First, the artistic features of this poem:
The Song of Eternal Sorrow first gives us the enjoyment of artistic beauty, a moving story in the poem and a delicate and unique artistic conception. The center of the whole article is "Song of Eternal Sorrow", but the poet tries his best to write and render it with "thick ink and heavy color" as the starting point. "Work at sunrise and rest at sunset", "Don't go early", "Stay up late", "I can't get enough of it" and so on. , appear extremely happy, like a comedy. However, that kind of extreme joy is only in contrast to the endless hatred behind it. The dissoluteness of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty led to a political tragedy, which in turn led to a love tragedy between him and Yang Guifei. The maker of the tragedy finally becomes the hero of the tragedy, which is a particularly tortuous part of the story and the reason why the hero and heroine in the poem have to "hate" for a long time. Many people used to say that Song of Eternal Sorrow has a moral, and this poem is the moral. So, how does the poet express "long hatred"? After the death of Yang Guifei in Majipo, the poet described it very delicately, showing the inner contradictions and painful feelings of Tang Xuanzong who could not bear to give up love and wanted to save it. Because of this "blood and tears" death, there will be endless hatred. Later, the poet used a lot of pen and ink to repeatedly render Tang Xuanzong's yearning for Yang Guifei from all aspects, but the story of the poem did not stay at an emotional point, but with the gradual progress of the inner world of the characters, he perceived the constant changes of their scenery, pushed forward the time and story, and used the thoughts and feelings of the characters to develop and promote the development of the plot. After his death, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty went to Shu and felt very sad. Still on the road, revisiting the old place has evoked sad memories; After returning to the palace, I experienced physical injury during the day and insomnia at night. I miss it day and night, so I hope to have a dream, but it is "the distance between life and death year after year, but no beloved soul has visited his dream". At this point in the poem, the "hate" of "long hate" has been written very touching, and it seems that the ending of the story is OK. But the poet's pen is curved. With the help of the colorful wings of imagination, he conceived a charming fairyland, which pushed the plot of the tragic story to a climax and made the story more tortuous, ups and downs. This turning point is both unexpected and reasonable. Due to the constant contradiction and collision between subjective desire and objective reality, poetry vividly shows the psychology of the characters, and the story is more moving.
Song of Eternal Sorrow is a narrative poem with strong lyrical elements. The poet adopted the expressive techniques that China's traditional poems are good at telling stories and portraying characters, and harmoniously combined narrative, scenery description and lyricism, thus forming the characteristic of the poem's lyricism. Poets sometimes inject the thoughts and feelings of the characters into the scenery, and use the refraction of the scenery to contrast the mood of the characters; Sometimes we grasp the distinctive scenery and things around the characters, express their inner feelings through their feelings, and render them layer by layer, appropriately expressing the unspeakable feelings hidden in the hearts of the characters. On his way to the southwest, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was surrounded by yellow dust, plank roads and high mountains. The sun is dim, the standard is dull, and autumn scenery is desolate. This is a sad autumn scenery to set off the sad thoughts of the characters. In Shu, facing the green mountains and green waters, we still can't forget ourselves. The mountains and water in Shu are beautiful, but in the lonely and sad eyes, the "green" of the mountains and the "green" of the water are also sad. The beauty of nature should be appreciated with a quiet mind, but he didn't, so he increased his inner pain. This is to write sad feelings through beautiful scenery, so that feelings are deeper. The moonlight in the palace and the bell on a rainy night are already very exciting. The poet grasped these unusual but distinctive things and brought people into the realm of sadness and heartbreak. In addition, when they see and smell, they are intertwined, which also shows the sadness and sadness of the characters in language and tone. This is another floor. Still on the road, "everything is spinning" was originally a happy thing, but the old place ended and Yu Yan disappeared, so I couldn't help crying. In the narrative, another layer of painful memories is added. After returning to Chang 'an, "ponds, gardens, palaces, everything is the same as before, Taiye Lake hibiscus, Weiyang Palace willow. But petals are like her face, and willow leaves are like her eyebrows. Whenever he looks at them, what can he do but cry? " . During the day, caused by the environment and scenery, people are associated with the scenery, and the scenery remains the same, but people are gone. I can't help bursting into tears. From the hibiscus flowers in Taiye Pool and the weeping willows in Weiyang Palace, I seem to see the appearance of Yang Guifei, showing the extremely complicated and subtle inner activities of the characters. "Fireflies were flying on the throne, while he was meditating in the twilight. He will extend the wick to its end and still never fall asleep ... bells and drums will slowly ring the long night, and before dawn, the Milky Way in the sky will become clear. " From dusk to dawn, the focus is on the scene where you can't sleep for a long time because of emotional troubles at night. This bitter yearning is like "peaches and plums bloom and the spring breeze blows" and "after the autumn rain, the fallen leaves return to their roots". It is sad to see that the "disciples of Liyuan" and "A Jian Qing E" in those days were all white-haired and their faces were withered, which reminded us of the happy thoughts of the past. From the rambling of Huang Chen to the lush of Shushan, from rainy night in the palace to triumphant return, from day to night, from spring to autumn, we are moved by things everywhere, always thinking of people, and repeatedly rendering the protagonist's hard pursuit and search from all aspects. If you can't find it in real life, you will find it in your dreams. If you can't find it in your dream, go to fairyland. This kind of ups and downs, layer by layer rendering, let the feelings of the characters swing up and reach a climax. It is through such layers of rendering that the poet repeatedly expresses his feelings and goes back and forth, which makes the characters' thoughts and feelings more profound and rich, and the poetry is "delicate in texture" and more artistic.
