Tang Dynasty: Liu Yuxi
Lianzhou overlooks the village market. When I arrived at the county building and felt comfortable, I wrote a vulgar song for poets.
Flowers and plants are in full bloom on the top of the mountain, and swallows fly from east to west. The horizon looks like a line, and the white water is uneven. The peasant woman is wearing a white skirt, and the farmer is wearing green hemp fiber. Sing Tanaka songs together and stand like bamboo sticks. But when you smell resentment, you can't distinguish slang. Whenever you laugh, you will laugh at each other. Horizontal seedlings are barren, and fireworks are born in the market. Yellow dogs reciprocate, red chickens crow and peck. Who's that man by the roadside? Black hoodies have long sleeves. I said I was an official and left Dixiang at the beginning of the year. Fu Tian said to the official, "Your family is very good at this. When you arrive in Chang' an, your eyes will be very different. " The official said with a smile, "Chang 'an is really great. The door of the province is lofty and there is no agriculture. I came to fill the doorman yesterday, only using bamboo cloth. You see, in two or three years, I will be an official. "
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Lianzhou city overlooks the village. Accidentally boarded Lianzhou county building, just got some insights, so I wrote my own insights into folk songs, waiting for collectors to collect them.
The flowers and plants on the top of the mountain are covered, and swallows fly east and west. Looking at the horizon like a line, a piece of white water is uneven. The peasant woman is wearing a white linen skirt, and the peasant woman is wearing green grass and hemp fiber. Sing Tanaka's songs together and whisper like bamboo branches. But listening to sad songs, I don't know slang and lyrics. From time to time, a burst of laughter broke out, which must be laughing and playing with each other. The paddy fields are flat and desolate, and fireworks come and go in every village. Rhubarb dog, walk back and forth, red rooster, pecking and screaming. The young man on the roadside is wearing a black hat and a big sleeve. Self-proclaimed treasurer, just out of the capital at the beginning of the year. Fu Tian said to the cashier, "I know your family very well. As soon as you get home from Chang 'an, pretend you don't know anyone. " The treasurer greeted him with a smile and replied, "Chang 'an is really great. The provincial gate is tall and majestic, and I have sat on it countless times. Recently, a tube of bamboo cloth can be used to fill the vacancy of guards. You see, in two or three years, I will definitely be an official. "
To annotate ...
Transplanting: Transplanting.
Lianzhou: the place name, where it is located, is now Lianxian County, Guangdong Province.
Village market: a village. The market, that is, the virtual market. The third volume of Wu Chuhou's Blue Box Miscellanies in the Song Dynasty reads: "Lingnan calls towns and cities cities cities. Liu Zihou's "Biography of Children's Districts" said:' All the empty ones were sold.' There is also a poem that says,' salt wraps you (Ru) and belongs to the cave guest, while green fried rice takes advantage of the virtual people'. Where the city is built, some people are full, but no one is empty. But in lingnan village, when it's full, it's less, and when it's empty, it's empty. Is inappropriate! "(lingnan called it fair virtual. Liu Zongyuan's Children's Biography said: "Go to the virtual place to sell him." Liu also wrote the poem "Liuzhou Cave Mang", saying: "Those who sprinkle salt on bamboo skin are cave visitors, and those who cover rice with green lotus leaves are market participants", which means market participants. Because the market is crowded when there are people and empty when there are no people, it is also appropriate to call the villages and cities in Lingnan empty when there are few people and many people. )
County Tower: County Tower.
Comfortable: by chance, just right.
Folk songs: folk songs.
As soon as possible: wait.
Poet: An official who collects folk songs. Han Shu's literary and artistic annals said: "In ancient times, officials collected poems, respected customs, knew the gains and losses, and made their own textual research." This sentence refers to the intentional imitation of folk songs, which contains irony and hopes to get the attention of the emperor.
Cheng: Cheng.
Staggered: originally refers to the appearance of uneven length. Here, rice fields are described as flickering and dark.
ZH skirt: A skirt made of white linen. Rice, linen.
Coir: A raincoat made of grass or brown hair.
Song of Tanaka: Song of Zhong Ying.
Yρng:ZHρ: Soft voice, which describes the sound of harmony.
Such as bamboo branches: such as Zhuzhici, a folk song in eastern Sichuan (with harmony at the end of the sentence).
A sad tune.
Don't know slang words: don't know the lyrics.
Laughing, sneering and joking.
Desert: vast and silent.
Lang: Young people.
