Dante alighieri Dante (1265- 132 1) is the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era. Dante was declared a permanent exile at the age of 37, and later died in a foreign land. At the age of nine, she met her eternal lover, and then Pai Yaqi, 24, became the source of Dante's future creation. Divine Comedy is Dante's immortal masterpiece.
Dante was born in Florence [Italy], a declining aristocratic family. He was born in 1265, and his date of birth is unknown. According to his own poem, "born under Gemini" should be at the end of May or early June. At the age of five, her biological mother died, her father was her second wife, and her stepmother gave birth to two younger brothers and a younger sister.
Dante's life is not recorded much, but there are many writers, many of whom are unreliable. He may not have received a formal education (some people say he studied in Bologna and Paris), but he learned a lot from many famous friends and teachers, including Latin, Provence and music. When he was young, he may have been a knight and participated in several wars. He/kloc-got married at the age of 0/2, and his wife gave birth to six children for him.
The Dante statue outside the Dante Museum in Florence was divided into two factions in Florence at that time. One is the West Berlin faction loyal to the Holy Roman Emperor, and the other is the Gaelic faction loyal to the Pope. After 1266, due to the powerful influence of the Pope, the Gaelic faction won and exiled the West Berlin faction. Pope Benifas VIII, elected in 1294 after Gefeipai came to power, wanted to control Florence. Some wealthy citizens in the city of hope are unwilling to be controlled by the Pope and split into a "white party", while others have not settled down and hope to turn over and become a "black party" with the help of the Pope. The two factions are fighting again. Dante's family originally belonged to the Gaelic Sect. Dante enthusiastically advocated independence and freedom, so he became the backbone of the white party and was elected as one of the six members of the executive Committee of the highest authority.
130 1 year, the pope sent Carlo di valois, the brother of the French king, to Florence to "reconcile". Suspecting that the trip had another purpose, White sent a delegation headed by Dante to persuade the Pope to take back his life, but it failed. Sure enough, Carlo immediately organized the black party to slaughter the opposition, took control of Florence, and announced the exile of Dante. Once he returns to the city, any Florentine soldier can.
1308, Luxemburg's henry vii was elected as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, ready to invade Florence. Dante wrote to him and pointed out the place of attack, so White began to hate Dante. 13 13 Henry died, and Dante's hopes were dashed.
13 15, Florence was in power by soldiers, and it was announced that if Dante was willing to pay a fine, sprinkle dust on his head and hang a knife around his neck, he could return to China for a week without guilt. Dante wrote back and said, "This method is not the way for me to return to China! If I damage Dante's reputation, I will never set foot in Florence again! Can't I enjoy the light of the sun, moon and stars elsewhere? If I don't bow and scrape to the people of Florence, can't I get in touch with the precious truth? To be sure, I don't worry about having no bread! "
When Dante was exiled, he lived in several cities in Italy, and some recorded that he had been to Paris. He used his works to dispel homesickness, and wrote down all benefactors and enemies in his masterpiece Divine Comedy, mocking the Pope. He arranged his unrequited love object, a beautiful woman named Bayar, to the highest level in heaven. She died at the age of 25.
Dante died in 132 1 and in Lavoine, in the northeast of Italy.
Dante's works are basically written in Tuscany dialect in Italy, which played a considerable role in the formation of modern Italian language based on Tuscany dialect, because apart from Latin works, only Dante was the first to write in living language in ancient Italy, and his works played a considerable role in the formation of Italian literary language, so they also played a leading role in the Renaissance.
Photo: 2e ita.png
Italy's famous works such as Dante's on the euro are:
Love poem "New Life"
Philosophical poetry banquet
Lyrics "Poems"
The long poem "divine comedy"
Latin article "On common sayings"
Political paper "On the Kingdom"
Latin poem "Pastoral"
Dante's letters
Divine Comedy represents the highest achievement of medieval literature. The emergence of such an epoch-making masterpiece is inseparable from the social situation in Italy at that time, the poet's profound knowledge and unique personal experience.
Dante lived in a different era from the beginning of the century, when European society developed relatively slowly, industry and commerce were extremely underdeveloped, and Christianity completely monopolized ideology. /kloc-In the 3rd century, Genoa, Venice, Florence, Milan and other places in northern Italy became the richest areas in Europe due to the vigorous development of maritime trade and industry and commerce.
