The Dada art movement was an art genre that emerged in France, Germany and Switzerland from 1916 to 1923. Dadaism was an anarchist art movement that sought to discover true reality through the abolition of traditional cultural and aesthetic forms. Dadaism was led by a group of young artists and anti-war figures who expressed their despair about bourgeois values ??and World War I through anti-aesthetic works and protests.
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Dada is Dadaism. It is a bourgeois literary and artistic school that emerged in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. It was first produced in Switzerland during World War I. During the Autumn Committee of 1915, several literary young people were exiled in Zurich, Switzerland, including the Romanian Tristan. Charla, Frenchman Hans. Arp and two other Germans organized a literary group called "Dada" at the Hotel Voltaire; in 1919, they organized the "Dada" group in Paris, France, thus forming Dadaism school. Dadaism is derived from the French "dada", a word they accidentally found in the dictionary, which means ethereal, confused, and indifferent; the original French meaning is "Trojan horse". It takes the baby's initial pronunciation as its name and represents the baby's purely physiological reaction to the surrounding things during the babbling and learning period. It is claimed that writers' literary and artistic creations should be like babies learning language, eliminating the interference of thoughts and expressing only the impressions that can be felt by the senses. In the drafted "Declaration", Chala once defined "Dada" as follows: "Freedom: Dada, Dada, Dada, this is the howl of unbearable pain, this is all kinds of constraints, The intertwining of contradictions, absurdities and illogical things; this is life. "Someone has further explained: "Dada means nothing can be felt, it is nothing, it is nothingness." Dadaists. Adopting a nihilistic attitude towards everything, they often use Pascal's famous saying to express themselves: "I don't even want to know that there were others before me." When reviewing the Dada movement, Charla said: "Purpose It is to try to prove that under various circumstances, poetry is a living force, and words are nothing more than accidental and not necessary sustenance of poetry; they are nothing more than the expression of natural things such as poetry, due to the lack of suitable adjective, we have to call it Dada. "The Dadaists' principle of action is to destroy everything. They declared that the wound in art should be like a cannonball. After killing a person, the body must be burned and the traces of the soul should be wiped out; human beings should not leave any traces on the earth. They advocate denying everything, destroying everything, and overthrowing everything. Therefore, Dadaism is the specific expression of nihilism in literature. It reflects the depressed psychology and empty mental state of some young people in the West during the First World War. Since the Dada group was founded in Paris in 1919, Paris has become the base of this movement's activities, and the literary magazine "Literature" has become the mouthpiece of the Dadaists. Writers participating in this genre include: Brodon, Aragon, Soupo, Eluard, Picabia, etc. Although Dadaism once attracted people's attention, it was ultimately short-lived due to spiritual emptiness. By 1921, some college students in Paris carried paper figures symbolizing "Dada" and threw them into the Seine River to "drown" them to express their hatred of Dadaism. In 1923, members of the Dada school held their last gathering and declared collapse. Many of its members immediately turned to join the ranks of realist writers.
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There have always been different opinions on the origin of the word "Dada". Some believe it is a word with no real meaning, while others believe it comes from the frequently used colloquial phrase "da, da", which means "yes, yes" in Romanian, used frequently by Romanian artists Chara and Janko. The most popular theory is that in 1916, a group of artists met in Zurich to come up with a name for their organization. They randomly opened a French-German dictionary and randomly selected a word, which was "dada". In French, the word "dada" means a rocking horse for children to play on. Therefore, this movement was named "Dadaism" to show its randomness, rather than a "literary movement" in the general sense. Dadaism was a literary movement that arose in Zurich during World War I and spread to visual arts, literature (mainly poetry), drama and art design. Dadaism is an important genre in the development of Western literature and art in the 20th century. It was the product of the First World War that subverted and destroyed the old European social and cultural order. As a literary and artistic movement, Dadaism did not last long, but its influence was very wide, and it had an impact on all modernist literary and artistic schools in the 20th century. Dadaist activities included public meetings, demonstrations, publishing art and literary journals, etc. The publications of the Dadaists are full of passionate comments and opinions on art, politics, and culture. The main characteristics of Dadaism include: pursuit of a sober irrational state, rejection of conventional artistic standards, disillusionment, cynicism, pursuit of a state of unintentional, accidental and spontaneous work, etc. The movement was born as a protest against the brutality of the First World War. The Dadaists firmly believed that it was middle-class values ??that gave rise to the First World War, and that this kind of values ??was a rigid, rigid and oppressive force that was not only reflected in art, but also pervaded all aspects of daily life.
