Yongji, Shandong (Yongji, Sui and Tang Dynasties):
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Yellow River broke through in Guantao County and divided into the Tunshi River, which flowed northeast through Beizhou and Jizhou and entered the Bohai Sea. . In the fourth year of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, the river was built and named Yongji Canal. In the seventh year of Dali of Tang Dynasty, Linqing County was analyzed and Yongji County was established, which belongs to Beizhou and is named after Yongji Canal in the west. Yongji County is also the original Guantao County. In the early Song Dynasty, Yongji County was merged into Linqing County.
"Fangyu Minutes" Shandong Wu records: Yongji City is in the southwest of the state. In the seventh year of Dali in the Tang Dynasty, Tian Chengsi analyzed Linqing County and established Yongji County, which belongs to Beizhou and is named after Yongji Canal in the west. At the beginning of the Xingyuan Dynasty, Zhu Tao planned to cross the river to invade Bian, enter the territory of Wei, and reach Yongji. He was angry because Tianyue did not go with him, so he took Ping'en and Yongji and defended them with troops. In the fifth year of Zhu Liang's reign, Wei Bo attached himself to Jin. King Cunxu of Jin entered Yongji from Linqing and then entered Weizhou. In the early Song Dynasty, it was still incorporated into Linqing County. Ping'en, now see Quzhou County, Zhili.
Weihe River is in the west of the city. It flows from Damingfu in Zhili Province and passes through the boundary of Guantao County. It then flows eastward to this point and joins the Wen River, also known as the Qing River. Ying Shao said: Qinghe is in the northwest of Qingyuan County. Yes. Since the Sui Dynasty, it has been called Yongji Canal. In the twelfth year of the great cause, Yang Yichen was sent to fight against the bandits Zhang Jin and was called Yu Ping'en. Yichen led his troops to the west of Linqing, established a camp in Yongji Canal, and sought out Guantao Qianji. He attacked Jincheng and killed him. In the second year of Guanghua of the Tang Dynasty, Liu Rengong of Youzhou attacked Weizhou and was defeated but returned to Bian. The Wei soldiers pursued them to Linqing and forced them into the Yongji Canal, where they were killed and drowned. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the river merged with Yongji Canal and injected into Ningjun. In the early days of Chongning, the Bazikou of Linqing County was opened and the Yuhexi embankment was built.
According to "Tongdian", there is Tunshi River in Guixiang County. This is a pottery set in the later Wei branch in Guixiang. According to "Yuanhe Zhi", under Guantao County, the common name of Tunshi River is Tunhe, located two miles west of the county. Different from the "Notes" on the east of Jingxian County, Gaixian County has moved. It is also under Yongji County, and Yongji Canal is in Xiguo of the county. During the Han Dynasty, the river broke through Guantao and divided into the Tunshi River. It passed through Beizhou and Jizhou in the northeast and entered the Bohai Sea. This canal was built by the Tun family and built by the Sui family, so it was named Yongji. Note: Yongji County in Tang Dynasty was in the southwest of present-day Linqing Prefecture, and Yongji Canal is now Weihe River. However, Jifu's "Yuanhe Zhi" says that the Yongji Canal goes ten miles west to Guantao County, so the Yongji Canal above Yongji County is not on the road of the Tunshi River in Erli west of Guantao County. Furthermore, considering that the Tunshi River flows from the northeast of present-day Linqing Prefecture into Xiajin County, and the present-day Wei River flows from the north of Linqing Prefecture into Wucheng County, the Yongji Canal below Yongji County is also different from the Tunshi River.