Second, the theme of this poem:
People have always been controversial about the theme of Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow, including the so-called love theory, political theme theory, dual theme theory and so on. The author of this article holds the theory of love. First of all, from the analysis of four aspects of the work, it is affirmed that Bai Juyi did not describe Li Yang's story in a didactic way like Chen Hong's Song of Eternal Sorrow, but took "emotion" as the main theme, so that the hero's emotion moved the reader and made it produce a * * * sound, which achieved great aesthetic success. Based on the author's life experience and social history, this paper also analyzes his uniqueness in dealing with the relationship between historical themes, political themes, humanistic themes and psychological themes from the people, and further explains the aesthetic significance of Yang Guifei's image in the Tang Dynasty.
As soon as Song of Eternal Sorrow came out, its theme has always been the focus of debate among readers. There are also very different views. There are generally three kinds: one is the theme of love. It is a love poem praising Li Yang. And affirm their sincerity and persistence in love; The second is the political theme theory. It is believed that the focus of the poem lies in allegory, exposing the "endless hatred" that "the emperor of China, whose lust may shake the beauty of an empire" will inevitably bring, and condemning the debauchery of the Tang and Ming emperors that led to the Anshi Rebellion, so as to admonish the later monarchs; The third is the dual theme theory. It is believed that it is a mixture of exposing and praising unity, irony and sympathy, which not only shed tears of sympathy, but also blamed on political misconduct and resentment. How, still want to analyze from the work itself.
Poetry can be divided into four levels: the first level is from "the emperor of China, eager to shake the beauty of an empire" to "the emperor's eyes can never fix enough on her", describing how Tang Xuanzong emphasized color and sought color before the Anshi Rebellion, and finally got Yang Guifei, "as long as she turned her head and smiled, there were hundreds of spells". After the imperial concubine entered the palace, she was arrogant and extravagant. She not only "inherited her kindness", but also "listed all her sisters and brothers in the soil". After repeatedly rendering the imperial concubine of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, she was completely addicted to singing, dancing and drinking. The first sentence of the book not only implies the tragic factor of the story, but also plays a role in arousing and guiding the whole poem; The second layer, from "until the war drum, from the boom of Yuyang, the earth shook" to "when he turned to look later, it was a land of blood and tears", describing the Anshi rebellion, Xuanzong's escape, being forced to give the imperial concubine the death penalty, and writing the "Song of Eternal Sorrow" is the basis of the tragic story. The poet deliberately played down the Anshi chaos caused by Xuanzong's extravagance and wrong country, and deliberately described where they would go. Readers are infected by the tragic atmosphere, rather than rational criticism of history. Chen Hong's theory of "punishing stunners and suppressing chaos" in Song of Eternal Sorrow cannot be used as the writing motivation of this poem. The third layer, from "hiding in the yellow dust blown by a cold wind" to "not dreaming", describes the loneliness and sadness in Shu after Yang Guifei's death, which is a kind of "sad color" and "heartbroken sound". When Chang 'an returned to Korea after the recovery, that depression was more important than Ma Wei and that memory. Where is her white face? . After returning to the palace, Chi Yuan remained the same, and things were different, and the lingering acacia made people sad; The fourth layer, from "there is a Taoist who lives in Lingqiong" to "this worry is endless", describes that Xuanzong sent alchemists to find the soul of Yang Guifei, focusing on his loneliness and sad memories of his past love life. The poet used romantic methods to go from heaven to earth, and finally let the imperial concubine reappear the fairyland on the illusory fairy mountain with the image of "tears running down her sad white face like spring rain hitting pear flowers". The catharsis of "emotion" has gone beyond the emotional entanglement between emperors and concubines, and is more of a poet's subjective ideal element, which has already gone beyond the scope of historical facts, showing the contradiction and conflict between subjective desire and objective reality. The last sentence "everlasting, everlasting; One day both will end, and this endless sorrow will last forever "is a sigh and cry of love, which is a kind of lament. Love is spread by fate and destroyed by political ethics.". This hatred has transcended time and space and entered an infinite realm. In this way, the poet expressed eternal love with "everlasting regret", that is, pointed out the theme of the whole poem.