the world, and write down principles that others may not be able to understand. Tao's poems focus on writing about the heart, about the state of mind that is integrated with the scenery and has a clear understanding of life. He has no intention of imitating others, nor does he care about similarities or dissimilarities. He just writes about the world in his own mind. Tao's poems are based on things, scenery, emotions, and are governed by reason. The new seedlings spreading their wings in the south wind, the moon accompanying him back from hoeing, the rising smoke, the spring swallows returning to their old nests despite the desolation of his courtyard, the forest in front of the hall filled with clear shade in mid-summer, the bed The clear music, the muddy wine in the pot, and the green pines, autumn chrysanthemums, lonely clouds, and flying birds that often appear in his works are no longer ordinary things. They are both objective and reflect the poet's subjective feelings and personality. It is both concrete and conceptual. Let's look at the fifth chapter of "Drinking":
The house is in a human environment, without the noise of carriages and horses. When I ask you how you can do it, your mind is far away and you are biased. Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, you can leisurely see the Nanshan Mountain. The mountain air is getting better day by day and the birds are flying back and forth. There is a true meaning in this, but I have forgotten to explain it.
The first four sentences talk about the relationship between "heart" and "earth", that is, the relationship between the subjective spirit and the objective environment. As long as the "mind is far away", no matter where you are, you will not be disturbed by the noise of the world. "Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, leisurely seeing the Nanshan Mountain." I occasionally raised my head, and my heart and the mountain met leisurely, and I seemed to be integrated with the Nanshan Mountain. The mountain air and the returning birds that day and night formed a wonderful scenery in my heart, which contained the true meaning of life. This instant feeling of mind and state, as well as the joy that leads to infinity, cannot be left in words. Just as the "Qianjinpu of Ancient Studies" said: "If there are chrysanthemums on the fence, I will pick them. If I have already picked them, I have no chrysanthemums in my heart. I am fooled to see the Nanshan Mountain, and I see the beautiful mountain atmosphere at dusk. I am happy with the nature of the birds and go back and forth with them." . Mountain flowers, people and birds, meet each other by chance, and they are innocent and self-contained. They have no names and no words to explain them."
The third part of "An Elegy" is also the fourth part of the situation. A harmonious masterpiece: "The grass is wild and the poplars are rustling. The frost sent me out of the suburbs in the middle of September. There is no one living on all sides, and the high graves are full of crags. The horses are raising their heads to the sky, and the wind is silent. The quiet room is gone. After a thousand years, there will be no return to the court. The virtuous people have no choice but to return their relatives to their homes. Others have also died. >
This poem first describes the funeral of relatives and friends. "Weeds" and "white poplars" heighten the sad atmosphere. Then he said that everyone is mortal, no one can avoid it, and the death of a person does not have much impact on the living people, so there is no need to be too persistent. The last two sentences conclude with a rationale and unify the whole poem. Death is a major confusion for people, and this confusion was solved by Tao Yuanming.
The "reason" in the pastoral poems is not an abstract philosophical preaching, but something experienced personally in life, which contains the interest of life. His pastoral poems express his understanding of the universe, history and life, and are the crystallization of exploring their mysteries and meanings. All of this is expressed in language that is both emotional and rational like aphorisms, achieving the goal of being thorough and comprehensive. Endless effects. For example: "There is a way in life, and food and clothing are solid." ("Early Rice Harvested in the West Field in the Mid-September of the Gengxu Year") "We are brothers after landing, why should we be close by flesh and blood." (Part 1 of "Miscellaneous Poems") "Qi changes to enlightenment" Times change, and I know that the night will last forever." ("Miscellaneous Poems" No. 2) "Be encouraged in time, and time waits for no one." ("Miscellaneous Poems" No. 1) "If you don't know that I am there, you will know that things are valuable."
"("Drinking" No. 14) "Life seems to be an illusion, and it will eventually be empty. "("Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields" Part 4) "The name after my death is like a floating smoke to me. "("Resentful Poetry Chu Tiao Shi Pang Zhubu Deng Zhong") "Even the people in the forest don't notice it, it's strange to see a single tree with many people. " (Part 8 of "Drinking") These poems are simple in words, profound in meaning, and full of enlightenment. Pan Deyu, a native of the Qing Dynasty, said that Tao Yuanming "can describe the divine principles of any situation or object" ("Yang Yizhai Poetry Talk"), This is a pertinent theory.