Black hat: official hat, black hat. It was worn by court officials in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and became an official hat in the Tang Dynasty.
Counting officials: Also known as counting officials, they are small officials sent by local governments in feudal society to the central government to report the year-end household registration, land reclamation and income of counties.
Di Xiang: Where is the emperor? It is Chang 'an, Kyoto.
Nong (nóng): Me, dialect.
Familiarity (ān): Familiarity.
Big eyes: high eyes look down on people.
Correlation: mutual influence.
Provincial gate: the gate of a court or government office. In the Han Dynasty, the palace was called a province, and the palace gate was called a province (tà). In the Tang Dynasty, the central government set up six provinces: Shangshu, Xiamen, Zhongshu, Secretary, Central Yunnan and Civil History, so the gate of the official department was also called the provincial gate.
To be cocky: tall.
No degree: countless times.
Yesterday: Recently, some time ago.
Fill the guard: fill the vacancy of the palace guard.
Bamboo tube cloth: bamboo tube cloth and bamboo tube cloth. The cloth in the pipe, also called Huang Run, is a kind of fine cloth produced in Sichuan. Bamboo cloth is a famous product in Lingnan. The word "tube" can also be said to be one tube and two tubes. Zuo Si's Shu Du Fu: "Huang Run is better than the jar" refers to each jar. A tube of bamboo cloth is a tube of bamboo cloth.
Official: Official. Refers to the official.
Creation background
This poem was written during Liu Yuxi's second demotion to Lianzhou Secretariat. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen and others vigorously advocated and created new Yuefu poems that reflected reality and related to the national economy and people's livelihood, which was called "New Yuefu Movement" in history. These poems inherited the tradition of "sadness and joy are mixed, everything happens for a reason" in the Han Yuefu, because they don't take music as fun, but reflect current events with new themes, so they are called "new Yuefu".
Make an appreciative comment
The preface of the poem says: "Lianzhou is at the gate, overlooking the village market." When I arrived at the county building, I felt something, so I wrote a vulgar song and gave it to the poetry collectors. "This poem is inspired by feelings and borrowed from the form of folk songs. Its purpose is to make it clear that the poet wrote this poem to satirize the current political situation and correct the current situation, waiting for the central government to send officials to follow suit. Poetry collection began in the Book of Songs and flourished in Yuefu since the Han and Wei Dynasties. It refers to the collection and arrangement of folk poems by the central Yuefu organization. On the one hand, it can spread these excellent folk poems, on the other hand, it can make the rulers observe the people's feelings. Although most of the new Yuefu poems in the mid-Tang Dynasty intentionally imitate the simple and popular style of Yuefu folk songs, there are few works with natural charm of folk songs like Tian Ge in Flower Arrangement. This poem combines the characteristics of Yuefu narrative and dialogue with the smooth and fresh style of folk songs, and melts into the poet's humorous sense of banter, creating a unique poetic artistic conception.
The first six sentences in the poem can be regarded as a section, which outlines the bright spring in the transplanting season with light colors and simple lines, and the whole field is full of vitality when the peasant woman transplants rice. Moreover, the poet interspersed lively' dynamics' in the neat composition: flowers and plants are in full bloom on the top of the mountain, swallows are flying back and forth, the ridge is straight as a line, the clear water is sparkling, farmers wearing white linen dresses and farmers wearing green grass. The bright colors of the white skirt and the green water are particularly harmonious, conveying a simple humanistic beauty and showing the harmonious unity of the beauty of natural vitality and bright spring.
In the next six sentences, the poet further described the lively scene of peasant labor through hearing. The description of scenery in the previous section can be regarded as the description of static background, while this section mainly describes the activities of characters. The poet caught the farmer's song and described it in detail. Although the poets are far above the county building and the peasant women sing in local slang, it is inevitable that the poets can't distinguish their words, but they can also appreciate their melody. Although these songs are slang songs, they are also lingering and full of charm. Complaints is a natural groan of farmers under the heavy pressure of hard work and hard life, but the whole weather is full of joy and comfort because of the singer's broad mind. "Laugh at each other every time you laugh" is very vivid. In the farmers' neat humming, there are bursts of sneers interspersed from time to time, and the melancholy mood and active atmosphere are wonderfully integrated. Although the song is sad, it has no dull feeling. The singing and laughing played up a strong atmosphere, and the emotions conveyed infected the poet as an audience. The peasants' mindless joy and enthusiasm are completely unscathed and full of pen power.
