Japanese, the full name of Japanese, is the official language of Japan. The language family is controversial. Some people think it can be classified as Altaic language family, and some Japanese scholars think it is an isolated language (later, some Japanese scholars put forward the concept of Korean-Japanese Ryukyu language family, thinking that Japanese is subordinate) or Japanese language family. It is a glue language, and there are many borrowed Chinese characters in the writing system. Japanese has two sets of phonetic symbols: hiragana (hiragana) and katakana (katakana). It can also be written in Roman characters and Latin letters. Pseudonyms and Chinese characters are often used in daily life, and Roman characters are often used in signboards or advertisements. The phonetic notation of Japanese characters uses Hiragana instead of Roman characters. Similar to Japanese is Ryukyu. Japanese is mainly used in Japan. When Japan ruled Taiwan Province Province, Korean Peninsula, Southeast Asia, Oceania and parts of China, local people were forced to learn to speak Japanese, and they were forced to give Japanese names, so there are still people who can speak Japanese and local languages at the same time, or use Japanese more skillfully. Many Japanese immigrants who have settled in California and Brazil also speak Japanese. Although their descendants have Japanese names, they rarely use Japanese skillfully. Japanese is a cohesive language, which forms sentences by pasting grammatical elements on words. This language is called flexible use. The combination between them is not close, only showing grammatical functions without changing the meaning of the original vocabulary. Japanese is very diverse, not only in spoken and written language, but also in simplicity, simplicity, dignity, solemnity, men, women and children. People in different industries and positions speak differently. This aspect reflects the strict hierarchy and team thinking of Japanese society. Honorific words are developed in Japanese. The use of honorifics makes Japanese in public very elegant. However, the overly complicated grammar makes it extremely difficult to learn honorifics. Even the native Japanese can't fully grasp it. The developed languages of honorifics are Korean and Mongolian. Japanese pronunciation is very simple, with only five vowels and several consonants. With all kinds of unusual sounds, the total * * * does not exceed 100. Spanish and Italian are similar in pronunciation to Japanese. Generally speaking, the proportion of consonants and vowels in the pronunciation of these three languages is close to 1: 1. Japanese vocabulary is very rich and huge, absorbing a lot of foreign words. There are more than 30,000 common words (excluding names and places) (1956). (See Japanese # Japanese Vocabulary) is closely related to Altai language family and Austronesian language family, and is greatly influenced by Chinese, which absorbs tones and quantifiers originally characteristic of Sino-Tibetan language family, thus making the language attribution of Japanese very complicated. Linguists have different opinions about the origin of Japanese.
Linguistically speaking, Japan is almost a single nation, with more than 99% of the population using the same language. This means that Japanese is the sixth largest language in the world. However, Japanese is rarely used outside Japan.
There are many theories about the origin of Japanese. Many scholars believe that, syntactically, Japanese is close to Altaic languages such as Turkish and Mongolian. It is generally believed that Japanese is syntactically similar to Korean. There is also evidence that Japanese morphology and vocabulary were influenced by southern Malay-Polynesian languages in prehistoric times.
It is generally believed that the writing system in contemporary Japan includes Japanese characters, Hiragana and Katakana, which originated in China. Among them, ideographic Chinese characters were once called "real names" compared with pseudonyms. Although China people are no strangers to Chinese characters, they are still confused when they encounter Chinese characters such as Yi, Yi and Bian. These Chinese characters were created by the Japanese. Perhaps many people don't know that the word "gland" used in Chinese now was also created by the Japanese in the Edo period. Of course, the pronunciation of Japanese Chinese characters is different from that of Chinese, but it can be expressed by pseudonyms. A Chinese character usually has multiple pronunciations. For example, "wood" has many pronunciations, such as "き, もく, ぼく". There are two main situations. One is that after Chinese characters were introduced into Japan, the Chinese pronunciation of Chinese characters themselves was also introduced. This pronunciation is called "phonetic reading", such as "もく, ぼく" in the above example; However, when Japanese proper words express their meanings in Chinese characters, the pronunciation becomes "training reading". As an example, "き".
Although Japanese and China speak completely different languages, the Japanese writing system comes from China. When China characters were introduced to Japan sometime in the 5th and 6th centuries, Japan supplemented China characters, Hiragana and Katakana with two pinyin characters, both of which were transformed from Chinese characters.
