Let me start with some famous poems: A land trip in Shanxi Village (Song Dynasty) In Xiao Mo, a farmer's wine was muddy, and in a good year, there were enough chickens and dolphins left. There is no doubt about mountains and rivers, and there is another village with dark flowers. Xiao Gu followed the Spring Club, and her clothes were simple and antique. From now on, if he is allowed to ride leisurely on the moon, he will knock on the door all night with a cane. Two Du Fu's "Guests" (Tang Dynasty) have me in the north and me in the south. Spring is flooding. Day after day, I only look at seagulls. My road is full of petals-I swept it for others. Where is the famous Prime Minister Temple in Sanshu Prefecture? In a deep pine forest near the Silk City, the steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are singing happily under the leaves. The third call made him shoulder the national affairs. He gave his heart to two generations, but before he conquered, he died, and the heroes cried on their coats! Four Yellow Crane Towers In the past, the yellow crane carried saints to heaven, but now it is gone. Only the yellow crane on the Yellow Crane Tower no longer comes, and the white clouds fly forever. Without him, every tree in Hanyang becomes crystal clear. Nautilus Island is a nest of fragrant grass, but I look to my hometown. The dusk is getting dark and people are worried on the Yanbo River. Wu Jiangzhou bid farewell to Xue 82, and Liu Changqing's official career was unexpected. Everything is empty. He knows how to learn drunken songs. Hu Yan crosses the moon on the river and sets in Huainan. He is very happy to live near Cangzhou. But in that world, what's the use of having a few white hairs? . Today, people in Longzhong are getting old. When you remind me that I may encounter lightning, I am ashamed to thank you. Liu Chunsi, Huang Furan, Que-Ji and Yan-Ji tell about the New Year, but so far they are all Ma Town and Longqiu. They live in a city near Hanyuan. The moon brings my heart to the sky of Tatar. I weave endless sad words in the frame, but this petal branch is smiling in my lonely sleep now. In order to invite Yuan He to ride a bike, his triumph was carved on the rock! . Feng Xue, a poet in the seventh palace, put on makeup on the twelfth floor and looked at the king from the pagoda. The golden beast was locked in cold chains. The bronze dragon bell dripped all morning, until one of them tilted the mirror, combed her hair, and chose new smells and changes in silk clothes, because she saw that between the screens, in the depths of the palace, the ladies-in-waiting swept the imperial bed, eight golden Serres and Li Shangyin, and I wanted to know why my golden harp had fifty strings, each with a flower-like interval of troubles and youth. The sage Zhuangzi was daydreaming, the butterfly bewitched and Wang Shangyin. There are tears in the bright moon, and the sky is warm and jade smoke. This situation can be recalled, but it was disconsolate at that time. The Red Army was not afraid of the expedition in the Long March. Qianshan, full of water, is only idle. Wuyue winding waves, Wumeng walking mud ball. Jinsha River is warm in clouds and cliffs, and the iron fence of Dadu Bridge is cold. I like the thousands of miles of snow in Minshan, and flowers bloom after the three armies. Ten Ding (Song Ouyang Xiu) The spring breeze is not long, and there are no flowers in the mountain city in February. There are still oranges on the branches in the snow, and the frozen thunder scares the bamboo shoots. Ye Fang doesn't need to cry late. Su Shi once heard that he arrived in Yuzhou in May, and built a dirty house in the pavilion. Only the spirit of dreams is still there, and Tang Shi is better prepared. The ship passed through the old country and changed, and the cold river frost fell. It is more difficult to dream on a winter night, and it is even more difficult to report the news of the ship. Twelve sons remembered Su Shi's life from Mianchi and should like it. There is no reason to look at the broken wall. I still remember whether the road was bumpy, whether the road was long and whether the donkey hissed. At the beginning of 13th year, Dr. Jia Chaosan went to Zhu Guo again. Today, Bai Juyi is full of haze, and Chiling was in the soil the year before last. He has water and fish. He grew up on a crane. He is ashamed