Literature is the art of language, and literary appreciation cannot be separated from the chewing and pondering of language. Reading is the first step, but reading alone is not enough. You should be able to appreciate the cleverness and beauty of language. There is an idiom in China called "speaking like a book", which seems a bit derogatory. However, literary appreciation can not but learn to "speak like a book". Yuan Yishan's "Poems with Zhang Zhongjie" said: "The text must be written word by word and read word by word. Chewing has a aftertaste, which is not good enough. " This is the experience of literary appreciation.
You can read literary works with the help of dictionaries and dictionaries. But dictionaries and dictionaries only explain the meaning of words, and it is impossible to tell readers its taste. General comments only pay attention to meaning and allusions. The emotion hidden in the deep language and the color attached to the text may not be obtained with the help of reference books and notes. This can only be gradually realized through a lot of reading and repeated thinking.
For example, "day", dictionary notes "sun". However, people familiar with classical poetry will feel that the word "white" describes "day" and seems to emphasize the brightness of "day"; Zuo Si said, "The sky is high and the clouds are light, and the spirit shines in China." Bao Zhao said, "In the middle of the day, landlite." "Sunlight" is the "sun", but after repeated use by the poet, it has a radiant atmosphere. Wang Zhihuan said at the beginning of On Queting that "the mountains cover the day". Although the sunset is written, it still gives people a brilliant feeling because of the use of the word "day".
Another example is Dongli. In Tao Yuanming's poem Drinking, there is the content of "picking chrysanthemums under the Dongli fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely". There is a fence in the east of Tao Jia yard, and chrysanthemums are planted under the fence. This is an ordinary family scenery. But because Tao Yuanming is a famous hermit, chrysanthemum has almost become his incarnation, so even "Dongli" has the meaning of being far away from the world.
Look at Du Fu's "Meet Li Guinian Downstream Again";
In the Qi family, I often see your performances; Before urging the wine hall, I praised your art many times. Never thought, in this Jiangnan scenic area; It is the season of falling flowers, and I can meet you, an old acquaintance.
The word "falling flower season" not only indicates the season, but also implies Li Guinian and his own experience and the situation in the Tang Dynasty, which is implicit and meaningful.
The Analects of Confucius said: "Bo Niu has a disease, so the son asks him, and the son holds his hand and says,' If he dies, he will die! People also have their own diseases! People also have their own diseases! "People, illness, repeat the word" Si ",which fully conveys Confucius' sad mood.
Shi Shuo Xin Yu recorded the words and deeds of celebrities very vividly. For example, in literary articles, the word "no progress" is very vivid, especially the word "music", which is intriguing.
Zhi Daolin first came to Dongtu and lived in Dongan Temple. Wang Changshi is not quite right about his talent and the careful construction and writing of words. Wang Xu wrote hundreds of words, calling himself strange algae. Wisdom said, "I have been away from you for many years, and your benevolence and righteousness have not improved." The king retired in shame.
There are also some words in novels and operas that are worth pondering. In the forty-fourth episode of A Dream of Red Mansions, the old lady scolded Jia Lang: "Dirty things, throwing yellow soup, not driving away the body, beating your wife." "Don Juan" is "yellow rice wine", but the use of "Huangchang" is often derogatory. For example, the fourteenth time in The Story of Water: "Bastard! But you didn't come to see me, and you were greedy for this yellow soup on the way. I don't have to eat with you at home, which is embarrassing and killing people! " The first discount of the Yuan drama Zhusha Dan is: "I ate several bowls of yellow soup, but I couldn't catch up with him." You shouldn't drink, but you'll be in trouble. What you need at this time is not "yellow wine", but "yellow soup", which tastes different.
"Gourd has no mouth" is a metaphor for people who don't talk much. The metaphor of gourd is reminiscent of simple and honest appearance, and with "no mouth", this impression is even stronger. Back to the seventy-eighth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions: "Xiren has been silent since childhood. I only said that she is a gourd without a mouth. Now that you know it, what's the big mistake? " Journey to the West: "He is a gourd with no mouth, and he has several volumes with you." The second fold of Yuan zaju "Butterfly Dream": "Your mouth is full, just like a gourd without a mouth." It is more interesting to compare these examples with each other.