There are many local dialects in Japan. Under the influence of mass media such as radio, television and movies, standard Japanese based on Tokyo dialect gradually spread to the whole country, but the dialects spoken by people in Kyoto and Osaka, in particular, continued to prosper and retained their prestige.
Edit the phonology of this paragraph
Spanish and Italian speakers will find that Japanese short vowels -A, I, U, E, O- are similar in pronunciation to those languages. Long vowels-AA, ii, uu, ei, ee or oo-are pronounced twice as long as short vowels (although ei is often pronounced with two vowels). The difference between long vowels and short vowels is very important, because it will change the meaning of a word.
Consonants include K, S, sh, T, ch, ts, N, H, F, M, Y, R, W, G, J, Z, D, B, P, fricative sh (such as "shoot" in English) and fricative ch, ts, J (such as "charge" in English, respectively) The pronunciation of G is usually like the voiced consonant in English "game", not the pronunciation of G in "gene".
One of the main differences from English is that Japanese has no stress: the stress of each syllable is the same. English syllables are sometimes elongated, but in Japanese, the pronunciation of a series of syllables is as regular as a metronome. Like English, Japanese has an accent system of high and low tones.
Edit the origin of pseudonyms in this Japanese passage
In ancient times, the Japanese nation only had its own national language, but not its own writing. Later, China culture was introduced to Japan, and literate Japanese began to record in Chinese.
After the middle of the fifth century, the Japanese created a Japanese writing method with Chinese characters as symbols between tables. After the eighth century, this method of using Chinese characters as symbols between tables was widely adopted, and the famous ancient Japanese poetry collection "Ye Wan Collection" adopted this writing method. For example, the Japanese word "mountain" is pronounced "やま", and the Chinese character "Ma Ye" is used to write in "Ye Wan Ji". "Bangbang" is pronounced "さくら", so it is written in three Chinese characters: Sanjiuliang. Japanese auxiliary words "て, に, を, は" are expressed by Chinese characters "Tian, Er, Hu, Bo". This writing was later called "Wanye pen name". However, it is very complicated to write notes in Chinese characters with 10,000 pseudonyms, which will be simplified in the future. Only the radicals of Chinese characters are written in regular script, such as "a"->; "","Yi"->; ィ and Yu->; ""wait. In addition, the soft China cursive script is suitable for writing Japanese songs, especially after cursive script is popular in writing letters, diaries and novels. It is a simple, fluent and free and easy font, such as "An"->; ぁ and Yu->; ぅ and so on.
At this point, the Japanese nation finally created its own characters by using Chinese characters. Because these words are borrowed from Chinese characters, they are called "pseudonyms" According to the different writing methods of pseudonyms, pseudonyms taken from regular script of Chinese characters are called katakana (カタカナ), and pseudonyms evolved from cursive script of Chinese characters are called hiragana (ひらがな). Both katakana and hiragana are phonography based on Chinese characters. Hiragana is commonly used for writing and printing, and katakana is usually used to represent loanwords and special words.
For example: これはのテキストです. This is a Japanese textbook.
"これは", "の" and "です" in this sentence are hiragana. Hiragana is an important part of Japanese, which can directly form words, such as "これ" (pronounced "ko re"), meaning "this" (equivalent to "this" in English); の (pronounced "no") means yes, and the last です means yes. Hiragana can also be used as other components in a sentence that have no specific meaning. For example, "は" is an auxiliary word that separates "これ" (this) from "Japanese". In addition, it is also the basic unit of Chinese character pronunciation in Japanese, which is somewhat similar to Chinese Pinyin.
Katakana "テキスト" is a katakana. Katakana and Hiragana are in one-to-one correspondence, with the same pronunciation, but different writing styles. You can understand the difference between uppercase letters and lowercase letters in English (but they are not the same thing, just for your understanding). Katakana is mainly used to form western loanwords and other special words. For example, "テキスト" (pronounced "te ki su to") means "textbook", which is transliterated from the English word "text".
In addition, there is another way to express Japanese with Latin letters from Rome, which is called "Roman characters". Similar to China's "Pinyin".
Roman characters mainly appear in proper nouns such as names of people, places and institutions. And it is commonly used in Japanese computer input methods.
Edit the Chinese characters in this paragraph of Japanese
Chinese characters: Chinese characters, called Chinese characters in Japanese, are actually ideographic symbols, and each symbol represents a thing or an idea. It is common for a Chinese character to have more than one sound. In Japan, Chinese characters are used to write words originated in China and Japanese words native to Japan.