of being an official, and dare not think that his family is poor. Zhu Guo Sung Hoon asked privately. Song Zizhi lying idly in the white clouds. He died on the plane. It was a love affair. Those who are at large are dead, knowing that it is not God's fault. On the 15th, I sent ten clumsy poems to Duke Du of Xichuan yesterday, and "xianggong" also became a new poet of Bai Juyi in Chengdu. His power will be different. I cut off five words with cymbals and Tao Jun's six meanings. Amazing scrolls. Snow blocked the blue horse. Knowing that you should be interested in coming from afar, you can collect my bones by the river. On the 17th, Cui Shizhen, the official I sent, arrived in Bai Juyi's special city, where he even held an envoy calendar to congratulate Cui Hou. Five Blessingg threw the frost away, and Jules walked away from the board. It was sent by Sha Ou when he sent it, and was greeted by bamboo horses in Japan. I'm only worried that there are no guests and friends in the county, and a few cups of spring wine. One day is worth a thousand years. Jute is better than longevity, and Bai Yi's poems are too internal. The clouds live in the green place by mistake, and the wind flows in the purple air. Dong Cao is approaching the West Garden, and the crane drives many whips. On the 19th, from Liuzhou Tower to my fellow countryman Liu Zongyuan in the four districts of Zhang, Ding, Feng and Lian, at the end of this tower, the wilderness began, and our thoughts were as far away as the sea one day. The hibiscus flowers on the moat suddenly blew, and the vines on the wall were whipped by oblique rain. Three hundred miles away, I saw only a vague forest and mountains, as well as nine river bends winding in our intestines, and came to Baiyue tattoo. Jude is a country where music and books are stagnant. The Old Story of Xibao Mountain 20 Times Liu Yuxi Since Wang Jun sailed his big ship from Yizhou, the gaunt iron lock of the royal ghost in Nanjing City sank to the bottom of the river and a stone fell out. The repeated changes have become a thing of the past, and the dignity of this mountain still commands the icy river. Now, one day, the China world unites and the old fortress is filled with ruins and autumn reeds send their sadness. O The youngest and favorite daughter Xie (1), they are married and obedient. Although I had no clothes to find, I sold the wine and took out the golden hairpin. Today, take the leaves of Sophora japonica as firewood, reward me with 100,000 yuan, and offer a memorial service to the temple. Li Zhou is twenty-two miles away, the sun is setting, the sky is blue, and Ma Si is on the shore. A boat passed by, people gathered in the willow trees to wait for the ferry, seagulls circled under the beach, and a heron flew in Wanqing Jiangtian. Who's looking for Fan Li? through the misty Five Lakes, forgetting words?. Before Wen Tingyun of Suwu Temple sold Su Wu's soul to the Han Dynasty, the trees in the ancient temple were at a loss. A wild goose on the cloud breaks its beard. And goat unshished grazing along the border, returning, he found that his country had changed because of the young hat and sword, his painful adventure did not win his title, and the autumn waves sobbed endlessly in the river. Feng Xue, 12 rooms, ladies-in-waiting, decorated for a day, looking at the Xiange master from a distance, the golden toad locks the twenty-four palaces, and the dripping copper dragon leaks during the day. The cloud bun is still in front of the mirror, and Luo Yi wants to change and add fragrance. Looking at the curtain of the main hall from a distance, the dragon robe is sweeping the imperial bed. Twenty-five poor women Qin Taoyu didn't know the smell of Luo Peng. She is eager to arrange a marriage, but how dare she? Who knows her cutest simple face, pity time to collect and wear. Her finger embroidery is incomparable, but she can't compare with the painted eyebrows. Year after year, she sews gold thread on the wedding dress for other girls.
2. Common sense about regular poetry
Poetry is divided into classical poetry \ modern poetry and modern poetry.
The first two rhymes, and the last one doesn't rhyme.
The first two kinds are divided into regular poems and irregular poems.
The rhymes that require antithesis are generally divided into five laws and seven laws.
Let's take the 17th Law/Long March as an example.