A different name for Yongji Canal
(This Yongji Canal has nothing to do with today’s Yongji, and the name of Yongji Canal in Puzhou may have been borrowed from this - Hao Yangning)
p>Historical records: In the first month of spring in the fourth year of Daye (AD 608), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty "ordered more than a million men and women from all the counties in Hebei to open the Yongji Canal to divert the Qinshui River, reaching Yuhe in the south and connecting Zhuo in the north. County." (Book of the Sui Dynasty, Volume 3 "Yangdi Chronicles") and according to "Yuanhe County Chronicles" Volume 16 "Hebei Dao 1·Xiangzhou": "Neihuang County... Yongji Qu, whose real name is Baiqu, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty directed it to Yongji Canal, named Yuhe, and went north to the county for 200 steps. "Volume 16 of "Yuanhe County Map" "Hebei Dao 1·Beizhou": "Yongji County is the origin of Hanbei. Qiu County is located in the south of Linqing County. In the 7th year of Dali, Tian Chengsi built the Xijing Yongji Canal in Zhangqiao, so it was named Yongji Canal in Xiguo of the county. It is two feet and four feet deep. It flows from Jijun in the south and flows into Baigou in the northeast. It passes through this county and enters Linqing. According to the Han Dynasty, the river broke through Guantao and divided into Tunshi River and passed through Beizhou and Baizhou in the northeast. Jizhou enters the Bohai Sea. This canal was built by the Tun family and built by the Sui family, so it was named Yongji. "Volume 13 of "Yu Gong Zhuizhi" says: "Yongji Canal is the ancient Qinghe River, the country of "Han Zhi". Water refers to the two rivers Qing and Qi in "Shui Jing". Cao Gong blocked the water from Fangtou and named it Baiqu. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty directed it to Yongjiqu, which was named Yuhe and is now called Weihe. "Mr. Yan Gengwang, in his article "Tang Dynasty Traffic Illustration: Sui and Tang Yongji Canal", after detailed examination, he believes that: Yongji Canal stretches from "the east of Wei County to the north of Duliukou for about 500 kilometers (in a straight line)" The flow is actually slightly consistent with the flow of Qishui and Qinghe (the downstream of Qishui is named Qinghe) by Li Zhu... It can be seen that the construction of Yongji Canal actually followed the old river courses of Han, Wei and Northern Dynasties. ”
It can be seen from the above that the excavation of Yongji Canal also utilized the original river channels such as Baiqu, Qinshui, Qingshui, and Qishui. Therefore, in the poetry of the Tang Dynasty, every waterway nicknamed "Baiqu", "Baishui", "Qinghe", "Qingchuan", "Qishui", etc. is actually the Yongji Canal.
As for Yongji Canal, it is also called "Yuhe", which is also a general name. For example, "Shi Huo Zhi", Volume 24 of "Book of Sui" records: "In the eighth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign, canals were opened to divert Gu and Luo water from the garden to the west, and to Luo from the east. They also diverted the river from Banzhu to reach In Huaihai, it is called Yuhe. The riverside is built with willow trees. "Volume 5 of "Yuanhe County Map" "Henan Road One": "Bianqu... has been blocked since the Song Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty. In the first year of Emperor Yang's great career, he ordered Kai Dao to be named Tongji Canal, which led the valley and Luo River from Xiyuan in Luoyang to the river, led the river from Banzhu to Biankou, and then led the Bian River from the east of Daliang to Si, reaching Yu The Huai River flows from the Jiangdu Palace to the sea. It is also called the Royal River. A royal road is built along the river, and the trees are lined with trees. Emperor Yang visits the river and flows from the Jiangdu Palace to the sea. "Volume 15 of "Taiping Huanyu Ji": "Ten Dao Zhi Yun:' Since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Pengcheng has been a key place. In the Sui Dynasty, it was built to control the river, and the Yong Bridge was controlled in the south. In Tang poetry, the moat surrounding the capital was also called "Yuhe". For example: Wang Zhihuan's "Farewell" poem says: "Willows are trees in the east wind, and green trees are sandwiched between the river. It has been hard to climb and break recently, probably because there are many partings." ("Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" Volume 253).
From the above investigation, we can see that the Sui-Tang Grand Canal, which has been flowing for thousands of years, can be called a river containing extremely rich cultural mineral deposits. Natural changes can change its river course, water color and flow direction, but due to its maintenance and use by the officials of the past dynasties, and the attention and praise of it by the literati of the past dynasties, its existence form has always been preserved in our ancient documents. As a river that can be declared a world cultural heritage, we must start the archaeological project of the canal culture in a timely manner so that people today can continue to have new understandings and discoveries about it, thereby providing more detailed information for our world heritage application and protection work. Historical information and reference. Only in this way can the cultural life of this great river be truly activated and the cultural richness of this great river fully demonstrated to the world.
