Who is the poet known as the poet magician?
Poet-Bai Juyi. Bai Juyi works hard in writing poems, as he himself said: "The meaning of drunkenness is not in wine, and the meaning of drunkenness is not in wine, so he worries about the west in the afternoon." Excessive reading and writing lead to tongue and finger pain. Therefore, it is called "poet magic".
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Code names of ancient poets
1, poetic bone-Chen Ziang's poems are passionate, lofty in style, full of "Han and Wei customs" and known as "poetic bone".
2. Poet-Wang's poems are fluent, generous and unique, and he is called a "poet".
3. Poetic fanatic-He is generous in nature and calls himself "Siming fanatic". Because his poems are bold and unrestrained, he is called "poetry mad".
4. The Poet's Seven Musts-Wang Changling's Seven Musts wrote "Love is profound and bitter, and it is indifferent", so it was named "the poet's son of heaven".
5. Poet Fairy-Li Bai's poems are rich in imagination, unrestrained in style, colorful, fresh and natural in language, and known as "Poet Fairy".
6. The poet Saint Du Fu's poems are closely combined with current events and have profound thoughts. Broad realm, known as the "poet".
7. Poetry Prisoner-Meng Jiao was once called a "poetry prisoner" because of his painstaking management and poor management.
8. Poetic Slave-Jia Dao claimed to be a poet all his life, so he painstakingly recited poems. He is called a "poetic slave".
9. Poet-Liu Yuxi's poems are calm and dignified, and the style is natural and rhythmic. Bai Juyi gave him a reputation as a poet.
10, Shi Fo-This title of Wang Wei not only has the Buddhist meaning and religious tendency in Wang Wei's poems, but also expresses the affirmation of Wang Wei's lofty position in the Tang Dynasty.
1 1, Su Shi's poems, flowing, fresh and vigorous, unique, are called poetic immortals.
12, Five-character Great Wall-Liu Changqing is good at five-character poems, which account for 78% of all his poems, so it is called the Five-character Great Wall.
13, Shi Gui-Li He's poems are good at casting words, galloping imagination, using myths and legends to create bright and colorful images, so they are called "Shi Gui".
14, Du-Du Mu once wrote Wei Zihua, which was lyrical and praised by flowers, and was called "Du".
15, Wen Bajiao-Wen wit. Every exam, the octagonal hand becomes eight rhymes, which is called "Wen octagonal".
16, partridge Zheng-Zheng drum is famous for "partridge poem", so it is called "partridge Zheng".
17, Cui Yuanyang-Cui Jue's poem Yuanyang has a unique style and is called Cui Yuanyang.
Bai Juyi's main achievements
officialdom
Bachelor of Hanlin
The early period is the period of helping the world, and the later period is the period of being independent. Bai Juyi was a scholar at the age of 29 in the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800). He has served as provincial school secretary, school assistant and Hanlin bachelor. During the Yuanhe period, he was left as a gleaning, and wrote a lot of satirical poems, including ten masterpieces of Qin Zhongyin and fifty poems of New Yuefu, which made the dignitaries gnash their teeth and grieve. In the sixth year of Yuanhe, Bai Juyi's mother died in Chang 'an because of mental disorder. According to the rules at that time, Bai Juyi returned to his hometown for three years and returned to Chang 'an after the funeral. The emperor arranged for him to be a doctor.
Jiangzhou Sima
In June of the 10th year of Yuanhe, when Bai Juyi was 44 years old, Prime Minister Wu and imperial envoy Zhong Cheng Pei Du were assassinated. Wu died on the spot and Pei Du was seriously injured. For such a big event, the eunuch group and the old bureaucratic group in power at that time kept calm and were in no hurry to deal with it. Bai Juyi was very angry, so he wrote to urge the murderer to be severely punished to punish the law. However, instead of praising his enthusiasm for state affairs, those in power say that he is an official of the Eastern Palace, and it is trespassing to talk about state affairs in front of the admonishers. So he was demoted to the state secretariat. Wang Ya said that her mother fell into the well while looking at flowers and died. He wrote poems about flowers and wells, which hurt filial piety. Such people are not worthy of governing the county, so they are demoted to Jiangzhou Sima. In fact, the reason why he offended was those allegorical poems.
