Jingzhou Ancient City Wall is located in Jingzhou District, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, China. In 1996, it was listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit. Jingzhou City Wall is one of the four most well-preserved ancient city walls in China, and it is also the best-preserved southern city wall. Compared with other ancient city walls, Jingzhou Ancient City Wall is characterized by its large scale and relatively complete preservation, which is known as "a rare and perfect wall in southern China" and its circumference.
state
this data comes from Baidu map, and the final result is subject to Baidu map data.
Now most of the city walls have been blocked.
Jingzhou City, also known as Jiangling City
is one of the first 24 historical and cultural cities in China announced by the State Council in 1982. In 1996,
Jingzhou Ancient City Wall was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relic protection unit. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Chu established its capital in Jinan City, five kilometers north of the city, for 411 years, leaving a rich historical and cultural legacy.
According to the Records of the Geography of the Later Han Dynasty, the history of building the ancient city wall in Jingzhou can be traced back to the Zhou Liwang period more than 2,8 years ago. Verified by the latest archaeological excavation of the ancient city wall, Jingzhou ancient city wall is the only ancient city wall with the longest duration and the largest number of dynasties in China, which evolved from Tucheng.
In March p>1998, archaeologists excavated brick cities in the Song Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. Tucheng in the Jin and Three Kingdoms periods. The discovery of the Five Dynasties Brick City, which was stacked 1 meters below the existing city wall, made the building history of Jingzhou Brick City begin with the general recognition of the Ming Dynasty and go back more than 4 years. The archaeological excavation also confirmed that the ancient wall of Jingzhou has not changed much since the Three Kingdoms period, and the displacement distance is only about 5 meters, and the earth wall is much earlier than the brick wall. In August, 2, archaeologists discovered a lime glutinous rice slurry wall rammed in Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty, which was nearly 2 meters long, on the west side of Xiaobeimen in Jingzhou City. Although this section of the city wall has gone through more than 5 years, it is still rock-solid and rare in the world.
The existing brick city was built in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Brick city is tall and straight, complete and strong, and it is the best preserved ancient city wall in our country. The brick city is about 1 meter thick, the inner wall is rammed with soil, and the lower part is about 9 meters wide. The wall is built with strip stones and city bricks. The brick city is 9 meters high and 11,281 meters in circumference. Brick walls are built with special blue bricks and lime glutinous rice slurry. Specially made big blue bricks each weigh about 4 kilograms, and some are fired with words.
Editing the historical evolution of this paragraph
According to the Records of the History of the Later Han Dynasty, the construction of the ancient city wall in Jingzhou began in the Zhou Liwang period more than 2,6 years ago. Verified by the latest archaeological excavation of the ancient city wall, Jingzhou ancient city wall is the only ancient city wall with the longest duration and the largest number of dynasties in China, which evolved from Tucheng. According to archaeological discoveries and literature records, the construction of Jingzhou city wall can be roughly divided into the following development stages.
During the period from the Three Kingdoms to the Western Jin Dynasty,
"Jingzhou Fuzhi Chengchi" describes: "Today's city is the official land of Chu ships, the palace of Zhu in the Spring and Autumn Period. The Qin dynasty has set up Nanjun. Because of the Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms belonged to the old city of Shu and Han at the beginning, which was built by Guan, and one attacked Cao Ren in the north, and Lu Meng attacked it. " According to the Water Classic Note, "The county is called Jiangling. The old city was built by Guan Yu. " It is also stated in "Yu Di Guang Ji": "The old city is in the southeast of the county, with Zhugong. This county city was built by Jin Huan Wen. " The old city should be the city built by Guan Yu, located in the southeast of the old city, the old city, the old city of Qin and Han dynasties, located in the northwest of the city.
