Jin Lie
Old vines are faint crows, small bridges are flowing, and old roads are thin horses. When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world. (Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiu Si")
This poem, together with nine commonly used nouns, constitutes a bleak picture of autumn night, showing a wandering and sad mood of a wanderer. Dead vines are entangled, old trees are declining, dark crows are shrinking, and everything is cold and lifeless. This sentence is both a realistic picture and a mood. Faced with such a sad situation, how can a wanderer who is wandering around the world not rush home? However, the ancient road is bumpy and long, and the autumn wind is bleak. I am as thin as a horse, and my way home is still thousands of miles away ... At this point, how can the sadness of homesickness make people feel sad and burst into tears! A poem, neither beautiful nor strange, is just a combination of several simple nouns, which makes people chew and have mixed feelings.
Jin Lie is a rhetorical device that arranges several nouns or noun phrases into a picture with a strange sentence pattern. There is no predicate in the sentence, but it can express complex thoughts and feelings and describe things from multiple angles. In The Origin of Rhetoric (Jinan University Press, revised edition 1996), Mr. Tan Yongxiang said: "There is a strange sentence pattern in classical poetry works, which is composed of nouns or noun-centered naming structures. There is no adjective predicate in it, but it can describe scenery and express feelings; There is no verb predicate, but you can tell stories. This language phenomenon ... we call it' Jin Lie'. "
Such as "the soft leaves of foreign trees, the cold light of lanterns, the loneliness in the night" (Ma Dai's "Autumn Chrysanthemum on the Dam"), "A stranger living alone in a candle in a jagged night mountain" (Cui Tu's "Work in the Night"), "When the swallows come, the news agency and pear blossoms are reflected clearly. At three or four o'clock, the pond is covered with moss, and the orioles at the bottom of the leaves make one or two noises (Yan Shu's Breaking the Array), "Painting bridges with willow smoke, green curtains with wind curtains and a hundred schools of thought crisscross" (Liu Yong's Looking at the Tide) and so on.
Association is the psychological basis of brocade formation. Poets often use some connection between things to list several interrelated words, form the combination and superposition of images, create specific scenes and realms, and let readers perceive the flow and connection between pictures, so as to grasp the complex things described by the author, express complex feelings and see the whole leopard at a glance.
For example, the poem "Jade Case" by He Zuoxiu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "How much leisure is there? Yichuan smoke, full of wind, plum yellow rain. " This group of beautiful sentences, similar associations and three metaphors have given the poet a unique aesthetic treatment to the heartless catkin, and then superimposed and compounded it, taking reality as fiction, vividly depicting the author's chaotic and sad image. The whole sentence consists of three noun phrases, which skillfully combine three independent images and three different pictures through internal sadness. Transfer the subjective mood and artistic conception to the aesthetic object, so that the ruthless landscape is personalized and emotional; On the other hand, through readers' imagination, appreciation and taste, it plays a role in setting off, rendering and strengthening the theme.
Similarly, there is such a good sentence in the article "Going on a Good Morning Walk": "The cock crows and the Mao Dian Moon, and people are covered with frost." The whole sentence consists of six images composed of ten pure nouns, which reflects a complete picture of goodness before dawn: the waning moon hanging high, the rooster whistling, the hut guest house, and the homesick guests getting up early and going on the road. Unexpectedly, at the intersection of Banqiao, the frost and the footprints are really "Mo Daojun left early and there were many early pedestrians." The whole poem highlights the word "early leave" with only six superimposed images, and has the charm of "early" without missing a word. As Li Dongyang said in "Poems of Huailutang": "There is no need to use one or two idle words in two sentences, but only the word' seeking near customs' is mentioned, but it is rare to have a sonorous rhyme and full image."
There are many beautiful words in ancient poetry, such as "Seven or eight stars rise out of the sky, and rain falls in front of the mountain" (Xijiang Moon by Xin Qiji), "Yang Liuan, the wind is fading away" (Rainforest Ridge by Liu Yong) and "The boat snows at night and the autumn wind passes by" (Book Wrath by Lu You).
However, it is worth noting that Li Jin's use of this rhetorical method is not a unique phenomenon in classical poetry, but can also be seen in other ancient styles and modern works, such as "the towering Tianshan Mountains and the vast Yangtze River; Ma Xifeng north, apricot blossom spring rain Jiangnan; The thatched cottage in my hometown is just like the bean green lantern in my childhood ... "(Yuan Ying's preface to the life of Haitian years) In addition to its own rhetorical characteristics and effects, sentences using rhetorical figures often overlap with metaphors, antithesis, parallelism and metonymy to enhance the expression effect. Therefore, when we appreciate tasting, we need to chew and evaluate carefully.
show one's face
Using imagination, with the help of text description, the past, future or things that can't be witnessed are presented to readers, which is called display. There are three kinds of appearances: retrospection, prediction and suspense.