The demotion of Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang) dealt a great blow to Bai Juyi. He said that he "eliminated the troubles and happiness on the surface and the right and wrong in his chest", and his early Buddhist and Taoist thoughts also grew. Three years later, with the help of his good friend Cui Qun, he was promoted to the secretariat of Zhongzhou.
Hangzhou Secretariat
In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe, Tang Xianzong died suddenly in Chang 'an, and Tang Muzong succeeded to the throne. Mu Zong loves talents, recalled Chang 'an, and became a foreign minister, doctor, doctor and sinologist. However, at that time, North Korea was in chaos, with ministers fighting for power and profit and infighting. Mu Zong is politically lazy and doesn't listen to advice. So he asked for his release. In 822, Bai Juyi was appointed as the secretariat of Hangzhou. During his tenure in Hangzhou, he saw that the farmland around Hangzhou was often threatened by drought, but officials refused to use the water from the West Lake to irrigate the farmland. So he eliminated many obstacles and criticisms, mobilized migrant workers to heighten the lake embankment, built dams and sluices, increased the capacity of the lake, and solved the irrigation problem of hundreds of thousands of acres of farmland between Qiantang (now Hangzhou) and Yan Guan (now Haining). Bai Juyi also stipulated that when the farmland is not irrigated, the large and small sluices and Doumen of the West Lake should be closed in time; If there is water leakage, it should be repaired in time. Bai Juyi also organized the masses to repair six wells dug by Li Bi, the secretariat of Hangzhou, in Qiantangmen and Yongjinmen in the Tang Dynasty, which improved the water use conditions of residents.
literature
Bai Juyi was a great poet with great influence in the middle Tang Dynasty. His poetic thoughts and creations, which emphasize popularity and realism, occupy an important position in the history of China's poetry. In Jiu Shu Tong Yuan, he clearly said: "Servants aim to help the two, and they are independent. Always serve the Tao, and invent poetry. Calling it a satirical poem is also aimed at helping others; It's not bad to call it leisure poetry. " It can be seen that among Bai Juyi's four kinds of poems: irony, leisure, sentimentality and miscellaneous methods, the first two reflect his "obedience and constant goodness" and are the most valued. At the same time, he put forward his own literary proposition: "Articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written well." His poetic thoughts are mainly based on early satirical poems.
As early as the early Yuan Dynasty, Bai Juyi showed a tendency to emphasize realism, popularity and allegory: "If there is no textual research on today's praise and demotion, there is a lack of punishment and persuasion;" If the poem "The Beauty Sting" does not test politics, then the significance of the make-up test will be abolished. ..... The satirist who admonishes Ci Fu, though wild, will be rewarded. "The role of poetry is to punish evil and persuade good, and make up for current politics. The means of poetry is praise and criticism, and it is admonition and irony. Therefore, he advocated: "establish an official who collects poems, open a satirical way, examine their gains and losses, and understand their feelings." (Poetry Sixty-nine) He opposes the simple pursuit of "high palace rhythm" and "strange writing" without content, and even more opposes the gorgeous poetic style of "mocking the wind and making flowers" since Qi and Liang Dynasties. In the preface to new Yuefu, he clearly pointed out that the standard of writing poetry is: "the quality and path of his words are easy to distinguish for those who want to see;" "His words are straightforward and he admonishes those who want to listen; Its business is nuclear and true, so people who use it can send messages; Its body is very smooth and can be played in music songs. " Here, "quality and diameter", "straightness and tangent", "core and reality" and "smoothness and smoothness" respectively emphasize that the language should be simple and popular, the discussion should be straightforward and exposed, the writing should be absolutely false and pure, the form should be smooth and fluent, and it has the color of ballads. In other words, poetry must be authentic, easy to understand and easy to sing in order to be considered the ultimate.