The early bourgeoisie became more and more powerful, established city-states and countries, and gained autonomy. Although this is only a small victory of the bourgeoisie compared with the whole of Europe and even most other parts of Italy, it has had a far-reaching impact on social reality and the historical process of Europe. Dante's political inclination is consistent with that of the Italian bourgeoisie.
Italy at that time was not a unified country in today's sense, but a fragmented geographical name with extremely unbalanced economic development. There are two main forces that dominate Italy politically, one is the Holy Roman Emperor, and the other is the Pope. The so-called "Holy Roman Emperor Car" is a historical name left over from the middle Middle Ages.
In 962, Chi Di appointed Pope John XII as King Otto I of Germany (reigned from 936 to 973) and made him the "Holy Roman Emperor". Italy was owned by Italy. Therefore, all emperors are of German descent. Due to the civil strife in Germany itself, its king was only a strong or weak feudal Lord, and the ruling center was always in Germany, and the control over Italy was tight and loose. The Pope has always regarded Italy as his sphere of influence, which is full of contradictions with the imperial emperor. The Italian people want national reunification, but the struggle between the Pope and the emperor and their respective ambitions are obstacles to reunification. They adopted the policy of divide and rule because they were afraid that a unified Italy would pose a threat to their rule. The intricate contradictions make Italy's political life extremely active, and the confrontation between political opponents and the conflict of interests between different classes are often manifested in extremely cruel forms. Dante is one of the witnesses of political persecution.
From a cultural point of view, by the12nd century, the tight control of Christianity had been insufficient. In the process of theological discussion, it is often necessary to prove and discuss the existence and attributes of God and explain the relationship between the earth and the other side with the help of the concepts and logical argumentation methods of ancient Greek philosophy such as Plato and Aristotle.
/kloc-after the 0/2 century, more and more compilations of ancient Greek and Roman works appeared. The original intention of the church is to find methodology and basis for its own theological theory, but researchers have found another cultural realm completely different from Christian theory. The earliest classical scholar in western Europe appeared in Italy, and Dante was one of the most learned scholars.
Dante was born in a noble family in Florence, and his father had been in business for a long time because of his poor family. At that time, there were Kipling Party which supported the Pope on behalf of the feudal nobles, and Guelph Party which supported the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and represented the interests of the bourgeoisie. Dante's father naturally supported the Guelph Party, and Dante himself later became one of the party's leaders.
Dante studied Latin, rhetoric, poetics and classical literature systematically under the famous scholar Brunetto Latini in his early years, and spoke highly of the great Roman poet Virgil. In the fields of painting and music, Dante is also accomplished. In addition, Dante studied theology and philosophy very carefully, and the thoughts of the ancient godfather Saint Augustine had a great influence on him.
Dante had an unforgettable love, which left an indelible mark on his literary creation. It was in his youth that he attended a friend's party with his father and met a girl named Beatrice. The girl's dignity, chastity and elegance made Dante fall in love with her at first sight and never forget it. Unfortunately, Beatrice later married someone else according to her father's instructions, and died of illness within a few years after marriage. Sad Dante wrote 3 1 lyric poems to Beatrice in succession in the past few years, and named it "New Life" (1292- 1293) for publication. The poem expresses the poet's deep affection, pure love and endless yearning for the girl. The style is fresh and natural, delicate and euphemistic.
This collection of poems is one of the important works of the "gentle new style" poetry school in Italian literary world at that time, and it is also the first autobiographical poem in the history of western European literature to reveal the heart and secret feelings.
As early as his youth, Dante joined the Guelph Party with full political enthusiasm, devoted himself to the struggle against feudal nobles and participated in the battle to crush Kipling Party. After the Guelph Party came to power in Florence, Dante was elected as the chief executive of the city. The party later split into black party and white party. Dante belongs to a white party and opposes the Pope's interference in Florence. Together with the French army, the Pope supported the Black Party to defeat the White Party in 1302, seized power and began to purge the members of the White Party. Dante was confiscated of all his property and sentenced to life in exile. It was not until the guest died in Lavaine that he returned to his hometown.