The Dada movement influenced several later literary and artistic movements, including Surrealism and Fluxus. Dadaists believe that "Dada" is not an art, but an "anti-art". Whatever the prevailing artistic standards were, Dada was diametrically opposed to them. Since art is related to aesthetics, Dada simply ignored aesthetics. Traditional artworks usually convey some necessary, suggestive and potential information, while the creations of Dadaists pursue the realm of "meaninglessness". The interpretation of Dadaist works depends entirely on the taste of the viewer. In addition, art appeals to give people a certain sense of perception, while Dada artworks want to give people a certain kind of "violation". Ironically, even though Dadaism was so anti-art, Dadaism itself was an important genre of modernism. As a comment on art and the world, "Dada" has become an art in itself. Charla, the advocate of Dadaism, defined Dadaism in his manifesto: "It is an unbearable scream of pain, an intertwining of various constraints, contradictions, absurd things and illogical things. This is life." Dada's purpose and desire for new visual illusions and new content show that they are re-examining tradition with critical concepts and striving to free themselves from countercultural forms. Dada's destructive impulse has had an important influence on contemporary culture and has become one of the central themes of art in this century.
Edit this paragraph The rise
Dadaism is a bourgeois literary school that emerged in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. It was first produced in Switzerland during World War I. The representative work of Dadaism "The Polish Knight"
In the Autumn Committee of 1915, several young literary people were exiled in Zurich, Switzerland, including the Romanian Tristan Tzara, the French Hans Arp and two others The Germans organized a literary group called "Dada" at the Hotel Voltaire; in 1919, they organized the "Dada" group in Paris, France, thus forming the Dada school. Dadaism is derived from the French "dada", which is a word they accidentally found in the dictionary, which means ethereal, confused, and indifferent; the original French meaning is "Trojan horse". It takes the baby's initial pronunciation as its name and represents the baby's purely physiological reaction to the surrounding things during the babbling and learning period. It is claimed that a writer's literary and artistic creation should be like a baby learning language, eliminating the interference of thoughts and expressing only the impressions felt by the senses. In the drafted "Declaration", Chala once defined "Dada" as follows: "Freedom: Dada, Dada, Dada, this is the howl of unbearable pain, this is all kinds of constraints, The intertwining of contradictions, absurdities and illogical things; this is life." Someone has further explained: "Dada means nothing can be felt, it is nothing, it is nothingness."
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Dadaists adopt a nihilistic attitude towards everything. They often use Pascal's famous saying to express themselves: "I don't even want to know that there were people before me. Others." Chala said when reviewing the Dada movement: "The purpose is to try to prove that under all circumstances, poetry is a living force, and words are nothing more than accidental and not necessary sustenance of poetry. "It is nothing more than a way of expressing natural things such as poetry. The Dadaist work "Protecting Painting"
Because we can't find a suitable adjective, we have to call it Dada." The rule of action is to destroy everything. They declared that the wound in art should be like a cannonball. After killing a person, the body must be burned and the traces of the soul should be wiped out; human beings should not leave any traces on the earth. They advocate denying everything, destroying everything, and overthrowing everything. Therefore, Dadaism is the specific expression of nihilism in literature. It reflects the depressed psychology and empty mental state of some young people in the West during the First World War. Dadaists were anarchists, not socialists. In some cases proto-fascists, who adopted Bakunin's slogan: Destruction is creation.
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Since the Dada group was established in Paris in 1919, Paris has become the base of activities of this genre, and the literary magazine "Literature" has reached the peak of Dada. The mouthpiece of the Dalists. Writers participating in this genre include: Brodon, Aragon, Soupo, Eluard, Picabia, etc. Although Dadaism once attracted people's attention, it was ultimately short-lived due to spiritual emptiness. By 1921, some college students in Paris carried paper figures symbolizing "Dada" and threw them into the Seine River to "drown" them to express their hatred of Dadaism. In 1923, members of the Dada school held their last gathering and collapsed. Many of its members immediately turned to join the ranks of Surrealist writers.