The poet did not describe the process of working time, but only used a sentence "Hengmo" to describe the completion of transplanting rice seedlings, so that the scene was naturally transferred from paddy fields to villages, and it was handled skillfully without revealing stiff traces. The scene of "Mo Miao Mo" after the direct insertion of paddy fields turns to the fireworks in the market, which not only shows the change of location, but also shows the passage of time, and the transformation of time and space is ingenious and seamless. Moreover, the poet showed the scene full of life in the village without trace. Here, he did not use novel sentences, but used the usual images and writing methods of pastoral poetry, which made people feel deja vu. At the same time, this application is not without creativity, and it is permeated with the author's own observation. At the same time, in the process of describing the village, he naturally leads out the protagonist of this poem-Shang Ji Li, and seamlessly combines the contents of the two parts of the whole poem into a complete scene. The description of Shang Jiguan's image also begins with his clothes description. The dress of the black hat gown is different from the peasant woman's white skirt and green skirt, which not only shows the difference between the merchant official and the peasant woman, but also reminds people that it is like a small black dot that defiles this beautiful field, just as his vulgarity pollutes the simple atmosphere of hard work in the field. The word "self" introduced by the officials in Episode I and the lie that he was born in the hometown of the emperor skillfully show the side of the officials in Episode I who are eager to show off their identity, making his appearance a completely discordant note with the first half.
From the official appearance, the theme of the poem was slowly revealed by his dialogue with farmers. Yuefu poems in Han Dynasty are full of dialogues to describe plots and express feelings. Liu Yuxi borrowed this ancient method, which complements his writing purpose of reflecting current events and satirizing current politics. However, the simple farmer did not succumb to his special status. He had a deep meaning for the entertainment of officials, and his details were exposed in one sentence. "Your family knows the roots" can be described as witty, which shows that farmers know that Shangji officials are originally from nearby villages and refute Shangji officials' boasting of their lies. "Coming to Chang 'an Road, the vision is too different" depicts the shopkeeper's habit of being a small official and disowning his old friends when he arrives in Chang 'an. Although the words were written for "this one", they also summarized the common indifference phenomenon in feudal society and revealed the essence of the social relationship between officials and the people. The official didn't hear the irony in Fu Tian's speech, but he "smiled" at his speech and still tried to show off. This "laugh" shows his stupidity. "Chang 'an is really big. The provincial gate is lofty and lofty, and there is no agriculture. " Vividly depicts the vulgar and ridiculous expression and vanity and shallow character of the shopkeeper who has not yet taken off the rustic. However, the boasting of officials exposed the phenomenon that the imperial court sold officials and titles. "I only used bamboo cloth to mend the guards yesterday" is the key point of irony in the whole poem. Since the official name is used to fill the vacancy in the imperial court, it is only necessary to take out some bamboo cloth to bribe, so the official position can of course be bought and sold at will, and a "only" exposes the worthless position. "If you look at 2002 or 2003, I will be an official. "This speculation is not only the official boast, but also the poet's concern-an official who has no knowledge and is equivalent to a farmer can use his meager strength to be a court official. But let this sentence come from the mouth of a small official, which will have a stronger effect than the poet's direct discussion. Even officials feel that the official price is cheap, which shows that the number of Royal Guards is cheap and the court sells officials and titles excessively. The court doesn't value ability, even identity. In its eyes, there is only the word "copper smell". The whole poem came to an abrupt end when the treasurer got carried away and predicted his future promotion. After listening to these, how the farmer reacted, let the readers imagine for themselves, leaving endless aftertaste. This dialogue is all spoken, with few words and unpretentious, but it vividly shows the different psychological States and personality characteristics of farmers and accountants, and embodies the poet's language characteristics of popularity, vividness and high generalization.
The foreground and the second half of this poem subtly convey the fable theme through dialogue, which is concise and clear, and inherits the excellent tradition of Han Yuefu. It does not express the poet's point of view in one word, nor does it have critical statements and exciting lyricism, only a rough description, but the irony has been achieved and the sad feelings have penetrated into the paper. This poem is expressive, simple and profound, with serious political significance in humor and ridicule, and profound themes in ordinary real life. It absorbs the essence of Han Yuefu folk songs from artistic structure, narrative style, detail description and dialogue between characters, but it also shows the unique style of the poet's lightness, conciseness and humor, thus adding luster to the New Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty with high ideological and artistic value, and it is a wonderful flower in the New Yuefu movement.