For example, in the seventh episode of A Dream of Red Mansions, Qin Keqing's younger brother Qin Zhong met Baoyu for the first time, and Xifeng was also present. Qin Zhong greeted Xi-feng, only to see that Xi-feng pushed Baoyu first with joy and said with a smile, "No way! He leaned down, took the child's hand and ordered him to sit beside him. In this passage, the words "worse than before" are extremely vivid. Besides showing that Xifeng likes Qin Zhong, she can also see her love for Baoyu. Xifeng always thinks that others are inferior to Baoyu, and often compares others with Baoyu. No one can compare with him in the past, but now Qin Zhong has come, and he is "better" than Baoyu. The image of a fiery woman immediately appeared in front of the readers.
In the third episode of Water Margin, Lu Tihai punched the town of Kansai: "After listening to it, Lu Da jumped up, holding two bags of kidneys in his hand, looked at Zheng Tu with open eyes and said,' My family is specially for you!'" "I played two packages of steamed bread, but it seemed to rain for a while. The word "Meat Rain" was criticized by Jin Shengtan: "It's a story of the ages." Li Zhuowu criticized: "The word' meat rain' is described as punishment, and it has never been humane." Criticism of Yuan: "The word' meat rain' is vulgar and classic, thick and interesting, so it gives birth to the roots of fist raindrops. "
Literature is the art of language, and the function of language is wonderful. But the expressive force of language is limited, and even language masters often encounter the distress of language expression. China's litterateurs are well aware of the truth that "words don't convey the full meaning", so they pay special attention to the enlightening and suggestive nature of language, putting those subtle meanings out of words and pursuing endless effects. The appreciation of China literature should start with language, but it should not be limited by language. We should taste those words from the inside out.
Eryijing
Artistic conception is an imaginary world formed by the combination of a writer's subjective feelings and objective images, which is enough to immerse readers in it. Poetry, Fu, Ci, Qu, novel, prose, parallel prose and other literary genres, as well as painting, music and other artistic types can all create artistic conception. Paying attention to the creation of artistic conception is the same feature of China's literature and art.
The formation of artistic conception depends on the blending of the writer's subjective feelings and objective images. Or feelings are born with the environment; Or empathize with the countryside; Still be considerate of things, things and my feelings are integrated. Sometimes the artistic conception will soon reach a clear and distinct state, and sometimes it needs to be deepened on the basis of the initial situation. "Full House Poetry Talk" said: The two poems in Du Fu's Qujiang Duijiu were originally "Peach Blossoms Desire More than Huayang, Yellow Birds Fly", and later changed to "Peach Blossoms Drizzle, Yellow Birds Fly". In three words, the artistic conception is very different. This poem was written by Du Fu in Chang 'an in the first year of Gan Yuan. He had both illusions and disappointments about Su Zong. Sitting by the river for a long time, a feeling of loneliness and boredom came over me. "Peach Blossom Desire * * Huayang Yu" is imaginative and lively in artistic conception, which is incompatible with the mood at this time. Changing it to "peach blossoms chasing young trees" is more realistic and quieter, but it just shows a sedentary and boring mood.
There are countless vivid and enlightening artistic conceptions in poetry. "There is no hope in the ear, but the net in the eye." (Tao Yuanming wrote in mid-December at the age of Guimao, "Stay away from your brother", "The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen." (Wang Wei's "To the Frontier") "This river runs through the world, and there are both mountains and mountains." (Wang Wei, "Looking at the Hanjiang River") "The wind blows my heart and hangs Xianyang trees in the west." (Li Bai's "Jinxiang sends Wei Ba to Xijing") "The flag of Rizhao falls, and the wind of A?vagho?a is rustling." (Du Fu's "Behind the Dike") "Leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, but I think the long river always rolls forward." (Du Fu's "Climbing the Mountain") "The spring tide brought rain late and hurried, and no one crossed the boat in the wild." (Wei Wuying's Xixi Chuzhou) "The wind wrinkles a pool of spring water." (Feng Yansi's "Curbing the Golden Gate") "On the moon, the willows shoot, and people are about after dusk." (Ouyang Xiu's "Life Chess Player Yuan") "Outside the setting sun, the number of Western jackdaw in the west, flowing water around the lonely village." (Qin Guanman Fang Ting) "The small building listens to the spring rain all night, and the deep alley sells apricot flowers." (Lu You, Lu Anchun, Early Fog in the Rain) If we appreciate these poems repeatedly, we can enter the artistic conception and enjoy the beauty.