The origin of the name "Grand Canal"
The Grand Canal is originally an abbreviation or general name for the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (or the North-South Grand Canal and the Sui-Tang Grand Canal). Transporter, the way of water transportation. The big one is long. The word "Beijing-Hangzhou" is used by modern people to mark and refer to the places where the canal reaches from the south to the north. As we all know, the opening of the Grand Canal from north to south was in the Sui Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty pushed the canal's shipping industry to its peak. Therefore, in later generations, it was also called the "North-South Grand Canal" and the "Sui-Tang Grand Canal", but the concept of "Grand Canal" did not yet appear during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The name "Grand Canal" first began in the Song Dynasty. Wu Zimu, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, described the source direction of the rivers inside and outside Hangzhou: "The small river in the city and the Qinghu River merge in front of Beiguo Taxation, from the Qinghu Weir Gate to Desheng Bridge, and connect with the Shahe River, Caishi River, and Caishi River outside the city in the east. Fanyang Lake is connected and divided into two groups: one goes from the northeast to Shangtang, crosses Dongcang Xin Bridge, enters the Grand Canal, reaches Chang'an Gate, and enters Jiaxing Road Canal; the other goes from the northwest to Shengsheng Bridge, goes up to Beicheng Weir, crosses Jiangzhang Bridge, To the north of Yujiaqiao and Beixinqiao, it enters the Xiatang River on the border of Anji Prefecture." (Volume 12 of "Meng Liang Lu" "River in and Out of the City") Although the "Grand Canal" referred to here is actually just the south of the Sui and Tang Canals. Section——Jiangnan River. But because it runs from north to south and spans thousands of miles, it has endured for a long time and has become a big river in people's minds. Therefore, people in the Song Dynasty used "Grand Canal" to collectively refer to and praise it.
When specific reference is needed, people in the Song Dynasty mainly used administrative divisions or a certain location as the standard for dividing canal sections. For example, when Ouyang Xiu of the Northern Song Dynasty was compiling the "New Book of Tang", he used administrative divisions to precede a certain section of the canal he wanted to refer to: "In the summer of the second year of Kaicheng, there was a drought and the Yangzhou Canal was exhausted." ("New Book of Tang") Volume 36 "Five Elements Chronicles Three") Since then, this kind of reference has become more and more common.
(Northern Song Dynasty) Volume 5 of "Yuanfeng Jiuyu Zhi" written by Wang Cun and others: "Lianshui Prefecture, sixty miles east and north, has four townships. Jincheng and Taiping towns have Lianshui Canal... Changzhou, No. 19 Township, has Fenghuang Mountain and Songjiang Canal... Wujiang Prefecture, forty miles south, has Wujiang Canal." (Southern Song Dynasty) Wang Yinglin's "Jade Sea" Volume 20. 2. "Picture of the Xianping Canal": "In May of the second year of the Ming Dynasty, in Xinsi, Wang Sui, the official in charge of political affairs, Deng Shougong, and Jiang Congying submitted the "Picture of the Huainan Canal"... On March 16, the seventh year of Yuanfeng, Open the Guishan Canal. "Volume 13 of Wang Yinglin's "Tongjian Geography": "Chuzhou is a north-south throat with a length of more than 2,000 miles from the Huaihe River. There are five rivers leading to the north: Huai, Bian, Wu, Ying, and Cai. . The only one that leads to the south and enters the river is the Chuzhou Canal." And so on.
After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, people referred to the Grand Canal based on its relative geographical location.
