First unit
Chapter one, section one, biological characteristics
1, biological characteristics
(1), living things need nutrition (2), living things can breathe.
(3) Bioenergy can excrete wastes generated in the body (4) Bioenergy can respond to external stimuli.
(5) Organisms can grow and reproduce; (6) Organisms have the characteristics of heredity and variation.
(7) All living things except viruses are made up of cells.
Section 2 Biological Investigation of Surrounding Environment
2. According to the morphological and structural characteristics, organisms can be divided into three categories: plants, animals and other organisms.
According to the living environment, organisms are divided into terrestrial organisms and aquatic organisms.
According to the use, organisms are divided into crops, poultry, domestic animals, pets and so on.
Chapter II Section 1 The Relationship between Biology and Environment
3. The sum of all living things on the earth and their environment is called biosphere.
4. The factors that affect the life and distribution of living things in the environment are called ecological factors.
Ecological factors can be divided into two categories, abiotic factors-light, temperature, water and so on.
Biological factors-other organisms that affect biological life.
5. The process of inquiry: (1), asking questions (2), assuming (3) and making plans.
(4), implement the plan (5), draw a conclusion (6), express and communicate.
6. Control experiment:
When studying the influence of a condition on the research object, experiments with the same conditions except this condition are called control experiments. There is only one variable in this experiment. Under normal circumstances, the experimental group is called the control group, and other experiments are called the experimental group.
7, the influence of biological factors on biology:
Predator-predator relationship is the most common, as well as competitive relationship, cooperative relationship and parasitic relationship.
8, biological adaptation to the environment, but also affect and change the environment. Environment also affects living things.
Section 2 Biology and environment constitute an ecosystem
9. In a certain spatial range, the unified whole formed by biology and environment is called ecosystem.
A forest, a farmland, a grassland and a lake can all be regarded as an ecosystem.
10, composition of ecosystem:
Biological parts-producers (plants), consumers (animals), decomposers (bacteria and fungi)
Abiotic parts-sunlight, air, water, temperature, etc.
1 1. In an ecosystem, the chain structure formed by the relationship between eating and being eaten is called food chain.
The initial link of the food chain is the producer. The arrow points to a carnivore or carnivore.
12. In an ecosystem, there are often many food chains, which are intertwined to form a food web. (More energy-> Less toxic substances-> many species and organisms-> less)
13. Matter and energy in the ecosystem flow along the food chain and food web.
The number and proportion of organisms in 14 ecosystem are relatively stable, which is called ecological balance.
Ecosystem has a certain self-regulation ability, but this self-regulation ability has a certain limit.
The biosphere is the largest ecosystem.
15 The biosphere is the largest ecosystem.
16 biosphere: the bottom of the atmosphere, most of the hydrosphere and the surface of the lithosphere.
17 what are the forest ecosystems? Green reservoir? 、? Lung of the earth? Known as.
What is a wetland ecosystem? Kidney of the earth? Known as.
Unit 2 Chapter 1 Section 1 Practice using a microscope
The use of 18 microscope
(1) Take and place the mirror: hold the mirror arm with the right hand and the mirror base with the left hand. Place the microscope about 7 cm away from the edge of the experimental platform, slightly to the left. Install eyepiece and objective lens.
(2)(2) Alignment: Turn the converter so that the low-power objective lens is aligned with the light hole, and the front end of the objective lens keeps a distance of about 2 cm from the objective table. The sign of light completion is to see a bright circular field of vision in the eyepiece.
(3) Observation: The front of the glass slide specimen is upward, facing the center of the light hole. Turn the coarse focusing screw and keep your eyes on the objective lens.
(4) Retraction: If the lens is dirty, wipe it with mirror-wiping paper. Turn the converter, bias the two objective lenses to both sides, and slowly lower the lens barrel to the lowest position.
19, (1) Spot judgment position:
Move the eyepiece, if the stain moves with it, the stain is on the eyepiece;
Move the slide specimen, the stain will move with it, and then the stain will be on the slide specimen;
If the stain cannot be moved in the first two times, it is on the objective lens.
(2) The object image observed under the low-power lens is clear, and the object image is blurred after being replaced by the high-power objective lens, so it should be applicable.
Fine-tuning quasi-focus screw.
20. Use a flat mirror and a small aperture when the light intensity is high; When the light is weak, use a concave mirror with a large aperture.
22. The objective lens is threaded. The higher the multiple, the longer the lens. (Things are tall and long)
The eyepiece is not threaded, and the higher the magnification. The shorter the lens.
23. The observed object image is an enlarged inverted image.
24. Note that the slide moves in the opposite direction to the target image in the field of view. (Move to the position of the image)
Magnification = objective multiple x eyepiece multiple
25. The greater the magnification, the larger the object image and the darker the field of vision. The smaller the field of vision, the less the number.