The Red Army is not afraid of expedition.
Wanshui Qian Shan is just idle.
Five ridges winding, blue waves rippling,
Wumeng is majestic, taking mud pills.
Jinsha water pats the clouds and cliffs warm,
The beams of Dadu Bridge are cold.
I prefer the snow in Minshan,
After the three armies, everyone laughed.
It rhymes, that is, the end of every sentence is an, but the end of sentences 3, 5 and 7 is not necessarily.
Sentences 3 and 4 must be opposites.
Five sentences and six sentences must be opposite.
What is duality? From the part of speech, it is noun to noun and verb to verb. . In terms of temperament, they are equal to each other and equal to each other.
What is Ping? That is, one or two sounds of Chinese characters are flat.
What is this? It is that the three tones or four tones of Chinese characters are different.
Pay attention to two points when writing metrical poems: leveling and adhesion.
Regarding leveling, it is necessary to "distinguish between 246 and 135". That is to say, the word 1, 3, 5 may not consider leveling, while the word 2, 4, 6 must consider leveling.
What is adhesion? That is, the 2nd, 4th and 6th words in the 3rd, 5th and 7th sentences must be equal to the 2nd, 4th and 6th words in the 2nd, 4th and 6th sentences.
I don't know. You can combine the poem Long March with your own feelings.
3. Common sense of China's ancient poetry and literature.
Go to Baidu Library to check the full content >
Content from user: Ni Yue
China's Ancient Poetry and Common Sense of Literature
First, common sense of poetry
(A) the classification of ancient poetry
There are several different forms of classical poetry, such as ancient poetry (also known as ancient poetry and ancient style), modern poetry (also known as modern poetry and metrical poetry), ci (also known as poetry, long and short sentences, qu ci and qu ci) and qu. Classical poetry is an ancient free poem with free form, unlimited length, infinitive (referring to miscellaneous words), no antithesis, free rhyme and so on. There are four-character ancient poems (first appeared in the Book of Songs), five-character ancient poems (matured in the Han Dynasty, such as Nineteen Ancient Poems), seven-character ancient poems (matured in the Tang Dynasty, such as the Song of Eternal Sorrow) and Yuefu poems (some titles have songs, lines, quotations, songs, songs, etc.).
Modern poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the regular arrangement, it also has the positions of definite sentences, definite words, definite sounds and definite rhymes. There are two types of quatrains and metrical poems. There are two kinds of quatrains: five-character quatrains (five-character quatrains) and seven-character quatrains (seven-character quatrains).
There are three kinds of metrical poems: five-character metrical poems (five laws), seven-character metrical poems (seven laws) and arranged laws.
Ci reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. According to the number of words, it can be divided into three forms: Xiao Ling (within 58 words), Zhong Diao (within 59-90 words) and Long Diao (above 9 1 word). Fixed tone, fixed sentence, fixed words and rhymes.
Qu Xingsheng was born in Yuan Dynasty, and there are two forms: Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu has two forms: poem (short tune) and divertimento (also called divertimento).
(2) Knowledge of Poetry and Music ① Ancient poetry and modern poetry are divided from the perspective of poetic rhythm.
The main differences between the two are:
⑤ Title and inscription
4. Literary knowledge of poetry
China ancient poetry culture originated from sacrificial ceremonies, sprouted from folk songs and flourished in chanting records.
Unfortunately, the earliest extant collection of poems is The Book of Songs. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, it evolved into a Sao style, simple and profound, which is a unique branch of pre-Qin poetry culture.
With the death of Qin and Han, Yuefu flourished and the poetry garden was renewed. When I entered Wei, I heard five words, especially the brilliant creation of "three sons of Cao" and "seven sons of Jian 'an".
At the turn of Wei and Jin dynasties, there were "seven sages of bamboo forest"; There were three Zhang, two Lu, two Pan, one Zuo in the Western Jin Dynasty, and one in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. During this period, the realm and vision of poetry were broadened, and singing became more and more popular.