From September p>1997 to March 1998, archaeologists from Jingzhou City and Jingzhou District conducted archaeological excavations in the collapsed section at the eastern end of the south wall of Jingzhou City (west of Wangjiang Building), and a trench with a length of 19.2 meters, a width of 5 meters and a depth of 9.5 meters was excavated horizontally for archaeological exploration
A spectacular atlas of Jingzhou ancient city wall (4 pieces)
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Through stratigraphic anatomy, it is found that this brick wall exposed outside the city wall was built in the early Ming Dynasty. The earth wall in the trench is 11.3 meters from south to north, which is the wall of Song Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. The residual height of the earth wall in Song Dynasty is 3.75 meters, and the earth wall in Ming Dynasty was built on the earth wall in Song Dynasty, with a residual height of 4.5 meters. Between the earthen walls in the Song Dynasty and the brick walls in the early Ming Dynasty, there are ruins of broken brick walls in the Song Dynasty with a width of .6-.8 meters and a height of 7.3 meters. In the middle of the trench, the north of the earthen wall in Song and early Ming Dynasties was the Five Dynasties wall, and its top was basically flat with the earthen wall in early Ming Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties, there were both brick and earth walls. The lower part of the Five Dynasties brick wall was built with well-preserved and thin blue bricks. These blue bricks had different specifications, such as rectangular bricks with rope patterns and wedge-shaped bricks, with a residual height of 1.1 meters. The upper part of the Five Dynasties brick wall was rammed with mixed bricks and soil, and the residual height was 4.9 meters. The upper part of the earth-machinery wall on which the brick walls of the Five Dynasties lean is in the Five Dynasties, with a residual height of about 6 meters, and the lower part is in the Tang Dynasty, with a residual height of about 1.9 meters. Tucheng Walls in the Three Kingdoms Period were discovered under Tucheng Walls in the Tang Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, the Tucheng Wall was buried 8.25m on the surface of the Tucheng Wall in Jingzhou, which was close to 3.5m below the ground in the city. Its construction soil is gray-black clay and yellow-brown sandy soil, and the excavated thickness of the cultural layer is .8-1.25m.. The construction method of the city wall has the characteristics of the Three Kingdoms period: tamping layer by layer, thick tamping layer, round tamping nest, 7-8 cm in diameter and .5 cm in depth. At the same time, a number of typical cultural relics from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period were unearthed. Guan Yu has been guarding Jingzhou for ten years. "Gai first ruled its battlements, which is the regular policy of governors and county guards." (Records of Jiangling County). In order to defend Sun Wu in the east and resist Cao Cao in the north, it is the first task of armament to build and renovate Jingzhou city wall.
From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties
The Records of Jiangling County says: "In the first year of Jin Yonghe (A.D. 345), Huan Wen was in charge of Jingzhou, the town of Xiakou, and returned to Jiangling in eight years, starting with Daying Town". Archaeological data confirmed that the rammed earth city walls from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, with a height of 1.6- 1.7 meters and a width of 6.5 meters, were superimposed under the five dynasties city walls, which confirmed the authenticity of the literature records. Huan Wen's camp is actually to integrate the old city with the city built by Guan Yu, but it is not a simple connection between the old city before Guan Yu and the city built by Guan Yu. The two cities are scattered in the east and west, and when Huan Wen is building, it is bound to be patched up, that is, the so-called "addition and repair" of historical records on the plane and the "addition and repair" on the facade is to heighten and thicken the city wall. The city built by Huan Wen is slightly larger than the old two cities, and even larger than the present Jingzhou city. After the two cities were connected, the city walls were not demolished, thus forming a partition wall in the city. In the second year of Jin Yuanxing (AD 43), Huan Xuan, the son of Huan Wen, sought Jingzhou, usurped the throne and proclaimed himself emperor. The name of the founding of the country was Chu, and the name of the year was changed to Forever. The following year, he was killed in the west of the city. In the third year of Qi Yongyuan (A.D. 51), Xiao Baorong was located in Jingzhou City, for the sake of peace. In the first year of Liang Chengsheng (AD 552), Xiao Yi proclaimed himself emperor and established his capital in Jingzhou. During the Hou Jing Rebellion, I tried to make it 7 miles outside the city, and the trees were used as fences, so I dug a ditch and kept it. There is a famous garden "Xiangdong Garden" and a library "Dongge Bamboo Hall" in the city. In 555 AD, the Western Wei Dynasty divided Jingzhou City into two cities, the east and the west, which naturally made use of the existing partition walls in the city. In the 14th year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (AD 618), Xiao Xian was named Emperor Liang and the capital of Jiangling. In the first year of Shangyuan in Tang Suzong (AD 716), Jingzhou City was named "Southern Capital", and Yongping Army was added to strengthen its military equipment. Until the Tang Dynasty, the partition wall in Jingzhou City was cleared.