Bai Juyi's above requirements for poetry have only one purpose, that is, to make up for current politics. So he went on to say: "In short, for the monarch, for the minister, for the people, for things, for things, not for writing." (Preface to New Yuefu) In Nine Books of the Same Origin, he reviewed his early creation and said, "Since I came to Korea, I have grown older and read more. Every time he talks to others, he asks more current events; Every time you read history, you should seek truth and Tao, and you will know that articles are written in time and songs and poems are written in things. " The first thing to do for time is to show it to the king. He also said: "I don't know when to avoid it" (the second of two painful poems about Tang Qu), and created a large number of satirical poems reflecting the sufferings of people's livelihood, but the general direction is "only songs make people sick, hope the emperor can know" (sent to Tang Sheng). Because only when the people's feelings are heard in heaven, the emperor opens the door and reaches the people's feelings, will politics tend to be calm. [25]
Pipa Xing and Song of Eternal Sorrow are Bai Juyi's most successful works, and the outstanding feature of their artistic expression is the strengthening of lyric factors. Compared with the previous narrative poems, although these two works also use narrative and description to express events, they can no longer simplify the events, and only use one central event and two or three main characters to structure the whole article, such as the dramatic Ma Wei incident that the author is about to take over, but in the most lyrical psychological description of the characters and the rendering of the environmental atmosphere, they pour ink like rain in order to enjoy themselves, even though Pipa is such a story. In addition, the lyricism of these two works is also manifested in creating an appropriate atmosphere and setting off the artistic conception of poetry with selected images. For example, in Song of Eternal Sorrow, "He gazed at the desolate moon from the temporary palace, and he heard the bell in the late rain, cutting it on his chest"; "Maple leaves and mature rushes rustle in autumn" and "When the river mysteriously expands to the full moon" in the pipa; Or combine the bleak moonlight, the patter of rain at night and the heartbreaking bell into a charming scene; Or use rustling maple leaves, flowers and boundless rivers and the moon to form a sad and lonely picture, revealing sadness, sadness and depression.
Bai Juyi's Personal Works
theme
Theme concentration is one of the artistic features of Bai Juyi's satirical poems. He usually only chooses the most typical thing, highlighting a theme, "a sad thing", and the theme is very clear. In order to convey the theme to readers more clearly, you can add a small preface under the title of the poem to indicate the theme, or "show your will" to highlight the theme. Secondly, the artistic features of Bai poetry are also reflected in the portrayal of characters. He can grasp the characteristics of the characters and draw the characters vividly by line drawing. However, the poetry of Bai poetry is not simple, and he often reposes the meaning with simple sentences, which has achieved amazing artistic effects. The poem "Light Fat" describes the mental outlook of ministers, doctors and generals attending the meeting, as well as the richness of wine and food on the table, but the conclusion is: "There is a drought in the south of the Yangtze River, and people in Quzhou eat people." What a tragic scene this is.
Leisure poems and allegorical poems are two kinds of poems that Bai Juyi pays special attention to. Both of them are realistic, vulgar and thrifty, but they are quite different in content and mood. Irony poems aim at "supporting the two", which are closely related to social politics and write more about lofty sentiments and excitement; Leisure poems are meant to be "exclusive", "content with harmony, and give play to one's temperament" (Nine Books of Yuyuan), thus showing an indifferent, peaceful and leisurely state of mind.
