The whole poem is 294 words, mixed with prose, with uneven sentences, bold and free and easy, strong feelings and sighing songs. There are many hidden pictures in the poem, whether it is the height of mountains and the urgency of water, the improvement of rivers and mountains, the desolation of trees and the precipitousness of climbing mountains and cliffs, all of which are magnificent, magnificent and broad, which embodies the artistic characteristics and creative personality of Li Bai's poems. Shen Deqian, a poetry critic in the Qing Dynasty, commented on this poem: "The strokes are vertical and horizontal, such as flying, and the fingers are like thunder."
original text
Ode to the Difficult Road of Shu
li po
Hey, hey, it's dangerous! The difficulty of Shu Dao is difficult to go to the sky!
Until the two rulers of this area forced their way through in the foggy age! Forty-eight thousand years have passed. Don't talk to Qin Sai. And Dabaishan, to the west, still has only one bird path, all the way to the peak of Emei. Once it was broken by an earthquake, some brave people lost it, and then the ladder stone pile was hooked.
On the high flag, six dragons drive the sun, and far below, the river lashes its twisted channel. Such a height is difficult for a yellow crane, poor monkey, they only have claws to use. The Green Mud Mountain is made up of many circles. For every hundred steps, we have to turn nine times in the middle of its mound. Panting, we passed Orion, passed Jingxing, and then fell to the ground with our arms folded and groaned.
We don't know whether this road to the west will never end. The road ahead is getting darker and darker. Nothing can be heard except the cries of birds surrounded by ancient forests. The male bird rotates smoothly and follows the female bird. Jathyapple, what comes to us is the melancholy voice of Du Fu, a sad empty mountain. It's hard to get through the Shu Road, and it's hard to get to the sky. It turns pale when you smell it!
The highest cliff is less than a foot from heaven, and the withered pine trees hang low on the cliff surface. One thousand waterfalls rushed forward one after another, sending out the thunder of rotating stones in ten thousand valleys. You've come a long way at all risks!
Although the pass of the watchtower is strong and steep, one person guards it and ten thousand people can't beat it. What if he is not loyal, but a wolf to his companions? . There are scary hungry tigers during the day and poisonous reptiles at night; With their teeth and fangs, they kill like hemp. Although the Silk City is beautiful, I'd rather go home soon. It's hard to get through the Shu Road, but it's hard to get into the sky. Look sideways to the west and ask for advice!
translate
Oh, it's too high. Climbing the Shu Road is really more difficult than climbing the sky!
There are two monarchs in Shu, Can Cong and Yufu. Their founding time is very far away. Since then, it has a history of about 48,000 years. Shu has never had any contact with Qin. There is a Taibai Mountain in the west. Its mountains are so steep that there is no way to go. Only birds can fly over the mountain until it reaches the top of Emei in Sichuan. It was only in the period of King Hui of Qin that the King of Shu sent five soldiers to start the mountain. It is said that these five brave men died heroically because of the collapse of the mountain, which connected the ladder of Shu Road with the stone pile.
There are mountains in Shu that cannot be crossed by the car driven by the sun god Liu Long, and there are winding and choppy rivers. The oriole who is good at flying high wants to fly but dares not, and the ape who is good at climbing wants to climb but has nowhere to climb. The danger of the mountain can be imagined. The dirt road in Qingniling twists and turns around the mountain, full of twists and turns. Pedestrians climb to the top of the mountain and touch the stars in the sky. They were so nervous that they had to sit down and sigh.
Dude, when did you come back from the Westward Journey? Shu Road, a steep and dangerous road, is really unattainable. Between Shan Ye, you can only see birds moaning among ancient trees on the mountain, and male and female flies in the forest. At the foot of the mountain, you can still hear Zi Gui's sad cry, echoing in the empty mountain. Climbing the Shu Road is really more difficult than climbing to heaven. This situation makes people who hear it very worried.
The steep mountain peak less than a foot away from the sky, the withered pine hanging upside down, the waterfall hitting the boulder, rolling in the valley, making a thunderous noise. Why does such a dangerous place have to come here as a long-distance relationship?