The smaller the magnification, the smaller the object image, the brighter the field of view and the larger the field of view.
26, the route of light to the eyes;
Light source-specular reflection-aperture-aperture-objective lens-lens barrel-eyepiece-eye.
27. Biological specimens observed under a microscope should be thin and transparent.
28, the difference between bubbles and cells; Bubble: thick black border, irregular.
Cell: The cell structure is obvious and regular.
Section 2 Plant Cells Section 3 Animal Cells
29.( 1) Common slide specimens: sliced, smeared and mounted.
(2) Experiment: Observe the inner epidermal cells of onion.
Operating steps: wipe (with gauze)? Drop (clear water)? Tear (inner epidermis)? Exhibition? Cover (cover with film to prevent bubbles)? Dyeing (with iodine solution, the effect is easy to observe)? Inhale (suction iodine solution)
(3) Experiment: Observe the basic structure of human and animal cells.
Operating steps: wipe? Drops (physiological saline, the role is to maintain cell morphology)? Scrape? Tu? Cover (cover with film to prevent bubbles)? Dyeing (with iodine solution, the effect is easy to observe)? Inhale (suction iodine solution)
30. Structure of plant cells Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear chloroplast, mitochondria, structure of vacuolar animal cells Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria.
3 1, plant cells are similar to animal cells; There are cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.
Difference: Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts and vacuoles, while animal cells do not.
32. Cell wall: support and protection.
Cell membrane: controls the entry and exit of substances (not easy to see under the optical microscope)
Cytoplasm: Structure inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleus. Liquid, mobile.
Nucleus: DNA containing genetic material, which is the control center of cells.
Chloroplast: The place where photosynthesis takes place. Energy converter, which converts solar energy into chemical energy and stores it in organic matter (photosynthesis workshop)
Mitochondria: the place where breathing takes place. The energy converter can release chemical energy stored in organic matter. (car engine)
Vacuole: There is cell fluid in it.
Section 4 Cell Life
33. Many substances are made up of molecules, and molecules are made up of atoms, which are smaller particles than molecules.
Organic matter: Macromolecule, generally containing carbon, flammable, such as sugar, lipid, protein, nucleic acid.
Inorganic substances: small molecules, generally containing no carbon, such as water, inorganic salts and oxygen.
34. The example of cloned sheep shows that the nucleus controls the development and inheritance of organisms.
35. The nucleus is the genetic information base and control center of cells.
The carrier of genetic information in the nucleus? Deoxyribonucleic acid
36. Genes are DNA fragments with specific genetic information.
37. Cells are the unity of material, energy and information changes.
Section 1 of Chapter 2 Cells divide to produce new cells.
38. Chromosomes consist of DNA and protein.
DNA is genetic material, so it can be said that chromosome is the carrier of genetic material.
39, different biological individuals, chromosome morphology, quantity is completely different.
Individuals of the same species maintain a certain number of chromosomes in morphology.
40. Chromosomes are easily dyed into dark substances by alkaline dyes.
4 1, hierarchical relationship: gene? & gtDNA-& gt； Chromosome->; Nuclear->; cell
42. The growth of organisms from small to large is inseparable from the growth, division and differentiation of cells.
43, cell division sequence
I. Nucleus (1 change 2)
B, the cytoplasm is divided into two parts (each part contains a nucleus)
C, forming new cell membranes (plant cells and cell walls)
In cell division, chromosome changes are the most obvious, and replication is doubled first and then evenly distributed.
Section 2 Structural Levels of Animal Bodies
44. The development of animals and human beings starts from fertilized eggs.
45, in the process of individual development, one or a cell through division to produce offspring,
The difference in morphology, structure and physiological function is called cell differentiation.
46. Each cell group is composed of cells with similar morphology and the same structure and function. Such cell groups are called tissues.
47, the basic organization of animals and people can be divided into four kinds:
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue.
(1) Epithelial tissue is composed of epithelial cells, which have protective and secretory functions, such as skin epithelium.
(2) Muscle tissue is composed of muscle cells with contraction and relaxation functions, such as smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and myocardium.
(3) Nerve tissue is composed of nerve cells, which has the function of regulation. Such as the brain and spinal cord
(4) Connective tissues have the functions of support, connection, protection and nutrition, and are widely distributed. Such as blood, bone tissue, fat, tendons
48. Different organizations are grouped together in a certain order to form a structure that performs certain functions.
Can * * * with a number of organs to complete one or more physiological functions in a certain order to form a system.
49. Eight systems: exercise system, digestive system, respiratory system and circulatory system.
Urinary system, nervous system, endocrine system, reproductive system.
50. Basic structural levels of animals and people (from small to large):
Cells? Organization? Organs? System? Animal body and human body