"Li Yue", this name first appeared in the Song Dynasty. Volume 97 of "History of the Song Dynasty" "River Canal Records Seven": "There are two gates connected to the river in Xixing Town, Xiaoshan County, which are blocked by river sand and can't pass by boats. In the third year of Qiandao, the guardian said: 'Recruiting people from Xixing to Dajiang , dredging the sand river for 20 miles and dredging the Zhali Canal for 13 miles, which facilitates transportation and benefits both people and tourists. '" The "Li Canal" here refers to the tunnel excavated from Xixing Town, Xiaoshan County to Qiantang. This section of the river has two canals, the inner and outer canals. Later, the concept of "li canal" changed again. For example, (Qing Dynasty) Fu Zehong's "Xingshui Jinjian" Volume 137: "Zhang Yushu and others said that the water from the Li Canal and Luoma Lake all flowed into the Zhonghe River. The river is too narrow to accommodate it, and a water reduction dam should be built at the North Embankment. Three." The "Li Canal" referred to by Zhang Yushu, a minister of the Qing Dynasty, is actually the section of the canal from Yangzhou in Jiangbei to Huai'an that people today refer to. There are two reasons why this section of the canal is called the "Li Canal": one is that Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty recruited 100,000 Huainan migrant workers to dredge the Xinhang ditch to straighten the Huaihe River from Shanyang (now Chuzhou, Jiangsu) The waterway that passes through Jiangdu (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) and enters the Yangtze River is located on the west side of the ancient Hangou (which starts from the Yangtze River in the south, leads to Sheyang Lake in the north, and then reaches the ancient mouth of Chuzhou, Jiangsu today). It is in it, so it is called this. . For example, (Song Dynasty) Cheng Dachang's "On the Post-Gong of Yu": "The river leads to the Huaihe River with the Han ditch. The ditch was created by Wu. Wu general attacked Qi, built Han city from the southeast of Guangling City, and dug a ditch along the city. The ditch was far away It started from the river in the south and connected to Sheyang Lake in the north to reach Mokou Huai. In the seventh year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign in the Sui Dynasty, Shanyang was opened to connect water transport to Shanyang, which is now Chuzhou. The Mokou of Sheyang is in the west. "(Qing Dynasty) Volume 6 of "Yu Gong Zuizhi" by Hu Wei: "The water from the Huaihu Lake flows into the river from the south. Since the beginning of Emperor Yang's great cause, the ditch has become as wide as forty steps, and then it became straight. " One theory is that the Li Canal was named after "Li River", such as Volume 85 of "History of the Ming Dynasty": "In the early Ming Dynasty, the grain transport river was called Li River from Guayi to Huai'an, and it was called Waihe River from Wuba to the Yellow River." So-called. "Lixiahe area" refers to the east bank area through which this section of the canal (Jianghuai Canal, Huaiyang Canal) flows.
"Lixia River" is not a river, but a collective name for a large river network depression composed of many river networks downstream of the Li Canal. It extends to the Li Canal in the west, the Chuanchang River in the east, the North Jiangsu Irrigation Main Canal in the north, and the Xintong Yang Canal in the south. It mainly includes Yancheng, Taizhou, Yangzhou, Nantong and other areas in Jiangsu. Of course, "inner canal" also refers to the inner and outer canals of a certain section. For example, a section of the canal from Tongzhou to Beijing is also called the "Li Canal".
The terms "North and South Canal", "South Canal", "Northern Canal" and "Middle Canal" first appeared in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.
"Northern Canal", this name first appeared in the Yuan Dynasty. (Yuan Dynasty) Su Tianjue wrote "Guo Shoujing's Deeds" in Volume 9 of "The Story of Famous Ministers of the Yuan Dynasty": "In the past, official grain was transported by land from Tongzhou to Dadu, which cost tens of thousands of stones per year. It rained in autumn, and the mules and animals died. It was autumn. When I was driving back from Shangdu, I passed by Jishuitan and saw the boat covering the water. Tianyan was encouraged and gave him 12,500 yuan of public money. He still used his old position to promote the water transportation of Tonghui River. The Duke also wanted to clear the gate slightly to the east, divert water to connect with the North Canal, and build a gate to the west of the main gate, so that boats could travel around the city. "The "North Canal" mentioned here is what people refer to today. A section of canal from Tianjin to Tongzhou. The people of the Ming Dynasty once called the section of the canal from Shandong to Tianjin "Beihe". ("History of the Ming Dynasty", Volume 85, "River Channel Records III: On the Canal")
The name "North-South Canal" first appeared in the Ming Dynasty. (Ming Dynasty) Xu Siyu's "Wujiang Water Conservancy Monument": "Dredged three rivers and other nine bridges, built stone ponds, opened hundreds of sinuses, and dredged the north and south canals to facilitate canals." ("San Wu Water Research" written by Zhang Neiyun and Zhou Dshao Volume 16) (Ming Dynasty) "Inscription on the Tombstone of Mr. Zheng, the Chief Minister of Guangxi": Zheng Guan, the censor of Jiangxi Province, said in "The orthodox Gengshen, the North-South Canal, and the inspection of the boat tax money sent by Guanjin, all were given to Yuyuan At the age of 18, the salt merchant was called Ping." (Volume 9 of Xu Hong's "The Record of the Famous Minister Wan Yan of the Ming Dynasty") (Ming Dynasty) Liu Zhi's "Stele of the Completion of the Huanglinggang River": "In the second year of Hongzhi, the river moved to the northeast of Biancheng and passed through. The Qinshui River overflows into two parts: one starts from Xiangfu Yujiadian, passes through Lanyang, Guide to Xu, and Pi and enters Huaihe River; the other flows from Jinglongkou and Huanglinggang to the east via Caopu and enters the Zhangqiu Canal. The emperor is worried about destroying people's farmhouses and damaging the north-south canal." (Volume 3 of Xie Zhaozhe's "Beihe Ji") and so on.