Take Chinese characters for example, "Japanese" is Chinese characters. "Japanese" means "Japanese", but its pronunciation is not Chinese. The pronunciation of "Japanese" is "にほんご" (pronounced "ni ho n go"). The pen name "にほんご" here is equivalent to the pinyin of the Japanese character "Japanese" (not the real pinyin, of course). There are many Chinese characters in Japanese, most of which are related to their Chinese meanings, but their pronunciations are often different.
Although a relatively complete Japanese dictionary can accept 50,000 Chinese characters, the number used now is much less. 1946 The Ministry of Education defines the number of commonly used and formally used words as 1850, including 996 words taught in primary and junior high schools. In 198 1, this list is replaced by a slightly expanded list of 1945 words, although most of them are the same. Publications other than newspapers are not restricted by this list. In addition, many readers know the meaning of Chinese characters better than those taught in standard public school courses.
Usually Japanese works are written vertically and printed vertically, and read from top to bottom. Sentences start at the right end of a page, so ordinary books are opened from the back of western documents. The exception is books and periodicals used in specialized disciplines such as science and technology, which are printed horizontally and read from left to right. Now there is a trend of horizontal printing. These publications are opened in the same way as western books.
Edit this loanword
Japanese is not only rich in locally produced words, but also has many words from Chinese. Many loanwords from Chinese are widely used in today's daily life, so they are not considered as loanwords imported from outside Japan. For centuries, China culture has had a far-reaching influence, and many words with intellectual or philosophical backgrounds originated in China. 1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, when new concepts were introduced from the West, they were often translated with new collocations of Chinese characters. These words are an important part of the knowledge vocabulary used in modern Japanese.
For example: radio, coffee, computer, etc.
In addition to these foreign words, many words in Japanese are also borrowed from English and other European languages. Although methods of creating new words continue to exist, it is common to introduce western words as they are, such as "volunteers" and "news announcers". Japanese has also created some fake English words (actually, they don't exist in English), such as "night", which refers to the sports competition in the evening, and "salaryman", which refers to the working class. This trend has obviously increased in recent years.
Edit this honorific
The Japanese have developed a complete system of honorifics (called keigo in Japanese) to show the speaker's respect for the interviewee. Different levels of languages are involved here, and skilled honorific users have a wide range of vocabulary and expressions to choose from in order to achieve the ideal level of politeness. A simple sentence can be expressed in more than 20 ways, depending on the relative position between the speaker and the interviewee. It is quite challenging to determine the appropriate level of politeness in conversation, because the relative status relationship is determined by a complex combination of many factors, such as social status, rank, age, gender, and even helping others or owing others favors. When two people meet for the first time, they don't know which class the other person belongs to, or their social status seems to be the same (that is, there is no obvious difference in clothing or behavior), and there is a neutral or intermediate language to use. Generally speaking, women tend to use more polite language than men, and they use it more frequently. It is not easy to master honorifics. Some Japanese are better at using honorifics than others. There are almost countless honorifics, mostly embodied in nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. The so-called honorifics are used to address the person you are talking to or something related to him/her, such as relatives, houses or property. On the contrary, there are some particularly modest words that speakers use to refer to themselves or things related to themselves. The gap between these two expressions shows due respect for the interviewees.
Edit the preparatory knowledge of pseudonym learning in this paragraph.
Voiced voice, the most basic pseudonym is fifty voiceless sounds, which are called "fifty tones", and many friends who originally wanted to teach themselves Japanese are blocked by it. Don't look at them too much, you will be afraid. In fact, they are regular. They are in a row of five, and one * * * is ten rows. Here is the "five-tone map". Take a few seconds to have a look. You don't need to remember anything, just remember.
ぁぁぁぅぇぉ
Okay, okay, okay, okay.
Okay, okay, okay, okay.
Okay, okay, okay, okay.
たたちつて
Okay, okay, okay, okay.
Okay, okay, okay, okay.
Okay, okay, okay.
All right, let's get started.
Okay, okay, okay.
わわ (ぃぅ) (ぇ) を
You see, in the pentatonic scale diagram, the horizontal row is called "row" and the vertical row is called "segment", and each row or column takes the first false of its row or column.
Name naming. In addition, the pseudonyms in brackets are duplicated by others.
However, you must still have a headache looking at them now. It doesn't matter. Let's take a look at the Isuzu map composed of Roman characters in Japanese.