Not to mention the troubled times and Jiange in Cui Wei, where there is a guard and everything is open. If the people guarding the pass here are not loyal ministers of the imperial court, they will make trouble according to the risks and become vicious gangsters. They are ready with their teeth and fangs, killing people like hemp. People must avoid them, just as they are afraid of hungry tigers during the day and poisonous reptiles at night. Although Jincheng is a happy city, in my opinion, you'd better hurry home. Climbing the Shu Road is more difficult than climbing the sky. I looked sideways and had to sigh.
To annotate ...
(1) "Difficulties in Shu Dao": The old topic of Gu Yuefu belongs to "Harmony Song? Car tune
(2) Alas, exclamations, in Shu dialect, express surprise. Song Yao noted that Duke Wen Jing of Song Dynasty: "Shu people are amazed at things, so they say' alas, alas'."
(3) Can Cong and Yufu: the names of two legendary kings in ancient Shu.
(4) He Wei: It is difficult to verify. H: how? At a loss: cold eyes. Refers to ancient legends that are too old to be detailed. According to the Records of Yang Xiong and Shu in the Western Han Dynasty, "He, Yu Fan and Pu Ze were the first kings of Shu. ..... From enlightenment to Can Cong, I have accumulated 34,000 years. \"
(5) Second: Since then.
(6) 48,000 years old: extremely long, exaggerated and approximate.
(7) Qin plug: Qin plug refers to Qin land. Qin is surrounded by mountains and rivers, so it is called "the land of four blockades".
(8) Transportation: personnel exchanges.
(9) west swing: west right.
(10) when: face, face.
(1 1) Taibai: Taibai Mountain, also known as Taiyi Mountain, is located in the west of Chang 'an (now Meixian County and Taibai County in Shaanxi Province).
(12) Bird Path: refers to the low gap between continuous mountains, only birds can fly over, and no one can.
(13) crossing: crossing.
(14) Emei Peak: the peak of Emei.
(15) Which one was broken once by the earthquake and the brave lost contact: Huayang Country? Record of Shu: According to legend, King Hui of Qin wanted to conquer Shu, knowing that Shu was lewd, and promised him five beautiful women. King Shu sent five strong men to meet people. When I returned to Zitong (now south of Jiange, Sichuan), I saw a big snake enter the cave and a strong man grabbed its tail. Four other people also came to help and pulled it out. Soon, the earth fell and the strong men and beautiful women were crushed to death. The mountains are divided into five mountains, and the roads are smooth. This is the famous "Five Dingshan" story. Destruction: collapse. Ladder: A very steep mountain road.
(16) Stone stack: plank road.
(17) Six Dragons Return to Japan: "Huainanzi" Note: "Take a car every day and drive six dragons. What is Xi? Today is thinner than Yu Garden, why have you returned? " A thorn is a dragon.
(18) High standard: refers to the highest mountain peak in Shushan, which can be used as a sign of one party.
(19) Surge: The current impacts the surge, which here refers to the rapids.
(20) Reflex: Water flows around.
(2 1) Huichuan: A river with a whirlpool.
(22) Yellow Crane: oriole (hú), a big bird that is good at flying.
(23) Shang: Still.
(24) Yes.
(25) Ape (náo): The most crawling monkey in Shushan.
(26) Green Mud: Green Mud Ridge is located in the south of Huixian County, Gansu Province and the north of Lueyang County, Shaanxi Province. "Yuanhe County Records" Volume 22: "Qingniling, 53 miles northwest of the county, meets Luxi, which is also this road. The cliff is Wan Ren, the mountains are cloudy and rainy, and walkers often encounter mud, so it is called Qingniling. "
(27) dish: the appearance of twists and turns.
(28)/kloc-10% off in 0/00 step:/kloc-9 turns in 0/00 step.
(29) winding: winding.
(30) Rock: mountain peak.
(3 1) keeper Li Jing: Shen (shēn) and Jing are the names of two stars. The ancients assigned the stars in the sky to the state on the ground, which was called "dividing fields", and predicted the state on the ground by observing the astronomical phenomena. Shen Xing is the dividing line of Shu and Jingxing is the dividing line of Qin. Men: touch it with your hands.
