In ancient times, Confucius was regarded as a "saint of heaven" and a "muduo of heaven". He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time, and was respected by later rulers as Confucius' sage, the most holy, the most holy teacher, the most holy teacher, the teacher of kings and the teacher of generations.
His thoughts have a far-reaching influence on China and the world, and he is listed as the first of the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World". With the expansion of Confucius' influence, "Confucius Sacrifice Ceremony" once became a "big sacrifice" at the same level as China's ancestor worship.
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The main content of Confucius' thought of benevolence includes the moral ideals of saints and benevolent people. He believes that benevolence has the highest moral value. "People who are determined to be benevolent do not live to harm benevolence, but kill to be benevolent." He attaches great importance to moral cultivation and emphasizes his own efforts, that is, "benevolent people have different opinions, wise people have different opinions" and "benevolent people are far away?" I want to be kind. "
Asking people to "take Tao as the aim, rely on morality, rely on benevolence and swim in the art", he proposed a series of self-cultivation methods, such as self-seeking; Three provinces a day, etc. Confucius' benevolence also includes the thought of cherishing workers, such as Zhong Gong's seeking benevolence. Confucius said, "Going out to meet big guests makes people like big sacrifices." Zhang Ziwen Ren, Confucius said: "Being able to do five things in the world is also benevolence."
"Five" means "courtesy, tolerance, faithfulness, sensitivity and benefit". Confucius' "generosity" and "benefit" are manifested in his method of governing the country, that is, to be virtuous. The so-called moral policy includes two interrelated aspects: the economic policy of benefiting the people and the political policy of lenient punishment and emphasizing education.
Economically, benefiting the people is to let the people "eat enough." The Analects of Confucius recorded that Confucius "valued the people, ate, mourned and sacrificed" and advocated "benefiting the people for profit". Politically, forgiving the people is to oppose the tyranny of "killing without teaching" Confucius advocated treating people with morality and justice, and opposed "punishing people with politics and justice".
It is believed that only in this way can we cultivate people's moral concepts and urge people to consciously abide by social norms. In order to rule by virtue, Confucius also put forward the political proposition of "promoting talents" In The Analects of Confucius, Zhong Gong asked about politics, and Confucius said, "Be a teacher first, forgive small mistakes and cultivate talents." He believes that public opinion must also be taken into account. "Straight mistakes are completely abolished, and * * * suits; For waste straight, * * * refuses to accept ".
Baidu encyclopedia-Confucius
Brief introduction of Confucius Kong Qiu (September 28th, 55 1 year -479+0 1 year April 28th), whose son's surname is Kong Shi, Qiu Mingren, whose name is Zhong Ni, was honored as Confucius or Confucius by later generations. He was born in Lu, and his ancestors were Song people. He was an educator and philosopher in Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and once held an important position in Lu.
Confucius is the founder of Confucianism, and his thoughts of virtue (benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faithfulness) have a far-reaching influence on the surrounding areas, such as the Korean Peninsula, Ryukyu, Japan, Vietnam and Southeast Asia, also known as the Confucian cultural circle.
When Confucius was alive, he was called "the sage of heaven" and "there were many heavenly eyes". At the initiative of Dong Zhongshu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented the policy of "respecting Confucianism alone", and later rulers or followers of Confucianism successively honored Confucius as a saint, Wen Sheng, the most holy, the most holy teacher, the teacher of successful learning and the teacher from generation to generation.
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During the Spring and Autumn Period of Confucius' life, the political system based on blood clan (nationality) collapsed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and China people's world outlook based on cultural identity began to take shape. Some people began to think about heaven, life and world order, and the culture and education originally monopolized by nobles gradually flowed into the people.
Confucius is one of the representatives of the spirit of this era. He initiated a hundred schools of thought during the Warring States Period. Yi Zhuan, Chun Qiu, Xiao Jing and The Analects of Confucius are the main works to understand his own thoughts.
Confucius initiated the Yi-ology, and he was the first to put forward the theory of goodness of nature ("One yin and one yang is the Tao, those who follow it are also good, and those who succeed are also people") as the philosophical basis of his benevolence. He argued about benevolence and righteousness, "divide yin and yang, repeatedly use softness and rigidity", "speak benevolence and righteousness", and also talked about six pictures, "six pictures make a chapter (Zhang).