Sections A, I, U, E and O.
A line
Kahang Kaqiku Keke
Sahang Sasu Shi Sesuo
Tahangtazhi Suteto
China southern airlines Nani nu ne no
Ha ha ha hi fu hehe
Malaysia Airlines Mamim I don't.
Yes, yes (I) Fish (E) Yo.
Lahang Lari Rureluo
Wakeng tile (i) (u) (e) o
There is a one-to-one correspondence between Roman characters and pseudonyms in Japanese, that is, a Japanese article can be completely replaced by Roman characters. From this "pentatonic picture" composed of Roman characters, we can easily find that it is regular. Among them, the first line is "A, I, U, E, O", and every other line is preceded by an initial. For example, the second line adds a "K" on the basis of the first line, which is "ka, ki, ku, ke, Ko"; Add "s" in the third line, that is, "Sa, Shi, Su, Se, so". Look, it's not difficult. Some of them are special, such as stones, which were added before me and will be mentioned later. Here, we can approximately regard Roman characters as the pinyin of pseudonyms. The pronunciations of Roman characters such as "A, I, U, E, O" are the same as those of Chinese Pinyin, while others are different. We will give a special explanation to these words next time we study pseudonyms. The pronunciation of Roman A is the same as that of Chinese Pinyin, and it is also pronounced as "A"; In the second line, the k in Ka is pronounced as "ke" like Chinese pinyin, and ka is pronounced as "ka" (the first sound). The writing of pen names is quite difficult to practice, but only the above 50 kinds (several of which are repetitive) have evolved from them:
Voiced, Japanese has twenty voiced sounds, which are obtained by adding two points to the upper right corner of twenty unvoiced sounds. For example, the consonant changed from か is が. These twenty unvoiced sounds are four lines, namely か(ka), さ(sa), た(ta) and は(ha).
There are only five semi-voiced and semi-voiced * *, all of which are derived from the vowels of "は(ha) line". The writing method is to write a small circle in the upper right corner of vowels. For example, the semi-voiced sound of は is ぱ.
Dial, dial * * only one, that is, ん, pronounce "en" (pinyin "en").
Voiced voice, voiced voice, semi-voiced voice and voiced voice are all pseudonyms, which together with Chinese characters constitute Japanese. The pronunciation of Chinese characters is also composed of the pronunciation of pseudonyms. For example, in Japanese, the Chinese character "love" is pronounced "ぁぃ", which means "I" in Roman characters. When read together, it is the sound of the Chinese character "love". Of course, this is a coincidence. Most Chinese characters in China and Japan have different pronunciations. ) If the pen name "ぁぃ" is written in Japanese instead of the Chinese character "love", others will know that this is the word "love". It can be seen that pseudonyms can not only constitute Japanese components, but also express sounds and meanings for Chinese characters in Japanese.
For example: East, West and South.
さんが, Zigong (こども )をだぃて, table (ぉもて )でと
さんは, ほめられたとぃ, ぅれそぃ
「のうのう,おまえさん。 どこのからなぃが, このことをじゃを, East and West. とぃぅとごごろにでもれてへつご
Chinese translation: East, West and South.
The lady is sunbathing outside with her child in her arms. A passerby pointed to the child and said, "This child is really something!" " "Say that finish and left.
The wife thought that people were praising the child, so she went home happily and said to her husband, "Hey, look, someone doesn't know where the child is, and especially praised him."
Hearing this, the husband said, "When you take the child out, give him a bath first. The so-called east-west south means that there is no north or it is dirty. "
(Note: In Japanese, the pronunciation of "Wubei" [Bei (きたなぃ)] and "Dirty" [ぃきたなぃ)] is the same. )
There are differences between short sounds and long sounds in Japanese syllables. Long notes are about twice as long as short notes, accounting for two beats. The seventy-one pseudonyms that appeared in front of them, except the tone, all represented a short sound. These short sounds have corresponding long sounds except pseudonyms used as auxiliary words. Long words and short words have different meanings, because long words and short words must be strictly distinguished.
The rules for marking long sounds are as follows:
Outside the case of characteristic words
ぁ Add "ぁぉかぁさん" after the pen name.
Add "ぃぉにぃさん" after the pen name in the paragraph ぃ.
Add "ぅぅすぅぅがく" after the pen name in the paragraph ぅ.
ぇぇぇごぇぇぇぇぉねぇさんぉさ after the pen name.