(32) calendar: after.
(33) Threatening to breathe: Hold your breath and dare not breathe.
(34) false: chest.
(35) Sit: ACTS, empty.
(36) Jun: a friend of Shu.
(37) fear of the road: a terrible road.
(38) Xiuyan: a dangerous and steep mountain wall.
(39) But see: only smell.
No.40 ancient tree: crowing loudly among ancient trees.
(4 1) from: follow.
(42) Sub-rules: That is, the cuckoo, the most common place in Sichuan, mourns, if the cloud "is not as good as going home." Ji Shu said: "Once upon a time, there was a man named Du Mingyu. His name was Wang Shu, and his nickname was Wang Di. Yu is dead. It is said that Du Yu has become a sub-gauge. Zigui is also called a bird. Shu people all look to the emperor when they hear the voice of your son. " These two sentences were also interrupted as "On the empty mountain, under the lonely moon, we heard cuckoo's melancholy voice", but they were not so smooth.
(43) Blushing cheeks: Blushing cheeks are sad, like withered flowers. Fade, use, make ... The fading here means that the face turns from rosy to livid.
(44) Walk: Distance.
(45) surplus: full.
(46) tuān: a rushing torrent.
(47) hubbub: Noisy, here refers to the huge noise made by rapids and waterfalls.
(48) Pi (pρng) Cliff: the sound of water hitting the stone. The sound of water hitting the stone wall is used here as a verb, meaning to hit. Turn around and roll.
(49) Valley: Valley.
(50) hey: sigh.
(5 1) er: you.
(52) Hu Wei: Why?
(53) Come: refers to entering Shu.
Jiange (54): Also known as Jiange Gate, it is a plank road between Dajianshan and Xiaojianshan in northern Jiange County, Sichuan Province, with a length of about 30 miles.
(55) Proud, Cui Wei: Everyone describes the lofty and majestic mountains.
(56) Two sentences in "One Lady": "Selected Works" Volume 4 Zuo Si "Shu Du Fu": "One person guards the pass, and ten thousand people don't want to go". The Selected Works contains fifty-six articles of Sword: "One man loses his halberd, and ten thousand people lose their hoofs. Where you win, don't live with relatives. "
(57) One husband: one person.
(58) Party officials: Shouguan.
(59) Don't open it: it won't open.
(60) Guard: refers to the person who guards the gate.
(6 1) or bandit relatives: If you are not a trustworthy person. Bandit, use "no".
(62) Chao: In the morning.
(63) Suction: Suction.
(64) Jincheng: Chengdu was famous for cotton production in ancient times. The imperial court once set up an official here to collect cotton fabrics, so it was called Jincheng or Jinguancheng. "Yuanhe County Records" Volume 31 Jiannan Road Chengdu County: "Jincheng is ten miles south of the county, so Jinguan City is also." Chengdu, Sichuan today.
(65) consultation: sigh.
Creation background
There have been many speculations about the creation background of Shu Dao Nan since the Tang Dynasty. There are four main opinions: first, this poem is worried about Fang Yi and Du Fu, hoping that they will leave Sichuan as soon as possible to avoid being killed by Yanwu; Secondly, this poem was written for Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty who fled to Shu to avoid the Anshi Rebellion, urging him to return to Chang 'an to avoid being held hostage by local warlords in Sichuan. C, this poem aims to satirize Zhang Qiu, the governor of Shu at that time. Joan wanted to be independent and didn't listen to the constraints of the court; Ding, this poem is purely about mountains and rivers, and it has no meaning.
This poem was first seen in He Yueling Photo Album compiled by Yin Kun in the 12th year of Tianbao of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (753). Therefore, the writing age of Li Bai's poem should be before He Yueling's Album was published at the latest. At that time, the Anshi rebellion had not yet occurred, and Fang (Yan) and Du Fu had not yet entered Sichuan. Therefore, the two statements of A and B are obviously wrong. As for the satire of Zhang Qiu and Joan, judging from the relevant records in some historical books, it is also unfounded. Zhang Qiu and Joan have always dreamed of being an official in Chang 'an. Relatively speaking, the last statement is more objective and closer to the actual work.