Baidu encyclopedia-Confucius
Kong Qiu (September 28th ~ April, 55 11,479 BC) is a profile of Confucius. The second child, Han nationality, was from Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius was a great thinker and educator in ancient China, the founder of Confucianism and one of the most famous cultural celebrities in the world. China's first chronological history book Spring and Autumn Annals was compiled. According to relevant records, Confucius was born in Changping Township, Joy, Lu State (now Luyuan Village, Nanxin Town, Qufu City, Shandong Province). Confucius died at the age of 73 and was buried in Surabaya, north of Qufu, where Kong Lin is now located. Confucius' thoughts on words and deeds are mainly contained in the prose collections "The Analects of Confucius" and "Historical Records of Confucius' Family" preserved in the pre-Qin and Qin and Han Dynasties.
Introduction to Confucius Confucius (September 28th, 55 BC-April 28th, 479 BC1KLOC-0/year) was born in Zhong Ni, a famous mountain and an ancient thinker in China. He initiated the atmosphere of private lectures and advocated benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith.
Confucius led some disciples around the world for thirteen years, and revised the six classics in his later years, namely, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period. According to legend, Confucius once asked Laozi for gifts, with 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and their re-disciples recorded the words and deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled the Confucian classic The Analects.
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First, the achievements of Confucius' moral thought:
Confucius constructed a complete ideological system of "virtue and virtue": he advocated the virtue and virtue of "benevolence and courtesy" at the individual level. [30] The ideological system of Tao Te Ching is based on the theory of goodness of nature ("One yin and one yang is the way, and those who follow it are also good, and those who succeed are also people"), so as to establish the two poles of human beings ("the three-pole way"), connect human nature with heaven, and the golden mean will become a complete methodological ideological system in due course.
Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of human nature, while Confucius' theory of propriety embodies the spirit of etiquette, that is, order and system in the modern sense. Humanism is the eternal theme of mankind, which is applicable to any society, any era and any * * *, and order and institutional society are the basic requirements for building a civilized human society. This humanitarianism and order spirit of Confucius is the essence of China's ancient social and political thought.
The highest ideal of Confucius in his later years is called "Great Harmony". In the world of great harmony, people in the world love each other and all the people in the world, not only their families, but also their parents and children.
Children can get warmth and care, lonely people and disabled people can rely on them, men have their own things, and women have a satisfactory home. There is no fraud, no thief, no road to pick up, no door to close at night, everyone is honest with each other, talent selection, and the trip to the avenue is also a public service.
Second, the monograph:
1, document arrangement
In his later years, Confucius devoted himself to education, compiling poems, books, rites and music, prefacing the Book of Changes (also known as Ten Wings of the Book of Changes, or Yi Zhuan) and compiling the Spring and Autumn Annals. Later generations collectively referred to as the Six Classics.
2. Poetry creation
According to legend, Confucius once wrote poems such as Song of Shanglu, Song of Dragonfly Water, Turtle Mountain Exercise, Disk Exercise, Lan Cao, Returning to Cao, Song of Delin, etc. Most of these poems are included in Yuefu poetry anthology, and their credibility is not high.
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Baidu encyclopedia-Confucius
Introduction to Confucius, about 300 words: Confucius, son surname, Qiu Mingkong, word Zhong Ni, was born in Lu Yi (now Qufu, Shandong Province) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and his ancestral home was Yili, Guo Song (now Xiayi, Henan Province). He was a thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient China.
In ancient times, Confucius was regarded as a "saint of heaven" and a "muduo of heaven". He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time, and was respected by later rulers as Confucius' sage, the most holy, the most holy teacher, the most holy teacher, the teacher of kings and the teacher of generations.
His thoughts have a far-reaching influence on China and the world, and he is listed as the first of the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World". With the expansion of Confucius' influence, "Confucius Sacrifice Ceremony" once became a "big sacrifice" at the same level as China's ancestor worship.