Things have changed, and the years have passed to the Song and Qi Dynasties in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. There are four characters, five characters, six characters and seven characters, among which "Big and Small Xie", "The Ancestor of Seven Characters" and "Eight Friends of Jingling" stand out, with pastoral poems and landscape poems as the mainstay, beautiful and elegant, and Qi Liang style can be called the exclusive spring scenery before the Tang Dynasty. The prosperous Tang Dynasty is also a prosperous time for poetry. The poetic rhythm, the beauty of phonology, the refinement of sentences and the breadth of artistic conception of the works are really at the peak! However, although Du Li was crowned as a "poet saint", there are still stars shining through the ages! There are words in the poem, which have been seen in the northern and southern dynasties, and prevailed in the teaching workshop in the late Tang Dynasty. As for Da Song, it gradually jumped out of the string and became a ups and downs poem, which is unique in the history of poetry. Compared with poetry, ci has more extension and inheritance, and also shows hearty lyricism.
There are thousands of Ci poets in Song Dynasty, and Yan Xin is the most outstanding one. In addition, it is true that there are thousands of epigrams rhyming, but it is not ancient to the predecessors, and later generations often tie their hands and feet and become the wind of lyrics.
The interpretation of poetry in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties more and more catered to the needs of folk entertainment. As a result, "Street Melody" and "Country Square Minor" were very popular and eventually blossomed and became a wonderful song. There is a saying: there are no poems after the Tang Dynasty and no words after the Song Dynasty.
Generally speaking, this is a generalized theory of poetic realm; In a narrow sense, not necessarily. Gao Qi's poems in Ming Dynasty have the brilliance of Han and Wei Dynasties and the beauty of Tang and Song Dynasties, which is quite a model of connecting the past with the future.
Sighing that the green hills are there, writing is a taboo, risking embarrassment, and suffering from waist-cutting in the prime of life. It is better to say that there is no poetry after the literary inquisition than after the Tang Dynasty.
As for the Qing Dynasty, there were many poets and countless poems, but most of them were smoked in the slippery air of princes, lacking character and few people handed down masterpieces. There are more than 10 thousand poems, but I haven't seen one or two. What can I say? However, it is Gong Zizhen and Banqiao who can admire integrity.
5. Common sense of common poetry
Lvshi
A modern poem of China. The meter is very strict Shen Yue's new poems originated in the period of Qi Yongming in the Southern Dynasties, and paid attention to meter and duality. They were shaped in Shen Quanqi and Song Wenzhi in the early Tang Dynasty and matured in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Rhyme requires the unity of the number of words in the poem, and each poem is five-character, six-character and seven-character sentences, which are referred to as five laws, six laws and seven laws, among which six laws are relatively rare. The usual metrical poems stipulate 8 sentences each. If there are only six sentences, it is called a small law or a three-rhyme poem; More than 8 sentences, that is, 10 sentences, are called exclusive laws or long laws. Usually eight paragraphs are completed, and every two sentences form a couplet, which counts as four paragraphs. It is customary to call the first couplet a title, the second couplet a parallel, the third couplet a neck couplet and the fourth couplet a sentence. The upper and lower sentences of two or three couplets (namely, parallel couplets and neck couplets) of each song must be antithetical sentences. In addition to the first and last couplet, the middle couplet must be duplicated. The dual requirements of secondary laws are more extensive. Rhyme requires the whole poem to rhyme, and the rhyme is limited; The second, fourth, sixth and eighth sentences rhyme, the first sentence can be put on or off, and the words of each rhyming sentence are flat. There are "flat rise" and "flat rise" in the upper and lower sentences. In addition, the metrical requirements of metrical poems also apply to quatrains.
There are variations in metrical poems in Tang Dynasty before and after they are finalized. Some metrical poems are not completely written according to the format, such as the Yellow Crane Tower in Cui Hao, which means that the first half is archaic and the second half is homophonic. This change in metrical poetry is called "difficult style".