from the five dynasties to the end of the northern song dynasty. "Jingzhou Prefecture Records" describes: "In the second year of the reign of Emperor Liang Gan (912 BC), (King Nanping) Gao Jixing built a heavy city, rebuilt the Xiongchu Building, and built the Wangsha Building as a shelter. There were hundreds of thousands of people holding cups, and all the guests and friends in the school helped each other. "Jingzhou Prefecture Records" says: "More bricks are excavated from the tomb of Wuli Tomb outside the country to build the city. After work, on a gloomy night, I often smell the devil crying and see the phosphorus fire. " Gao's tomb brick (autumn tile) city, the source of bricks is tight, so naturally it can't be built as complete and solid as the later generations, but it is the beginning of brick use in Jingzhou city. The construction mode of Jingzhou City has made a qualitative leap. The brick city foundation is .9 meters wide and 1.1 meters high, and there are two layers of brick feet with a width of .6 meters on the outside of the brick wall. On the brick foundation, a brick-soil mixed wall is rammed with clay between broken bricks. The lower part is the same width as the brick foundation, and the upper part is the same height as the five dynasties earthen city wall. Bricks used for wall building are all tomb bricks from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which are completely consistent with the literature records. The discovery of brick walls in the Five Dynasties advanced the history of building brick walls in Jingzhou City by more than 4 years.
From the Southern Song Dynasty to the end of the Yuan Dynasty
It is reported that the ancient city wall of Jingzhou is a combination of water city, brick city and earthen city, which is the most intact ancient city form in southern China and is regarded as a rare perfect wall in the south. Jingzhou City is one of the first 24 famous historical and cultural cities in China announced by the State Council in 1982. In 1996, Jingzhou Ancient City Wall was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relic protection unit. The Book of Later Han Dynasty. According to Geographical Records, the construction of Jingzhou ancient city wall began in Zhou Liwang period more than 2,6 years ago. Verified by the archaeological excavation of the ancient city wall, Jingzhou ancient city wall is the only ancient city wall with the longest duration and the largest number of dynasties in China, which evolved from Tucheng. Previously, the circumference of Jingzhou ancient city wall was estimated to be 11 kilometers. Deng Dimin, director of the Urban and Rural Planning Bureau and the Municipal Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, said that the length of the ancient wall of Jingzhou City was carefully measured by the Surveying and Mapping Institute of the city, and the latest data was 11.145 kilometers (calculated by the length of the brick wall foundation); Among them, the length of Wengcheng is 73 meters; The length of horse face is 661 meters; The main circumference of Jingzhou city wall is 1.568 kilometers (excluding the urn and the horse face).
From the early Ming Dynasty to the late Ming Dynasty
The Records of Jingzhou says: "In the 12th year of Yuan Shizu to Yuan Dynasty (AD 1278), the city of Hanjing Lake was proclaimed". In the year of Jiachen, Ming Taizu (in 1364, the Yuan Dynasty was in the 24th year), Huguang Pingzhang Yangjing still built the Jingzhou city wall which was destroyed in the Yuan Dynasty. The city wall was 381 steps in 18 miles on Monday, with six gates, 2 feet, 6 feet and 5 inches high, and the city was 1 feet wide and 1 foot deep. During the period from Hongwu to Wanli in Ming Dynasty, the maintenance and construction of Jingzhou brick wall reached its climax. In the 16th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1643), Zhang Xianzhong was trapped in Jiangling, and did not go west for a long time, so he ordered the demolition of the city. The demolition of the city may only cause local damage to some city walls. According to the archaeological excavation and observation of three city walls, there is no trace of Zhang Xianzhong's destruction. The excavated brick wall foundation of Ming Dynasty was built on the old foundation of Song Dynasty, and the soil wall was only partially raised. Brick walls in the Ming Dynasty were .7 meters wide and 7.5 meters high, and the bricks were long and wide for city walls. Brick walls in Ming Dynasty were connected with brick walls in Song Dynasty by nailing. Tucheng Wall in Ming Dynasty was superimposed on the Tucheng Wall in Song Dynasty, with a width of 9.5 meters and a height of 4.5 meters.
During the Qing Dynasty
According to the Records of Jiangling County, "In the sixteenth year of worshipping Zhen, Zhang Xianzhong, a rogue, was trapped in Jingzhou and lost the city wall". In the third year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (AD 1646), Li Xifeng and Zheng Siwei, the chief guard of Jingnan Road, were rebuilt according to the old base of Ming Dynasty. "the soldiers and the people are rebuilt, and they are as good as the old site." During the reign of Kangxi, a wall was set up in the city, and the Eight Banners soldiers stationed in Manchuria in the east were called the whole city. The west is an official residence, called Seoul. During the Qing Dynasty, Jingzhou City was flooded repeatedly, and the repair work was frequent. Only in the Yongzheng and Qianlong Dynasties, every four repairs cost more than 229,6 taels of silver. In the fifth year of Yongzheng (AD 1727), the twenty-first year of Qianlong (1756) and the fifty-third year of Qianlong (1788), the Jingzhou city wall was repaired, especially in the fifty-third year of Qianlong, when the Wancheng dike burst, water entered from the west gate and the city wall collapsed in many places. From fifty-four to fifty-seven years after Qianlong's reign, the Qing court paid more than 26, taels of silver, and ordered imperial college students such as A Gui to repair the city walls. At that time, Shuijinmen (southwest corner of the city) and Xiaobeimen retreated into dozens of feet due to low terrain, and the southeast corner of the city retreated into dozens of feet, thus finally shaping the scale of Jingzhou City.