The area referred to by "South Canal" was different between the Ming and Qing dynasties. People in the Ming Dynasty called the section of canal from Guazhou and Yizheng to Huai'an "Nanhe". (History of the Ming Dynasty, Volume 85, "River Channel Records 3: On the Canal") The Qing Dynasty people also called the Wei River the South Canal. A volume of "Zhili River Canal Chronicles" written by Chen Yi during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty: "Weihe, also known as the South Canal, is also called Yongji Canal, and is also called Yuhe. It originates from Weihui Prefecture in Henan. It flows from Wucheng County in Shandong into Zhili The county boundary of Gucheng goes east to the border of Dezhou, Shandong, back into Zhili, to the west of Dongwuqiao County, Jingzhou, to the northeast to the west of Dongguang County, to the northeast to the southeast Qilikou of Jiaohe County, and to the northeast to Botou Town. The boundary of Nanpi County runs from the northeast to the west of Cangzhou City, to the northeast to the east of Qing County, to the west of Jinghai County, to the north of Tianjin Fucheng, to where it meets Baihe River at Sanchakou and reaches the sea, with a total length of more than 800 miles."
"Middle Canal" refers to the same area in the Ming and Qing dynasties. People in the Ming Dynasty called the canal from the Yellow River to Feng and Pei in Xuzhou "Zhonghe". ("History of the Ming Dynasty" Volume 85 "River Channel Records 3·On the Canal") Volume 13 "Hubu·Water Transport" of "Qing Dynasty Huidian" also contains: "The country digs Tao and Su roads towards the south, and opens the canal in the middle In order to avoid the danger of the Yellow River, the grain ships crossed the river from Huaipu to Shandong and reached Taoyuan County (now Siyang County, Jiangsu Province). Su, namely Suqian County. Modern people also call the section of the canal from Huai'an in Jiangsu to Xuzhou in the north and Taierzhuang in Shandong as the "Middle Canal".
Synonyms for "Grand Canal"
The North-South Grand Canal opened in the Sui Dynasty was originally composed of Tongji Canal, Hangou (Jianghuai Canal), Yongji Canal and Jiangnan River These four sections of canal are composed of. The reason why these four sections of canals were able to be excavated and connected in just a few years was mainly because they made full use of the original ancient river channels and then dredged, widened or straightened them. In addition, the canals of the Sui and Tang Dynasties were originally opened by the government, and their main function was water transportation. Therefore, in the poetry of the Tang Dynasty, people almost all had different names for the canal because of this.