Confucius' ancestors were nobles of Shang Tang, the founding monarch of Yi Li, Song Dynasty and Shang Dynasty. After the rebellion of the three kingdoms in the early Zhou Dynasty, in order to appease the nobles and future generations of the Shang Dynasty, the Duke of Zhou appointed his younger brother Wei to establish the Song Kingdom in Shangqiu and worship Yin Shang as emperor. After Wei's death, his brother succeeded to the throne, but Confucius' first 15 ancestor.
Located on the east side of the Confucius Temple in Qufu City, Confucius House is the residence of the eldest son of Confucius, that is, the Duke House. Hongwu was founded in the 10th year (1377), rebuilt and expanded in the 16th year of Hongzhi (1503) and expanded in the 18th year of Daoguang (1838). In the 11th year of Guangxu (1885), seven buildings in the burned inner courtyard were rebuilt.
After the founding of New China, the people * * * allocated funds for reconstruction many times, and it is now well preserved, and it is a national key cultural relics protection unit. 1994 is listed in the World Cultural Heritage List by UNESCO. Covering an area of 75,000 square meters, Confucius House has nine courtyards and 463 halls.
Three-way layout, the official residence in front of the middle road, three halls and six halls, followed by the inner room, the front room, the front and rear rooms, the annex building and the back five rooms. Finally, the garden. East Road is East School, and there are Jiamiao and Mu'en Church. The west road is western learning, including Honghuxuan, Zhongshutang, Anhuaitang and Nanbei Flower House.
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Confucius' Moral Thought
Confucius constructed a complete ideological system of "virtue and virtue": he advocated the virtue and virtue of "benevolence and courtesy" at the individual level. The ideological system of virtue and Taoism is based on the theory of goodness of human nature ("one yin and one yang refers to the Tao, and those who follow it are also good, and those who succeed are also people"), aiming at establishing the human pole ("three-pole Tao"), and connecting with human nature, heaven and tunnel, and the golden mean will become a complete methodological ideological system in due course.
Confucius' theory of benevolence embodies the spirit of human nature, while Confucius' theory of propriety embodies the spirit of etiquette, that is, order and system in the modern sense. Humanism is the eternal theme of mankind, which is applicable to any society, any era and any * * *.
Children can get warmth and care, lonely people and disabled people can rely on them, men have their own things, and women have a satisfactory home. There is no fraud, no thief, no road to pick up, no door to close at night, everyone is honest with each other, talent selection, and the trip to the avenue is also a public service.
Baidu encyclopedia-Confucius
Introduction to Confucius:
Confucius, a native of Shandong, was born in 55 1 year BC and died in 479 BC at the age of 73. Confucius, the famous hill, the word Zhong Ni. A great thinker and educator at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, who was the founder of Confucianism and put forward the idea of "benevolence", was a famous thinker and educator in ancient China.
He is studious, knowledgeable and versatile. He initiated the atmosphere of private lectures, and recruited disciples, regardless of wealth. It is said that there are 3000 disciples, 72 of whom are excellent. He became an emissary of cultural exchange. He traveled around the world, and devoted himself to the collation and dissemination of ancient documents, education, sorting out ancient classics such as poems and books, and deleting Chunqiu in his later years. Its students recorded their thoughts and actions in The Analects.
Through lifelong advocacy and the development of Confucianism in past dynasties, Confucius made China's Confucianism the mainstream of China culture and the guiding ideology of China people for more than 2,000 years. The core of Confucius' ideological system is the rule of virtue, and he persistently advocates a benign society and a benign life. The highest standard of Dehua society is "courtesy", and the highest value of Dehua life is "benevolence".
Confucius taught people to actively pursue the "loyalty and forgiveness" of "standing if you want, reaching if you want" and "don't do to others what you don't want", so as to establish a correct outlook on life and correctly handle the relationship between people. Confucius advocated "harmony between man and nature" to deal with the relationship between man and nature. He also expounded and spread the truth that people should not only be kind to people, but also love things.
Confucius advocated that the country should implement the moral policy of "teaching the rich" to develop society and culture. Confucius believes that the highest achievement of civilization lies in cultivating ideal personality to create an ideal society, and achieving the realm of "the world is public" and "the world is a family" by practicing "the sage inside and the king outside". Because of Confucius' outstanding contribution and far-reaching influence, he was respected by the people of China as the most sacred teacher and a teacher for generations.