Edit the representative figures in this paragraph and their activities around the world
Characters
Jean Hans Arp Tristan Tzara Max ·Max Ernst Otto Dix Marcel Duchamp (MARCEL DUCHAMP, 1887-1968) Guillaume Apollinaire – France Hans Arp – Switzerland, France , Hugo Barr, Germany – Johannes Bader, Switzerland – Arthur Caravan, Germany – Jean Croty, France – Marcel Duchamp, France – France, America Max Ernst – Rolle, Germany Haussmann – Germany Amy Hennings – Switzerland Richard Husenbeck – Switzerland, Germany Marcel Janco – Switzerland Clermont Bonsayer – Belgium France Picabia – Man Ray, France, USA – Hans Richter, France, USA – Kurt Schwitters, Switzerland – Sophie Tober, Germany – Tristan Charla, Switzerland – Beatrice Wood, Switzerland – France, United States
Zurich
1916, Hugo Barr, Amy Hennings, Tristan Zara, Hans Arp, Richard Exiled artists in Zurich such as Husenbeck and Sophie Tober established a literary and artistic activity society at the local "Hotel Voltaire". They expressed their views on the war and the values ??that gave rise to the war through discussions on artistic topics and performances. disgust. On October 6 of the same year, the organization was officially named "Dada". On July 14, 1916, at the organization's first public meeting, Barr publicly read the so-called "Dadaist Manifesto." In 1918, Tsara wrote another Dadaist manifesto, which is considered one of the most important manifestos of Dadaism. Since then, many artists have issued similar declarations. A periodical called "Hotel Voltaire" was the main early result of this movement. After the hotel closed, the Dadaist activities began to move to a new gallery. Soon, Barr left Europe, and Tzara began to promote Dadaist ideas. He wrote letters to artists and writers in France and Italy, vehemently criticizing their work. Soon, Zara became the leader of Dadaism and a veritable strategic commander. The Zurich Dadaists, with Charla at the helm, published a journal called Dada. The journal was founded in July 1917 and published five issues in Zurich and the last two issues in Paris. In 1918, World War I ended. Most of the Dadaists living in Zurich returned to their home countries, and some of them began to promote Dadaist ideas in other cities.
Berlin
The Dada movement in Germany is not as "anti-art" as the Dada movement in other countries, but has a very significant political and social change color. German Dadaists were keen on issuing inflammatory manifestos, using the power of propaganda and satire to launch large-scale public demonstrations and political activities. In February 1918, Richard Husenbeck gave his first lecture on Dadaism in Berlin and published a Dadaist Manifesto at the end of the same year. Hannah Huh and Georg Grosz used Dadaist ideas to express sympathy for postwar communism. Grosz and John Hatfield jointly invented the "photographic montage" technology during this period. The artists published a series of short-lived political journals and organized an international Dada exhibition in 1920. The Dada movement in Berlin was riddled with internal contradictions. Kurt Schwitters gathered a number of other artists to break away from the Dadaist organization in Berlin. Schwitters moved to Hannover, where he developed a more personal style of Dadaism.
Cologne
In 1920, Max Ernst, Johannes Theodor Balgerd and Arp held a widely controversial Dafa in Cologne, Germany. Dharma exhibition. The core idea of ??this exhibition is the nihility of art and its anti-middle-class values.
New York
During World War I, New York, like Zurich, became a place where a large number of exiled artists and writers lived. Artists Marcel Duchamp and Fran?ois Picabia, who were exiled from France to the United States, met the American artist Man Ray. In 1916, these three people became the core figures of the "anti-art" movement in the United States. Beatrice Wood, an American artist who had studied in France, later joined this group. The New York artists did not consider themselves Dadaists, nor did they publish any manifesto or organize any political activities. However, they vigorously attacked the old art and cultural system through their own publications, such as "The Blind Man" and "New York Dada". In these publications, they derided old art as "museum art." During this period, Duchamp began to create his own art with ready-made objects and joined the "Society of Independent Artists" organization.
In 1917, he published his famous work "Fountain", which was a urinal with the words "R. Mutt" written on it. However, this work was rejected by the "Independent Artists Society" organization. Picabia's tours of Europe strengthened ties between Dada organizations in New York, Zurich, and Paris. He insisted on publishing the Dadaist journal "391" for seven consecutive years. The journal was published in New York, Zurich and Paris from 1917 to 1924. By 1921, most of the artists had moved to Paris. There, Dadaism reached its final peak and came to an end.