ぉぉとぅさんぉぉきぉぃぉぉぉぉぉぉぃぉぉぉぉぉぉぉ12
Loanwords use "ーノート"
Simply put, this pseudonym is followed by this vowel (that is, "ぁぃぅぇぉ"), and ぇぃぉ is followed by ぅ to form a long sound.
Propaganda voice:
After making a sound, hold your breath, quickly prepare the pronunciation of subsequent pseudonyms, pause for a while, and the airflow bursts. This pronunciation is called "promoting sound".
Generally speaking, the improvement of voice occurs in front of the pseudonyms of line か, line さ, line た and line わ. People who are beginners of Japanese often can't pronounce well. Pay attention to the length of a beat when pronouncing.
Pronunciation improvement is indicated by "っ" or "ッ", written slightly lower, each occupying a space (to the right when writing vertically).
カセット きって マッチ ざっし コップ せっけん スイッチ ベッド
Phonetic change (stool):
1. In the same Chinese character, "ぁ" is followed by "ぁぁ", which is generally pronounced as "ぇ". "
For example: club (かぃしゃ)
2. As long as the pseudonyms of か, た and ぱ do not appear at the beginning of the word, they are generally not aspirated (similar to voiced sound).
For example: machine (つくぇ)
3. Pronunciation of special words:
People (ひと) (ひひ and し).
きゃ キャ きゅ キュ きょ キョ
ぎゃ ギャ ぎゅ ギュ ぎょ ギョ
しゃ シャ しゅ シュ しょ ショ
じゃ ジヤ じゅ ジュ じょ ジョ
ちゃ チャ ちゅ チュ ちょ チョ
にゃ ニャ にゅ ニュ にょ ニョ
ひゃ ヒャ ひゅ ヒュ ひょ ヒョ
びゃ ビャ びゅ ビュ びょ ビョ
ぴゃ ピャ ぴゅ ピュ ぴょ ピョ
みゃ ミャ みゅ ミュ みょ ミョ
りゃ リャ りゅ リュ りょ リョ
Long tone table
きゃあ キャア きゅう キュウ きょう キョウ
ぎゃあ ギャア ぎゅう ギュウ ぎょう ギョウ
しゃあ シャア しゅう シュウ しょう ショウ
じゃあ ジヤア じゅう ジュウ じょう ジョウ
ちゃあ チャア ちゅう チュウ ちょう チョウ
にゃあ ニャア にゅう ニュウ にょう ニョウ
ひゃあ ヒャア ひゅう ヒュウ ひょう ヒョウ
びゃあ ビャア びゅう ビュウ びょう ビョウ
ぴゃあ ピャア ぴゅう ピュウ ぴょう ピョウ
みゃあ ミャア みゅう ミュウ みょう ミョウ
りゃあ リャア りゅう リュウ りょう リョウ
がぎぐげごごがぎぐごごごごがぎぎぐごごごごごごごご 12
Edit the grammar of this paragraph.
According to the characteristics of language structure, Japanese belongs to sticky language and Altaic language family.
Language expression can be divided into simplification, honorific form and honorific form.
As a basic structure, a typical Japanese sentence is subject-object-verb. For example, Tarou garingo wo ta beta literally means "taro eats an apple".
I feel that the listener can understand from the context, that is, when the speaker or the author is confident that the interviewee has some understanding of the situation, he often omits the subject or object. In this case, the above sentence may become りんごをべた ("eat an apple") or just :べた ("eat").
In Japanese, unlike English, word order does not represent the grammatical function of nouns in sentences. Nouns don't change because of grammatical needs, just like some languages. Instead, function words after nouns are used to express grammatical functions. The more important ones are が (GA), は (WA), ぉ (O), に (Ni) and の(no). The function word は(wa) is especially important because it marks the theme of the sentence.
Verb inflections in Japanese can't reflect the person and the singular and plural. In modern languages, all the verbs in the dictionary end with the vowel u, so the verb "taberu" is like the prototype of the verb "to eat" in English, although it is actually in the present tense, meaning "eat"/"eats" or "will eat". Other forms of modification are "tabenai" ("don't eat" or "won't eat", which means that English is not eaten now or in the future). "tabeyo" ("let's eat" or "someone may eat") "tabetai" ("want/want to eat"), I want to eat. "Tabereba" (if anyone eats it) and "べろ"(tabero" eat! " The imperative sentence in English is to eat! ) 。
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