Bai Juyi's leisurely poems have a great influence on later generations. His simple language style and indifferent and leisurely mood have been praised repeatedly. However, in contrast, the "leisure" thought of retiring from politics and being content with peace, and the attitude of returning to Buddhism and imitating Tao Yuanming in these poems have far-reaching influence because they are more in line with the psychology of later literati. For example, Bai Juyi said, "If you fight for two snail horns, you'll get a dime a dozen" (No.7 of Let's Drink Seven Songs), "If you fight for the snail horns, I'll send the body in the firelight of the stone" (No.2 of Drink Five Songs) and "I'll know what happened to the snail horns later" (No.8 of Wu Zeng's Can Change My Diet). That is to say, on the basis of the names given by the Song people, "the names of drunkards, pedants and Dongpo all come from Bai Letian's poems" (Gong Yizheng's "Notes on Mustard Seeds"). Zhou Bida, a poet in the Song Dynasty, pointed out: "Su Wenzhong, a loyal minister in this dynasty, did not pay much attention to permission, only loved Lotte and wrote poems many times. Gage's articles are all about words, but they are honest and generous, outspoken, full of words, affectionate with people and indifferent to things. Living in Huangzhou, the first name is Dongpo, which must have started from Lotte Zhongzhou. " (Poems of Erlaotang) All these show the influence track of Bai Juyi and his poems.
Poetry theory
Bai Juyi's thought integrates Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, mainly Confucianism. Mencius said, "If you are rich, you will help the world, and if you are poor, you will be immune to it" is the creed he followed all his life. His ambition of "helping the world and the people" is mainly based on Confucian benevolent policies, including the theory of Huang Lao, the technique of treating filial piety and the method of applying Korea; His mind of "being alone" absorbed the concepts of contentment, uniformity and freedom of Laozi and Zhuangzi and the Buddhist thought of "liberation". The two are roughly bounded by Bai's demotion of Jiangzhou Sima. Bai Juyi not only left nearly 3,000 poems, but also put forward a whole set of poetic theories. He compared poetry to a fruit tree and put forward the viewpoint of "root feeling, Miao character, Watson and true meaning" (nine books are the same). He believes that "emotion" is the fundamental condition for writing poetry, and "those who move people should not care about emotion first" (nine books at the end of Yuan Dynasty). The emergence of emotion is helpful and tied up with current politics. Therefore, poetry creation cannot be divorced from reality, but must be based on various events in real life and reflect the social and political situation of an era. He inherited the tradition of "beauty and beauty" since the Book of Songs and attached importance to the realistic content and social function of poetry. Emphasize the role of poetry in exposing and criticizing political abuses. He put forward a series of principles in the method of poetry expression. In "Nine Books with the Same Origin", he put forward the famous realistic creation principle that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written for things".
His poetic theory is of progressive significance for urging poets to face up to reality and care about people's livelihood. It also has an important influence on the poetic style that has gradually emphasized form since Dali (766 ~ 779). However, overemphasizing the subordination of poetry creation to the needs of real politics will inevitably constrain the artistic creation of poetry and the diversification of poetry styles.
Creative proposition
Articles combine the times, and poems combine things.
Style of works
Beautiful language, popular language, harmonious tone, vivid image and political allegory.
Bai Juyi's anecdotes and allusions
Cast a poem for Gu Kuang.
Bai Juyi came to Chang 'an for the first time to fight, so he took the book Farewell to Ancient Grass to see Gu Kuang. When Gu Kuang saw Bai Juyi's name, he looked at Bai Juyi and joked, "Rice is expensive, it's so lively!" Then I read this poem and read the sentence "Wildfire never completely devoured them, and they grew taller in the spring breeze". I can't help but sigh and say, "It's good to know a word!" " And widely acclaimed, Bai Juyi became famous in one fell swoop.
Homebrewed wine
Bai Juyi's home-brewed wine is of outstanding quality. He wrote a poem for his wine: "in the mouth of the altar, jade liquid is golden grease;" It is pleasant to play and enjoyable to taste; Hospitality, then frown; After four or five minutes, I entered the limbs "(Bai Juyi Volume). The history of Bai Juyi's wine-making is not only recorded, but even today, the story of "Bai Juyi's wine-making New Year's Eve to enjoy his neighbors" has been circulated in Weibei for generations.