Paris
French avant-garde artists have always maintained close ties with the Dadaists in Zurich. Charla maintained long-term correspondence with French writers, critics and artists, including Apollinaire and Breton. The peak of the Dada movement in Paris occurred in 1920. This year, many veterans of the Dada movement came to Paris. Influenced by Chala, the Dadaists in Paris also issued manifestos, organized large-scale demonstrations, stage performances and published a large number of publications. Dadaist works first appeared in Paris at the Salon of Independent Artists in 1921. Jean Crotty and other Dadaists exhibited their work. Dadaism first emerged in Zurich, Switzerland during World War I. Switzerland was a neutral country in the war at that time. A group of young people from the warring countries gathered in Zurich to engage in artistic activities to vent and soothe their nervous minds to escape the war. Among them were the German Hugo Bahr (1886-1927), Hans Lee Hertel (1888-1976) and Richard Husenbeck (1890-1963); there were the Frenchman Hans Arp (1887-1966); and the Romanian Tristan Zara and Marcel Janco and a number of other nationalities. These exiled artists had strong anti-war sentiments. They saw human civilization being trampled on and felt that their future was bleak, so anarchism and nihilism grew among them. They wanted to organize an international literary and art group to create to produce literary and artistic works in line with their new ideals. When the founding meeting was held in February 1916, the singer Madame Lois randomly discovered the word "dada" in the French dictionary, which means a child's unclear babbling. It has no meaning. People think this name is weird and interesting, so they use it. The name of their group was very good, and soon they issued the Dada Manifesto, which basically said: "Dada means fearless. The writings we need are courageous, courageous, practical, and can never be understood. Logic is wrong, morality is always sinful, and what we regard as sacred is the awakening of inhuman actions..." "Dada doesn't believe in anything, love or work." "Dada doesn't ask for anything. , Dada is Dada. ” “Dada’s antipathy, annihilates memory: Dada annihilates archeology: Dada annihilates the future: Dada is the absolute, indisputable product of everything, God, immediate, naturalness.” Darism believes in the popular Bakunin philosophy, which overthrows everything and rejects everything. From this we can see the fanaticism of Dadaist artistic thought and its break with tradition. At that time, Dadaism had a great influence, extending to Germany, Spain, France, and even as far away as the United States. It seemed to have formed an international literary and artistic group. The reason why Dada caused such a strong response is as Reed said: "When Dadaism began, it actually meant an attempt to get rid of all the weight of ancient legends, whether social or artistic, rather than to create a new artistic style. The background of this movement was universal social Unrest, war fever and war itself, as well as the Russian Revolution, the Dadaists were anarchists and in some cases proto-fascists who adopted Bakunin's slogan: Destruction is creation! They shook the bourgeoisie with all their might ( They considered the bourgeoisie responsible for the war), and they were prepared to use any means within the scope of the horrific imagination - making paintings (collages) out of garbage, or elevating things like bottle racks or urinals to the exalted status of art. ” Representative figures of Dadaism, the famous ones include Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) and Max Ernst.
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Although Dadaism has been spread to a large extent, it is ultimately a very unstable literary and artistic trend. By 1924, Dadaism was basically swallowed up by the nascent Surrealism, and Dadaist artists also defected to other schools, including social realism and other modern art schools. In the early days of World War II, many European Dadaists fled to the United States again, and some died in Hitler's concentration camps because Hitler did not like decadent art. After World War II, many new literary and artistic schools were born, and the influence of Dadaism became even weaker. In 1967, a large-scale memorial event for Dadaism was held in Paris. The Hotel Voltaire in Zurich fell into silence after the death of the Dada movement. It was not until 2002 that a group of artists calling themselves "New Dadaists" restarted their activities here. However, after two months, this group of people gradually disappeared.
The Hotel Voltaire has also been converted into a museum to commemorate the history of the Dada movement. Generally speaking, Dadaism is not a mature literary and artistic school, but just a transitional state of literary and artistic thinking. Its artistic ideas are not constructive in any way, but are based on the destruction of the old order. Therefore, it is bound to It cannot last long. But precisely because of Dadaism’s radical view of destroying the old and establishing the new, a large number of modern and postmodern schools were born and developed rapidly in the 20th century. Without the efforts of the Dadaists, these would have been difficult to achieve.