1. retrospective display
Tracing back to the past is to describe what happened in the past with imagination. For example:
When I read this, I saw the fat blue cotton gown and the back of the black coat in the crystal tears. (Zhu Ziqing's "Back")
By recalling his father's back, he directly expressed his nostalgia for his father, with a long voice and lingering feelings, which made people memorable.
② What are you doing at home? "Help people drag bamboo." I looked at his broad shoulders and immediately saw a sea of bamboo like a green mist. In the middle of the sea, a narrow stone mountain road spirals up. A young man with broad shoulders, carrying an old blue cloth and several bamboos on his shoulders, with bamboo tips dragging behind him, making the stone steps rattle ... how familiar I am with life in my hometown! (Ru Zhijuan's "Lily")
The little soldier's words evoke deep nostalgia for his hometown life, vividly reproduce the characters' thoughts and feelings, and pour deep affection between the lines. Let readers feel that they have seen this person.
(3) In early summer, when the sun is getting warmer, you can buy a boat, paddle off the bridge, lie in the shade, read your book or dream. The fragrance of Sophora japonica floats on the water, and the sound of fish teases you. (Xu Zhimo's Cambridge as I Know It)
In fact, this passage is just the author's memory of his own experience. He just wants you to buy a boat, lie in the shade by the bridge, read your books, dream your dreams, smell the fragrance of Sophora japonica and listen to the sound of fish. This is a description of touch, sight, smell and hearing, which is very fascinating.
2. The prophecy was revealed
Predicting is telling the future, as if it happened before your eyes. For example:
(1) You asked if the return date was undecided, and it was raining in the autumn pool. When * * * cut the candle at the west window, but talk about the rain at night. (Li Shangyin's Notes to Friends in the North on a Rainy Night)
The poet predicted that on a certain night, the husband and wife would get together, sit under the west window of the house and chat with Kan Kan. Talk about tonight's scene, homesickness in a foreign land, feelings after receiving the letter ... because we talked for a long time, we cut candles and flowers again and again. The poet interweaves imagination with reality and truly writes the feelings of people far away.
(2) Affectionate since ancient times, it's even worse to be away from the clear autumn festival! Who knows where I am when I am awake tonight? Fear is just the edge, facing the sad morning wind and the setting sun of the waning moon. (Liu Yong's "Yulinling")
The poet predicted the scene of sober-up by imagining the three most touching parting images of "willow, wind and waning moon", which became a famous sentence through the ages.
Step 3: Stick to it and show off.
Suspense shows up, that is, telling imaginary things as if they are really in front of you, which has nothing to do with the past or future of time. For example:
I eat snow here precisely for the sake of the people of our motherland not eating snow. Let them sit in a bright room, make a pot of tea, keep a small stove and do whatever they want. (Wei Wei, "Who is the cutest person")
By thinking about the warm life picture of the motherland people, it shows the soldiers' simple pursuit of faith and love for the motherland people.
A person is a stranger in a foreign land, and he misses his relatives twice every festive season. When I think of my brothers' bodies climbing high, I will feel a little regret for not being able to reach me. (Wang Wei's "I miss my Shandong brother on vacation in the mountains")
Poet's suspense: brothers who are far away from home are wearing dogwood when climbing mountains today, only to find that one is missing-the poet is not among them. It seems that it is not you who feel pity, but my brother in my hometown; It's not that I regret that I can't spend the holiday with my brothers in my hometown, but that my brothers can't reunite with themselves during the holiday. I don't say I miss my brothers in my hometown, but on the other hand, my brothers in my hometown miss themselves in festivals, which deepens the feeling of "missing my loved ones twice".
remove doubts and misgivings
Brocade and demonstration
Arrange several nouns or noun phrases to form a picture. The sentence pattern is strange, but there is no adjective predicate, so you can write scenery and express your feelings. There is no verb predicate, but it can tell stories. The psychological basis of brocade formation is association. People often use some connection between things to list several interrelated words, form the combination and superposition of images, create specific scenes and realms, and let readers perceive the flow and connection between pictures, so as to grasp the complex things described by the author and express complex feelings. Display cases can be divided into retrospective display, prophetic display and suspended display, that is, with the help of text description, things in the past, the future or things that can't be seen with one's own eyes are presented to readers.