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Confucius founded Confucianism, also known as Confucianism or Confucianism, which had a great influence on later generations. At first, it refers to the master of ceremonies engaged in the funeral industry, and later, based on this, it gradually formed a complete system of Confucianism, which became the mainstream of China traditional culture and had a far-reaching impact. It is the most influential school in China and the mainstream consciousness in ancient China.
Confucianism has exerted a profound influence on China, East Asia and even the whole world. The concepts of Confucianism, Confucianism and Confucianism should be distinguished. Confucianism, as a theory, as a stratum and as a belief, is both the same and different, and needs to be distinguished.
Confucianism has a wide influence in East Asian countries. In Korea and Japan, ethics and etiquette were influenced by Confucianism, which is still obvious today. In Korea, many people believe in various religions, but Confucianism is dominant in ethics. After the invasion of western civilization into Korean society, various social problems have increased, but South Korea * * * regards Confucian ethics as a restrictive force to maintain social stability and deepens Confucianism in education.
Confucianism occupies an important position in the cultural history of China. Confucian classics are not only the tools of ideological rule, but also the main body of feudal culture in China, which preserves rich national cultural heritage. Confucianism plays an important role not only in China, but also in the East Asian world. Confucianism, like Chinese characters, law and Buddhism, spread to neighboring countries very early and had an important influence on their ideology and culture.
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Baidu Encyclopedia: Confucius
The profile of Confucius is 20 words: Kong Qiu, Qiu Ming and Zhong Ni. Born in Lu Yi, he is an educator and philosopher. The founder of Confucianism.
Confucius led some disciples around the world for thirteen years, and revised the six classics in his later years, namely, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period. According to legend, Confucius once asked Laozi for gifts, with 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and their re-disciples recorded the words and deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled the Confucian classic The Analects.
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Confucius Temple, Confucius House and Confucius Forest in Qufu, Shandong Province, China are collectively called "Three Holes" as a symbol of China's memory of Confucius and admiration for Confucianism. The Confucius Temple was founded in 478 BC and has never given up offering sacrifices for more than 2,400 years. It is the longest-used temple in China and one of the most famous ancient buildings in China.
Kong Lin is the cemetery where Kong Qiu was buried after his death. It has been used for more than 2,400 years and is the longest clan cemetery in China and even in the world. Confucius' first grandson had a hereditary title of nobility, which lasted for more than 265,438+000 years. He is the oldest aristocratic family in China, and his mansion, Confucius House, is the largest, best preserved and most representative building complex in China. "Three Holes" has been listed in the World Heritage List by UNESCO.
Introduction to Confucius Confucius (September 28th, 55 BC1year-BC1April/year), surnamed Kong, named Qiu, was born in Lu (now Qufu, Shandong) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and his ancestral home was Li (now Xiayi, Henan), an ancient thinker in China. He initiated the atmosphere of private lectures and advocated benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith.
Confucius led some disciples around the world for thirteen years, and revised the six classics in his later years, namely, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period. According to legend, Confucius once asked Laozi for gifts, with 3,000 disciples, including 72 sages. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and their re-disciples recorded the words and deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled the Confucian classic The Analects.
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Anecdotal allusions
Debate between righteousness and benefit
There is a law in Lu. If Lu people meet their compatriots in foreign countries and become slaves, as long as they can redeem them (help them regain their freedom), they can get monetary compensation and rewards from the state. Zi Gong (a student of Confucius) redeemed Lu people from foreign countries, but he didn't accept money.
Confucius said, "You are wrong to give (Duanmu word, that is, Zigong)! What saints do can be used to change folk customs and can be taught to the people, not just to benefit themselves. Now there are fewer people in Lu and more poor people, and there is no loss (for you) to be compensated. However, if compensation is not obtained, no one in Lu will redeem their (killed) compatriots. "
Lutz saved a drowning man. The man thanked him for sending a cow, and Luz accepted it. Confucius said happily, "From now on, Lu people will be brave enough to save people who fall into the water."