Some scholars believe that this poem may have been written by Li Bai when he sent his good friend Wang Yan to Shu in Chang 'an from the first year to the third year (742-744), in order to persuade Wang Yan not to detain Shu and return to Chang 'an as soon as possible, so as not to be caught by jealous villains. Some scholars believe that this poem was given to a friend by Li Baichu as a gift when he entered Chang 'an in Kaiyuan.
works appreciation
"The difficulty of Shu Dao" is an ancient theme of Li Bai's copying Yuefu, with rich imagination. It focuses on the wonderful and breathtaking mountains and rivers on the road, and reveals some worries and worries about society.
Poets generally follow the clues from ancient times to the present, from Qin to Shu, and describe them by grasping the landscape characteristics of various places to show the difficulty of Shu Dao.
It is a passage from "Aye, Woo, Aye" to "Then the ladder is connected with the stone pile". At the beginning, he spoke highly of the difficulty of Shu Dao and pointed out the theme with strong emotion, which laid the tone for the whole poem. With the ups and downs of feelings and the changes of natural scenery, the chanting of "it is difficult to get through the Shu Road and get to the sky" appears repeatedly, like the main theme of a piece of music, which touches the readers' heartstrings.
It is said that Shu Dao is more difficult than Tian Dao. This is because since ancient times, Qin and Shu have been blocked by mountains. When Qin entered Shu, Taibai Peak bore the brunt, and only birds flying high could fly low. Taibai Peak, located in the southwest of Xianyang, Qin Dou, is the highest peak in Guanzhong area. There is a saying among the people that "martial arts are too white, and three hundred miles reach the sky." The poet wrote an insurmountable obstacle in history with exaggerated pen and ink, which blended into the myth of Wuding Mountain and touched the magical color, just like the overture of a movement, which was fascinating and magical. The following is a description of the high danger of Shu Dao.
From a height, such as on a high flag, six dragons drove the sun to the point where even hearing its pale cheeks was another passage. This paragraph describes the high risk of this mountain. The more complete the mountain is, the harder the road is. Look at that abrupt mountain, towering high in the sky, blocking the operation of the sun god; At the foot of the mountain is a choppy and winding river. Poets not only combine exaggeration with myth, but also describe mountains and heights, and are lined with the risk of "returning to Sichuan" Only its water risk, but also its mountain high risk. The poet's meaning is not enough, and he compares it with that of an ape. The mountain is so high that even the yellow crane flying thousands of miles away can't fly, and the agile ape is worried that he can't climb it. It goes without saying that it is even more difficult for people to walk. The above is the foil of layers of imaginary writing, and the following is a detailed description of the difficulty of clearing the spirit.
Qingniling, "Wan Ren on the Cliff, Cloudy and Rainy" (Yuanhe County Records), is the main road leading to Shu in the Tang Dynasty. The poet focuses on the entanglement of the peak road and the steepness of the mountain, showing the difficult situation and fear of pedestrians, and capturing detailed actions such as wandering on the ridge, touching the stars, breathing nervously, touching the chest and sighing. In a few words, he vividly described the difficult steps and expressions of fear of pedestrians, and the situation of being trapped and dangerous was like this.
At this point, the difficulty of Shu Dao seems to have been written to the extreme. However, when the poet turned his pen, he used "ask the gentleman" to draw out his travel worries, and with a low melody, he brought the reader into a realm of desolate ancient trees and sad birds. The cuckoo is ringing in the empty valley, full of sadness, which makes people feel pale and more difficult to escape from the road. Poets express their feelings with scenery, and use natural landscapes with strong feelings such as "sad birds, ancient trees" and "Zigui Strip" to render the lonely and desolate environment and atmosphere on Shu Road, which effectively sets off the difficulties of Shu Road.
However, the winding Shu Road has a more magical scenery. From "barely one foot below the highest cliff in the sky" to the end of the whole article, it mainly reveals the difficulty of Shu Dao from the danger of mountains and rivers, and tries to render a thrilling atmosphere. If "the sky is high and the cliff is low" is a boast of the height of the mountain peak, then "the withered pine hanging from the cliff surface" is a danger of precipice.