Some lyric prose and parallel prose also have poetic artistic conception. Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Teng-ting, Liu Zongyuan's Eight Stories of Shuizhou and Su Wan's Poems on the Red Wall are self-evident. Even the essays of pre-Qin philosophers, such as The Analects of Confucius, have some poetic fragments. In the advanced article, Luz, Ceng Zhe, You Ran and Gong Xihua were seated in the article, and Confucius asked them to express their opinions. Several other people said bluntly that only Ceng Zhe borrowed a descriptive language to express it:
At the end of spring, the spring clothes have been completed, with five or six champions and six or seven boys. Bath is almost deductive, the wind is harmful to dance, and they go home.
This passage is quite artistic.
Does the opera have artistic conception? There are also. Wang Guowei said Yuan Zaju was wonderful. "In short, this is just artistic conception. Why is it artistic? Say: it is refreshing to write feelings, and the scenery is in people's eyes and ears, as it says. " (Textual research on Song and Yuan operas) Lyrics in operas pay special attention to the expression of artistic conception. Some lyrics are good at describing the scenery, setting off the atmosphere and expressing the inner activities of the characters, such as Wang Shifu's "The West Chamber" and "Farewell Pavilion", which are a compromise between the two tunes:
[Gong Zheng] [Correct and Good] Blue sky and yellow flowers are tight in the west wind, flying north and south. Who is drunk in Xiao Lai's frost forest? Always in tears.
【 End 】 In the surrounding mountains, a whip is still shining. How can you afford these cars all over the world?
Does the novel have artistic conception? There are also. For example, the woman in green in Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is about a scholar Yu Jing studying in a temple. At night, a woman suddenly praised him outside the window: "It's good to study in Xianggong!" Confused, the woman has pushed the door and laughed: this long green dress is really beautiful. Born in love and then in bed. The hostess's understanding of the melody is wonderful, and the singing touched her ears and shocked her soul. One night, after the woman left, Yu Sheng heard her cry for help and could hear it under the eaves. An Okumo caught something and whined. Pick from the broken net and a green bee dies. "Grasp in the room, on the desk. When we stop moving, we can only move. Deng Xu inkstone pool, throwing ink himself, fell a few times and walked as a word' thank you'. Spread your wings and go through the window. From then on, it will be absolute. " The whole novel is full of poetry, and the last paragraph is particularly artistic.
The creation of China's literature pays attention not only to the expression of artistic conception, but also to the appreciation of literature. When reading those works with far-reaching artistic conception, we may temporarily ignore everything around us, turn a blind eye, listen but not smell, and immerse our whole mind in the imaginary world. Sometimes my past aesthetic experience is aroused and I have won a great reputation with the poet. Sometimes it seems that the mind has opened a new window and gained a new understanding of the universe and life. Sometimes I feel that I have surpassed myself and moved towards a brighter and wiser situation in character and intelligence.
How can we enter the artistic conception of literary works? You must run your imagination and association, from here to there, from the outside to the inside. Poetry appreciation needs imagination and association, needless to say. Here, I only talk about the appreciation of Chinese opera. The performances of traditional operas in China are very virtual, such as boating by car, fighting by horse, locking the door and climbing the stairs. All kinds of actions are shown by the actors in a virtual way, and there is no real scenery on the stage. Imagine mountains, rivers and horses by the audience. When reading the script, there is not only no scenery in front of you, but also no actors. I only see the words on the paper. Readers should use these words to imagine the scenes on the stage, so that the dead words can come alive one by one and become some vivid scenes. Only in this way can we enter its artistic conception.