with the end of the cold weapon era, the military function of Jingzhou city gradually lost. However, people have never been idle in the maintenance and protection of Jingzhou City. In 1987, when the city wall on the west side of Xiejia Mountain was excavated, it was found that the city brick with the inscription "Bingzinian" was a relic in the twenty-fifth year of the Republic of China (1936). Brick shows that the National Government has also carried out maintenance on Jingzhou City Wall.
Edit the architectural features of this section
After two overhauls from Qianlong to Qianlong in 54 to 57 years, Jingzhou ancient city wall has six gates. The six gates of Jingzhou ancient city wall all have names associated with local geography, history and customs. The east gate is called Yinbin Gate, the south gate is Nanji Gate, the west gate is called An Lan Gate, the north gate is called Gongji Gate, the small north gate is located in the northeast, and the small east gate is located in the southeast, which is called Gongan Gate (Watergate). In the past, the public security gate (Watergate) was not connected with the outside world by land, and it was all by boat. Curved cities are built outside the other gates, and they are not the same. They are all shaped like a semi-ring to enclose the main gate, and another door is opened in front of the curved city to form a double gate together with the main gate. The construction of Qucheng is completely different from that of the main city. Both the inside and outside of Qucheng are built with city bricks, and battlements are built on both sides. The city gate hole and the city gate frame are all domed with stone and city bricks. The double gates are each equipped with a wooden door, and there is also a 1 cm thick shutter in the wooden door, which is both resistant to strong enemies and waterproof. In this way, a double gate and a four-door defense are formed. Between the double gates, it is called the urn. The ingenious design of Wengcheng embodies the outstanding military thought of active defense in ancient China. Throughout the history of the city's attack and defense, the city gate is actually the weakest link. No matter whether the foreign enemy stormed or tricked, or the traitor rebelled, they all succeeded through the city gate. The construction of Wengcheng turned the weak link into a place that is easy to defend and difficult to attack. When soldiers and horses leave the city in wartime, they must go through double customs clearance to clarify the suspicion; If reinforcements come, they can be put into the urn for verification, regardless of authenticity. The most secret of the urn is that it can implement active defense, open the urn, lure the enemy in, surround it on all sides, and wipe it out in one fell swoop.
Gongjimen is called Liumen in ancient times, Gongchen Gate in Ming dynasty, and Dabei Gate in common customs. It is located in the northwest of Jiangling City. Quchengmen Cave is 5.8m high, 4.6m wide and 1m deep. The entrance to the main city is 7 meters high, 4.8 meters wide and 15 meters deep. The inner and outer doors are 32 meters apart, and the urn is slightly semicircular. In ancient times, this gate was a thoroughfare to the north of the Central Plains. It was also called Liumen, because officials moved their posts and scholars went to Beijing to find officials. When they came out of this gate, they covered their cars with crowns, and each gave a gift of poetry and fu. Su Shi once wrote in "Ten Poems of Jingzhou": "Liumenjing National Road drives horses and Chunyang. Wild fire burns hay, and the east wind moves green awns. Northbound even Xu Deng, south to extremely Hengxiang. Chu Jing crosses the world and is pregnant with Wang xin's weak king. " That is, chanting this. Today, the city gate is still the main passage for car dealers to go, and it is well preserved. Above the inner ticket door, there is a stone tablet written by Zhang Fangli, the magistrate of Qianlong Jingzhou Prefecture, with the word "Gongjimen" across it.
An Lan Gate is commonly known as West Gate, and Longshan Gate in Ming Dynasty. Outside the gate is the Longshan Scenic Area, where people often go out to pay their respects. Because of the low terrain, they are often flooded. In the fifty-third year of Qing Qianlong (1788), the Yangtze River dike burst, and water rushed into the city through this gate and Shuijinmen, killing more than 1, people, and this gate also collapsed. After a few days of reconstruction, it shrank by more than ten feet and the foundation of the city gate was raised. And completed, the government and the people celebrate each other, and take