The poet first showed the high risk of the mountain, then turned from static to static, and wrote the thrilling scene of water and stone stirring and valley roaring. Like a series of focal planes: at first, it is a distant view of rolling mountains and continuous peaks; Then gently push it into a close-up of dead pine hanging upside down; Then, followed by a group of fast shots, speeding rapids, waterfalls, cliffs and rocks. With the sound of thousands of valleys and thunder, it flashed quickly from the eyes, which was amazing and dizzying, thus causing overwhelming artistic effects and making the description of Shu Road difficult to reach its peak. If the high risk of the mountains above is daunting, then the mountains and rivers here are even more thrilling.
The scenery is changing and there are many dangers. In a very thrilling atmosphere, I finally wrote the Jiange fortress in the middle of Shu. There is a 30-mile plank road between Dajianshan and Xiaojian Mountain. The peaks are like swords, standing tall, cutting walls like doors, forming a natural fortress. Because of its dangerous terrain, it is easy to defend but difficult to attack. Historically, there were many people who claimed to be kings here. The poet described a political situation from the danger of Jiange. He used the phrase "If you win, it's not suitable for bandits' relatives to live in" in Zhang Zai's Ming of Jiange in the Western Jin Dynasty to advise people to take warning and be alert to the occurrence of war. In connection with the social background at that time, he revealed that "he bared his teeth and claws, and Sichuan jackal killed people like hemp", thus expressing his anxiety and concern about state affairs. In the early years of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty, there was a crisis lurking behind the peaceful and prosperous times, and the Anshi Rebellion that happened later proved that the poet's worries were of practical significance.
Li Bai vividly described the dangers of Shu Dao with unpredictable brushwork, artistically expressed the winding, majestic, lofty and rough face of ancient Shu Dao, and described a colorful landscape painting. The touching scene in this poem seems very vivid.
Li Bai's description is so touching because of his romantic passion. The poet sends his feelings to the mountains and rivers. He is not indifferent to the natural scenery, but enthusiastically praises it to express his ideal feelings. Surging water and dangerous peaks and valleys endow the poet with emotional temperament, thus showing a flying soul and a magnificent posture. Poets are good at combining imagination, exaggeration and myths and legends to write scenery and express feelings. The mountain height is called "high, such as on the Gao Qi, where six dragons drive the sun"; If the road is dangerous, it is called "it was destroyed by an earthquake once, and some brave people lost it, and then the ladder was connected with the stone pile". The poet "galloping away from the clouds and whipping the sea and the moon" (a comment on the seven sentences of Li Bai's ancient saying in Lu Shiyong's A General Theory of Poetry and Mirrors) has created a broad artistic realm full of romanticism, from the beginning of silkworms to the beginning of mountains in Wuding, from the return of six dragons to the night cry in Zigui. Through the spectacular scenery of mountains and rivers, I seem to see the tall image of the poet "shaking the five mountains with pen and laughing proudly at Cangzhou".
Before the Tang Dynasty, Shu Daonan's works were short and pithy. Li Bai innovated and developed the ancient poems of Dongfu, and used a large number of prose poems, ranging in length from three words, four words, five words, seven words to eleven words, forming a very unrestrained language style. The rhyme of poetry also broke through the old rhyme procedure in Liang and Chen Dynasties. Later, I described the sinister environment in Sichuan and changed the rhyme three times in a row, trying my best to change things. Therefore, Yin Kun's "He Yue Ling Photo Collection" called this poem "strange and strange, and it is rare for the poet to return."
There are various moral theories about this article, and the conclusion is addressed to someone or something. According to Hu Zhenheng and Gu in Ming Dynasty, Li Bai "sang for himself" and "had no other intention". Nowadays, some people say that this poem is difficult to write on the surface of Shu Dao, but in fact it is a bumpy career, reflecting the resentment that the poet's life experience and talents are not satisfied during his long-term roaming. So far, there is no conclusion.