There is warning in plainness, beauty in simplicity
The predecessors often used "plainness and simplicity" to summarize the style of pastoral poetry, but his pastoral poetry is not only It is plain, and its advantage is that it can find warning in plainness; it is not only simple, but also beautiful in simplicity. The objects described in his pastoral poems are often the most ordinary things, such as cottages, chickens, dogs, and beans. Seedlings, mulberry trees, poor alleys, and Jing Fei, and to be honest, there is nothing strange about them. However, once the poet writes, there are often warnings. Tao's poems rarely use gorgeous words and exaggerated techniques, but are simple and simple. Elements. Such as: "Beans are planted at the foot of Nanshan", "The weather is good today", "Green pines are in the east garden", "Autumn chrysanthemums are beautiful", "Sad wind loves quiet nights", "Spring and Autumn have many beautiful days", all are clear. Words. However, beauty can be seen in the plainness. Another example is the third chapter of "Ancient History":
When the rain breaks out in mid-spring, all the stings are hiding in the east, and the grass and trees are blooming. The swallows have come into my house. The former nest is still there, and the prime minister has returned to his old home. Since we parted, the courtyard has been deserted. How is your love for me when spring comes? Returning to his thatched cottage, his house has become increasingly deserted over the past year, but he still lives in poverty and seclusion. Some friends do not understand his attitude and have repeatedly persuaded him to become an official. However, the swallows come and do not dislike them at all. It seems that the swallow is asking the poet: My heart is firm, is your heart as firm as mine? This poem is like a beautiful fairy tale, simple and interesting. There are many more examples, such as: “The birds appreciate the support, and I also love my hut. ” (Part 1 of “Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas”) “Even when the wind blows, good seedlings also embrace the new.” "("Nostalgia for Ancient Field Houses in the Beginning of the Year of Guimao" Part 2) The two words "Yi", the harmony between things and me, is thought-provoking. Another example: "The mountain stream is clear and shallow, I can wash my feet. I'm drinking new wine, just a chicken to get closer to the game. When the sun enters the room, it is dark, and the thorn bushes replace the bright candles. "("Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields" Part 5) A mountain stream, a chicken, and a stick of wood. Once the poet enlightened these ordinary things, they became interesting in life, showing his kindness to his neighbors and the simplicity of the countryside. Custom. "There is no sound in my ears, but my eyes are clear" ("Written in the middle of the twelfth month of Guimao"), the gentle beauty of snow is written in ten words. This characteristic of poetry is summed up by Su Shi as "quality and solid beauty, fat and solid plumpness", which is very insightful.
The language of his pastoral poems is not unrefined, but does not reveal any trace, appearing plain and natural. Yuan Haowen said: "One word is natural and eternally new, and the luxury can be seen as true and pure. "⑸ For example: "Be encouraged in time, time waits for no one. (Part 1 of "Miscellaneous Poems") "The sun and the moon throw people away, and their aspirations are not fulfilled." "("Miscellaneous Poems" Part 2) "The forest in front of the Ai Ai Hall stores the clear yin in mid-summer. "("He Guo Zhubu" Part 1) The three verbs of "waiting", "throwing" and "storing" are all common. They may seem plain but very exciting and cannot be changed.
< p> The pastoral poems of the Pastoral Poetry School may seem plain to people at first, but when they are read again, they have the feeling of "the ordinary contains the wonders and the dead trees are lush and graceful". The poet has reached a high level of attainment in the refining and use of language and characters. He combines his understanding of nature The love of pastoral life is integrated into the poem, making people read as if they are immersed in the scene, walking in the natural and tranquil countryside, giving people endless reverie, as the saying goes, "The most extraordinary thing that seems ordinary can be easily accomplished." But it's hard." For example, Part 5 of "Drinking":"The house is in a human environment, and there is no noise of carriages and horses. When I ask you how you can do it, your mind is far away and you are biased. Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, you can leisurely see the Nanshan Mountain. The mountain air is getting better day by day, and the birds are returning to each other. There is a true meaning in this, and I have already said it if I want to argue. "
This is a portrayal of leisurely and contented rural life. Through the text, we can see the image of a hermit who "faces the mountains and builds a hut, hugs his knees and sings songs, picks chrysanthemums and watches the sun, and smiles proudly at the wind and moon" The quiet mountain forest and the question and answer between the tired birds and the poet at this time cannot be described in words. The poet's unwillingness to conform to the world can also be seen in his desire to yearn for nature and pastoral life. It can be seen that the poet's expression of things and the extension of his artistic conception are extraordinary. A few numbers show a person's attitude towards life, love for nature, description of things, and contempt for the world at a glance.
In the history of Chinese literature, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems created a new genre of classical poetry - the Pastoral Poetry School, which was highly praised by poets of all ages and was even regarded as the "fundamental criterion of poetry." But the author feels that every one of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems. Each pastoral poem is a song of his heart, some borrowing objects to express emotions, some using flowers to ridicule the world, or pointing out mulberry trees and scolding locust trees... In fact, they are all moans of blood and tears made by him. Although the blood did not flow on the bamboo slips and paper, he The blood and tears are flowing in my heart, what flows out is bitterness and sorrow, is hesitation and melancholy, is the silent resistance of a generation, is a desolate song of sorrow and indignation, is the clank of his iron bones that hate the world and the world. High tone.
His personality, his ambition, and his poetry also have a positive impact on us today!