Sanjituo
China's literature has a tradition of expressing ambition. "The Analects of Confucius Zi Han" said: "When the cold comes and the summer goes, you will know that the pine and cypress will wither." Show honest personality through pine and cypress. The vanilla beauty in Li Sao entrusted the poet with noble sentiments. Some writers are afraid or unwilling to express their political opinions clearly, and often hide their true meaning and express their wishes by excuses. The titles of many works are "To the Heart", "To History", "Feeling" and "Feeling". Therefore, to appreciate China literature, we must pay attention to whether there is any sustenance. If there is any sustenance, we should further understand what sustenance it is and observe the author's true thoughts and feelings through superficial images. For example, Li Shangyin's The Peony in the Back Was Beaten by Rain, followed by:
Second, don't laugh at the pomegranate blossom late, let alone catch up with Fangchun. It is a kind of human sorrow that peony withers prematurely. The jade plate is full of tears, and the golden harp is full of dreams. Clouds are gathering, there is no flower bed in the past, and a good life in a year has been given to the sludge and dust early. If you look back after one last dance, you will feel the beauty of peony in the wind and rain.
This poem thinks that the peony defeated by the rain symbolizes itself, and the combination of chanting and lyricism shows its unfortunate experience in twists and turns. Another example is "Bridled Eyebrows" by Wang Mian in Yuan Dynasty:
This body is in a forest of ice and snow, different from peaches and plums. Suddenly, the fragrance of the night was scattered like a dry spring in Wan Li.
Wang Mian's bridled eyebrows are noble and refined, but not narcissistic. It is willing to contribute its own fragrance to accelerate the arrival of spring, which entrusted the poet's ideal.
It is not uncommon to find works with sustenance in prose. Han Yu's Miscellaneous Notes IV (Ma Shuo) entrusts the injustice of the poor through an unknown swift horse. Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus Theory" and the lyric of lotus "Out of the mud but not stained" are obvious examples.
However, we should avoid cutting into the marginal notes and saying those works without sustenance are works without sustenance. This can only destroy the interest in appreciation and not help to understand the work. This is the fault of Han Confucianism in interpreting the Book of Songs. For example, Yan Guan is obviously a love song, but it is interpreted as "the virtue of later generations". In Qing Dynasty, Chen Ling explained the poems and songs of Han and Tang Dynasties with the method of China Confucianism, but there are also many attachments, such as Shang Xie by Han Yuefu:
Evil! I want to know you and live a long life. From no mausoleum, the river runs out, winter thunder bursts with summer rain and snow, and heaven and earth become one, but dare to separate from you.
Chen Ling said, "This loyal minister swore an oath by himself!" It seems pedantic and ridiculous.
Sibaicai
Appreciation of China's literature needs profound cultural accomplishment. The ability to appreciate China culture can be improved by acquiring various knowledge. For example, the appreciation of poetry can learn from the theory of calligraphy and painting. In Qing Dynasty, Wang said that the brush should be "hairy", Cai said that the art of calligraphy should be "astringent", and poetry critics said that the art of poetry should be "clumsy". We can confirm each other. Ye Xie's "Original Poems" said on the poems of Han and Wei Dynasties: "It is clumsy at work, and it is clumsy at work." Commenting on one of Liu Yuxi's poems, Chen Shidao's Poems on the Back Hill said: "Although the language is clumsy, it is intentional." Yuan Mei's Poems with the Garden said: "Poetry should be simple and unfortunate, but simple and clever; Poetry should be light but not strong, and it will be light after being strong. " Painters call it "Mao", calligraphers call it "astringent" and poets call it "clumsy", and the reason is the same.
China's traditional art pays attention to the word "virtual", and sees reality in the virtual. Painters often leave a large blank in the picture, so that the people who watch the painting can imagine and supplement it themselves. In the early Qing Dynasty, the painter Xuan Chongguang said in "Painting Sign": "Virtual and real are born together, and no painting is the beauty." Booksellers and seal engravers emphasize that "calligraphy and painting can be done in a sparse place, and the secret place is not ventilated. White is often regarded as black, and curiosity comes out." China's literature pursues implication, that is, seeing the truth in the virtual place and turning white into black, so that readers can see the words where there are no words, and then understand the interest of the works. If you know something about China's painting art, calligraphy art and seal cutting, it will be helpful to appreciate China literature.