The ancients said: "People value straightness, and culture values ??music." From the technical point of view of poetry, the way of writing is to use euphemism, twists and turns, to "observe things with emotion, and to express the music of one's heart", which makes people read it again and again, and understand the beauty of the pen. But if the language is straightforward and the meaning is too revealing, there will be no room for reflection and the beauty of the poem will be lost. Sun Liankui, a native of the Qing Dynasty, once commented under the "composition" entry in Sikong Tu's "Shi Pin": "How can it be meaningful to compose poems if they are straight and straight?" From this point of view, "composition" has long been associated with the poetic method. The indissoluble bond is over. After reading several poetry units in the first volume of the new edition of high school texts, I realized the torturous techniques of ancient poets. If we describe them in sections, they can be summarized into three parts.
Say one thing and mean another: it is a pun, which is a kind of expression technique that was born through persecution. The puns in the poems contain double meanings, one light and one dark, meaning one thing and the other. "The drunkard's intention is not in the wine." The meaning of the words is secondary, the important thing is the implicit meaning, just like playing a riddle, the meaning is The main point is not the gesture itself, but the behind the gesture. The purpose of being taller is beside the point.
Poems using this technique are almost everywhere. For example, in Tao Yuanming's poem "Drinking", "The mountain air is beautiful day and night, and the birds return home." The author directly tells us that the sun is the most beautiful when it sets, and the birds know how to return home when they are tired. But the unspoken implication is: Why do some people still run around in the dirty officialdom, unwilling to accept this beautiful destination, and unwilling to return to the beautiful and peaceful embrace of nature? Although it did not call on people to fiercely resist the dark officialdom, it inspired people to despise the ugly and filthy reality, taught them to stay away from it in life, and lashed out at it morally. Another example is the line in Du Mu's "Po Qinhuai": "The merchant girl does not know the hatred of the country's subjugation, but she still sings "The Flowers in the Back Garden" across the river." On the surface, these two lines of poems are to condemn the singers who do not understand the hatred of the country's subjugation and indulge in extravagance. Sound, but in fact it is a criticism of those dignitaries in power who do not pay attention to national political affairs, blindly indulge in singing and dancing, and pursue pleasure. There are quite a lot of poems like this that say one thing and another in the text. Li Bai's "Looking at the Ancients in Yuezhong", Du Fu's "The Prime Minister of Shu", Liu Yuxi's "Stone City", Su Shi's "Niannujiao·Chibi Nostalgia", Xin Qiji's "Yongyu Le·Jingkou Beiguting Nostalgia" are all.
Telling the truth in reverse: speaking the opposite of what is true, deliberately inverting it, either to express praise but actually belittle it, or to express praise but actually praise it. In short, the meaning is different, the words are evasive, the surface is contradictory, and the emphasis is on the opposite intention. This is also an expression technique that creates the subdued beauty of poetry, and is often deeper, more intense, and more artistically appealing than the previous one.
For example, Li Bai's "Dream Wandering in Heaven and Saying Farewell", the whole poem is about the beauty of the fairy world on the surface, but the deeper part is actually to reflect the ugliness of the real world; writing about oneself wanting to travel to fairyland is exactly the expression of Hating the real world, not collaborating with the powerful, and not serving the purpose of the powerful. This theme is like a spotlight that illuminates the entire poem. Another example is Luo Gengye's lyrical poem "Dissatisfaction". The poet writes that he is "dissatisfied" with this and "dissatisfied" with that. What he wants to express is satisfaction and his sincere love for the motherland. This kind of counter-writing is really unique, refreshing and unforgettable.
Euphemism and twists and turns: that is, the words are not straightforward, but proceed in a roundabout way, euphemistically expressing feelings, changing from one idea to another, and the brushwork is like silk, implicit but not revealed. Appreciating poets must taste them again and again before they can discover their subtleties and understand their secrets. This is also a common way of expressing beauty through humiliation.
For example, the Tang Dynasty poet Wang Jian's "Ci of the Bridegroom": Three days into the cupboard, wash hands and make soup.
I don’t know my aunt’s food habits, so I sent my sister-in-law to taste it first.
The poem cleverly praises the newlywed's intelligence and dexterity, but does not speak directly, but captures the heart and writes about her dexterity. When a new daughter-in-law enters the family, her "first performance" - making soup is a success, and whether she can win the favor of her mother-in-law and gain a firm foothold in her husband's family. In a sense, this will determine her future destiny and happiness. We can't help but sweat for this new heroine. But fortunately, the new daughter-in-law knows the secret of being a mother-in-law - she knows that "a daughter is better than a mother-in-law", so she first chooses her sister-in-law as a breakthrough, and learns about the "aunt's food habit" from the side, thus avoiding a head-on conflict with her mother-in-law; He also pleased his greedy sister-in-law by "sending her to taste it first". This gave her the initiative, and she already had a 2:1 advantage over her mother-in-law in possible troubles and entanglements in the future. All in all, the poem captures the character's soul and writes skillfully, and as a result, both are written out, creating a vivid picture of an extremely intelligent newlywed.
The beauty of poetry is far more than this. In fact, it is the Taoism of the poet Wang Jian. It shows that he has just entered the official career and should be careful with his superiors and colleagues.
What a wonderful use of song theory, God!