6. What are the common literary knowledge of poems and songs?
There are often several styles of poems and songs in junior high school textbooks. For middle school students, the difference between them is vague. In order to help students clarify their similarities and differences, here is a brief introduction.
Generally speaking, poetry and songs belong to "poetry". However, on closer inspection, they are different.
Poetry is the earliest literary style. China's first collection of poems is The Book of Songs, which is a collection of poems created by folk songs and people. The first literati poem was Qu Yuan's Li Sao. They are the source of China's realistic poems and romantic poems respectively.
Poetry can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry. Classical poetry includes "ancient poetry" and "Yuefu", and "serving the monarch" and "Mulan poetry" belong to ancient poetry and Yuefu respectively.
Modern poetry can be divided into three types: metrical poetry, quatrains and arranger. Rhyme began in the Six Dynasties and was shaped in the Tang Dynasty. From the perspective of characters, it can be divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems. But in either case, each capital is limited to eight sentences, and every two sentences are a couplet, a couplet, a neck couplet and a tail couplet, among which the couplet and the neck couplet are the essence of the whole poem both in art and thought. For example, "Farewell to Deputy Magistrate Du to Shu" and "Spring Tour in Qiantang" belong to five-character and seven-character poems respectively. Let's look at the quatrains again. Quatrains are the simplest poetic style, which is looser than metrical poems in syntax and rhyme. There are only four sentences in the whole poem, which can be divided into five quatrains (such as Deng Zuan Quelou) and seven quatrains (such as Wang Changling's Seven quatrains).
Quatrains and rhymes not only have the above differences, but also have their origins. Rhyme comes from ancient poetry, and quatrains come from Yuefu.
Poetry was originally used for singing, but in the Tang Dynasty, most poems became metrical poems and quatrains, and the music was not harmonious, so some people created "poetry"-words that adapted to the rhythm. Ci is a "poem" that can be sung in different sentence patterns.
You should have music when you sing. Different music words are different, and the "tune" is also different. "Tone" is a rule, which specifies the number of words and other things. In order to distinguish different tunes, people give each tune a name, which is "epigraph". So the epigraph is the title of a word, which is consistent with the content of the word. Later, it gradually evolved, so that there was no relationship between the two, and people added a topic to the words behind the name of the tablet. For example, Su Shi's Mink Head. "When will the bright moon be there", "Turning around with water" is the epigraph name, and "When will the bright moon be there" is the title. Words can be divided into "poetry" and "long tune" according to the number of words.
Qu is another new poetic style after Ci, which sprouted in Song Dynasty and prevailed in Yuan Dynasty. Generally speaking, Yuanqu includes two parts: zaju and Sanqu, and Sanqu is emphasized here.
At first, a song consists of two parts, namely "word" and "song". The music part is "Qu" and the content part is "Ci". But in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, people called the singing part of the song "Qu", which gave it a new meaning. Gradually, people began to call the "poetic part" of self-expression "Qu". There are qu cards and titles, and qu cards are equivalent to epigrams. Ma Zhiyuan's Tianjingsha Qiu Si, Tianjingsha is a qupai, and Qiu Si is the title.
Although poems, words and songs can all be called poems, their differences are obvious. After the above brief introduction, we might as well put them together.
First of all, in terms of time, they came into being in different times. Poetry is the earliest literary style, which reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty. Ci originated in the late Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. As mentioned above, the Song Dynasty came into being at the latest, and it was shaped in the Yuan Dynasty.
Secondly, syntactically, the syntactic rules of the three are different. The syntax of poetry is unified, which stipulates the number of words and sentences (except ancient poetry, there were no songs and words at that time); Although the syntactic length of words varies, there are rules for each word; Although the syntax of songs is also different in length, some songs can also be added with interlining, but there are certain rules where to add interlining, which is not allowed by words.
Thirdly, from the perspective of flat tone, the four tones of poetry are only flat tone, regardless of rising and falling, while the stress of flat tone in the song goes to extremes, which is universal in broad and normal times, and should also be distinguished from rising and falling in strict and normal times.