Flat mouth and thin waist
Bai Juyi painted a pretty waist to raise prostitutes for fun, which began in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was more common in the Tang Dynasty. In order to get rid of the troubles of life, Bai Juyi indulged himself with prostitutes' music and poems. There are more than a dozen prostitutes whose names are known from his poems, among which Xiaoman and Su Fan are the most famous. Tang Mengbang's "Poem of Feeling of Skills" records: "Bai Shangshu is a good singer and a prostitute is a good dancer. It tastes like a poem:' Cherry Su Fan mouth, willow small waist' ".
When Bai Juyi was in his sixties, he was paralyzed by the wind, so he sold the good horse and asked Su Fan to leave him to get married. However, his horse brayed and could not bear to leave. Su Fan also said with tears, "Master, you have been here for five years, and you are not surprised at all. I have been a vegetarian for ten years, and there is nothing wrong with it. Although this plain face is ugly, it has not been ruined. Luo Li is still strong, with nothing. That is, Luo Zhili can still lead; Song vegetarian dishes can also be given to the host. Once you go back, there is no turning back. Therefore, Su will go, and the words will be bitter; Luo will go, and his song will be sad. This man's feelings are also the feelings of horses. Is it true that the Lord is heartless? "
But when Bai Juyi was 70 years old, Su Fan and Xiaoman left. Bai Juyi wrote in "Random Thoughts": "In two willow buildings, Yan Na has been with drunkards for many years. Should there be a spring breeze in the world after she is released tomorrow? " Five years in March, today is the end, the guests are all gone, and there is no one. Illness lived with Lotte, and Su Fan came back for some time in the spring. "
Stories of collecting books
In the 16th year of Zhenyuan, he was a scholar in Chishang (800), awarded secretary, provincial secretary and Jixian, and took part in organizing the National Library. After that, I graduated from Hanlin University. In the tenth year of Yuanhe (8 15), he was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima. Literati acceded to the throne, moved to the ministry of punishments ministers. Wu Zongshi is the minister of punishments. In his later years, he lived in seclusion in Xiangshan, Luoyang and became a layman in Xiangshan. He made outstanding contributions to the development of realistic poetry. When sorting out the books of Jixian Academy, he had access to a large number of books, which had a great influence on his literary creation. Private libraries are quite rich, and there is a library building called "Chibei Library". He once wrote "On Pool", saying that "when assistant minister of punishments was dismissed, Li Qiandou was full of books". He is the author of Bai Changqing Collection and so on. On the basis of his own collection of books, he compiled a beautiful book, Six Records of the History of the Bai Family (also known as Six Records of the Bai Family), with a total of 1 367 articles. In the Song Dynasty, Huang Jian wrote Yang Wengong Yuan Tan, which recorded: "People say that Bai Juyi wrote Liu Tie, with thousands of pottery bottles, each with its own title, which is a seven-story shelf and placed in the lent. I ordered all the students to collect their stories and put them in bottles. Take it backwards and copy it into a book. " It can be seen that Bai began to collect data by classification when he first collected data. In addition, there are Bai Yuan Yin Ji's works, Bai Liu's chorus works and Charlotte's banquet works (also known as Luo Zhong's works).
Send poems by bamboo tube
When Bai Juyi, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, was appointed as the secretariat of Hangzhou, he watched with several nearby secretariat of Qian Hui, Li Ge and East Zhejiang, so that Yuan Zhen and his poems were spread in bamboo tubes, which was the allusions of poetry tubes.
Chuanju chicken forest
When Silla (Chicken Forest) merchants in the Tang Dynasty came to the Tang Dynasty for trade, they tried their best to collect and buy Bai Juyi's poems. They said that the prime minister of their country gave a white poem a hundred (one "one") gold, and even the prime minister could see that it was fake. Yuan Zhen sighed with emotion: "Since Zhang came, it has not been so widely circulated."