Finally, from the perspective of rhyme, the rhyme between a poem and a word can be changed, but the rhyme of a song cannot be changed.
In addition to the above, there are the following differences between words and songs:
1, the word is long and short, the short one is a shovel and the long one is several shovels; Songs are monotonous and can't be longer: the lyrics vary in length.
2. Words are suitable for lyricism and scenery description, but not for narration; Songs can be described and described: the object and expression of lyrics and songs are different.
3. Words should be written about sadness but not happiness, and songs can be written about sadness and happiness: the aesthetic styles embodied in words and songs are different.
4. Ci should be written to suit both refined and popular tastes, while Qu can show both refined and popular tastes: Ci is different from Qu's artistic conception.
5. Words should be written in harmony, and songs should be written in harmony: the aesthetic effects of words and songs are different.
In short, in a broad sense, poetry and songs are all "poems", which we collectively call poetry, and there is no big mistake. But in a narrow sense, there are still some differences. I hope that students will pay attention to similarities and differences and grasp them accurately to avoid confusion.
7. Literary common sense of poetry and songs
Poetry is one of the basic literary genres, which originated from religion. There is another form, which comes from labor. The most essential feature of poetry is lyrical beauty. Ci is a new style word that appeared in the Tang Dynasty, also known as tune, long and short sentences and idle poems. It is a song and poem, the abbreviation of Qu Qu and Yuan Qu, and one of the famous literary genres in the history of China literature. Yuanqu is a combination of Yuan Zaju and Sanqu, and people generally think it refers to Yuanqu. In fact, Qu is a generalized opera. The art of traditional Chinese opera occupies a very important position in China literature and even in the whole cultural history of China, and its achievements are no less than poetry, ci and fu. According to the different needs of content expression, the ancients created three types of poetry styles: poetry, ci and qu, and each style has its own merits, which can be described as the same strain and self-perfection. Poetry is the earliest literary style produced by any nation. So is China. Since the Book of Songs, the history of poetry development has been thousands of years, and the form of poetry is difficult to describe. Generally speaking, poetry can be divided into classical poetry with little emphasis on meter and modern poetry with emphasis on meter. There are also classical poems, songs of Chu, Yuefu poems (ancient Yuefu, new Yuefu), folk songs, seven-character ancient poems and five-character ancient poems. Directly reflect the reality and express freely. Modern poetry includes five-character or seven-character metrical poems and five-character or seven-character quatrains. Their general characteristics are conciseness, gracefulness, implication, indirect reflection of reality, rigorous meter, great leap from poem to poem, and quatrains emphasize ethereal charm. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Ci, a new poetic style, began to appear and developed rapidly, keeping pace with poetry. The middle tune is similar to the seven-character modern poetry in scale, which is divided into two parts, but it pays attention to change, seeing implication in simplicity and seeing the whole in separation; Long tune is also called slow character, because the beat is slow and the length is long when singing. Because of its long length and large capacity (The Preface to Birds is the longest, with 256 words), poets can give full play to their talents, narrate and express their feelings, write scenes calmly, pay attention to the turning point and structural changes, and thus tend to be unified. The songs that appeared in the Yuan Dynasty (Yuan Qu is divided into drama, Sanqu and meat) have different flavors. Different styles of poems and songs are just like people's different costumes to meet the needs of different seasons and aesthetics. Recognizing this, we have to admire the wisdom of the ancients in creating different styles of poetry. The ancients have long recognized the difference between the three and discussed it many times. However, some of them are too abstract. For example, Wang Guowei believes that "poetry is vast and long-lasting"; Some of them are too intuitive. For example, Wang Shizhen took Yan Shu's words, "I can't help falling flowers, and I feel familiar with Yan's return" and Tang Xianzu's lyrics, "What a beautiful day, who is happy?" Give an example to illustrate the difference between words and songs; Some of them are too simple, for example, Li Yu thinks that the word "is not like poetry in the world, but not like music in the world, standing in the middle". In fact, the differences between the three are reflected in the theme, artistic conception, style, technique and form.