Different names for Tongji Canal
Historical records: In March of the first year of Daye of the Sui Dynasty (605 AD), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty "sent more than a million men and women from all counties in Henan to open the channel." Jiqu leads the valley and Luoshui from Xiyuan to the river, and leads the river from Banzhu to the Huaihe River." (Book of Sui Dynasty, Volume 3, "Yangdi Chronicles") "Yuanhe Prefectures and Counties Map" by Li Jifu in the mid-Tang Dynasty. Five: "Heyin County, the land of Xingyang County in the original Han Dynasty, was used as the mouth of the Bianhe River in the 22nd year of Kaiyuan. The land of Sishui, Yingze and Wuzhi counties was divided into three counties and was placed east of the transport field to facilitate canal transportation... Bianqu, Two hundred and fifty steps south of the county, it is also called Langdang Canal... In the first year of Emperor Yang's reign in the Sui Dynasty, it was named Tongji Canal. "Volume 180 of Zizhi Tongjian: "It was restored from Banzhu to divert the river. , passed through Yingze and entered Bian, and from the east of Daliang, the Bianshui River was diverted to Si and reached Huaihe River. "Note: Bianshui River was called Honggou Canal and Hyoscyamus Canal in the Qin Dynasty, and Junyi Canal in the Han Dynasty. Later, due to the water of Bi, "Bi, also pronounced as Bin, is the word Bian. The ancients avoided the antithesis and changed it to the word Bian." (History of the Song Dynasty, Volume 93, "Hequ Zhi·On the Bian River") Most of the writers chose the words Like quaint. Therefore, people in the Tang Dynasty often called Tongji Canal by borrowing ancient names such as Luoshui, Bianqu, Bianhe, Bianshui, Bianliu or Bianlu.
At that time, the route from Luoyang, the eastern capital, south to Heng and Guang, generally consisted of two land and water routes: the land route was via Nanyang, Xiangzhou, Jingzhou, Xiangzhong, and Guoling to Guangzhou; the water route was along the North-South Canal opened in the Sui Dynasty, that is, It goes east from Luoyang to the Bian River, enters the Huai River, passes through Hangou, reaches the Yangtze River, and then goes south along the Xiang River or Gan River. Most of the waterways used by people to travel from south to north are the South Road, which takes the Bianshui River and flows directly into the Huaihe River. It is also called Caohe River or Caodao - the Cao Canal Road in the Tang Dynasty. For example, Cen Shen's poem "Yan Shidong and Han Zun visited the Master Jingyunhui together" says: "The old monk from Shanyin explained Lengjia, and the returning guests from Yingyang passed by each other from afar. The smoke was deep and the grass was wet. It rained last night, and the autumn wind crossed the Cao River after the rain." (Volume 199 of "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty") Bai Juyi's poem "Long rain is leisurely and boring, chanting to the wine couple" also goes: "The miserable rain is dark and the copper camel is dark, and the cool wind is blowing across the Cao River." Because this line is far more northeastern than Si and passes through Xuzhou The North Road to Huaihe River is convenient and smooth, so the most poems and essays are left along the way.
Among them, Tongji Canal is most commonly referred to as Bianqu, Bianhe, Bianshui, Bianliu or Bianlu. The embankment of this canal is also called Biandi or Suidi. From a search of a large number of ancient and modern documents, it can be seen that this section of the canal has the most abundant chants and comments from later generations, and the accumulated historical culture is also the most abundant. To a certain extent, "Bianhe River" and "Sui Embankment" have become the cultural symbols that best represent the characteristics of the Sui Dynasty, and have become a focus for commenting on the merits and demerits of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty.
The late Tang poet Xu Tang's "Twelve Rhymes of the Bianhe River" begins with this: "In the past, the Bianhe River was opened, and Yuan Ying had a different reason. Perhaps it was connected to the Chu River, and it was better to be Yangzhou alone." ( "Complete Tang Poems" Volume 604) The "opening of Bianshui" here refers to the time when Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty dug the Tongji Canal at the expense of the people's efforts. Song Zhiwen, a poet of the early Tang Dynasty, wrote in his poem "First Stay in Huaikou": "The lonely boat on the Bianhe River is full of national sentiments. I will stay in Chuxiang at night, and the bright moon will clear Huaili. The road to the east of the Bianhe River is poor, and Luoyang will become more sad every day as I look westward. . Hearing Chu songs at night makes me want to stop thinking. It is the time when the trees are falling in Huainan." ("Full Tang Poems" Volume 51) The "Huaikou" where the poet stayed was actually located between Sizhou City and Xuyi City (now Xuyi County, Jiangsu). The Tongji Canal between them enters the Huaihe River. For example, King Luo Bin, who was also from the early Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Early departure from Huaikou to look at Xuyi" (Volume 79 of "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty"). For another example, Li Ao, a native of the Mid-Tang Dynasty, entered Lingnan from Luozhong in the fourth year of Yuanhe. At that time, he wrote the article "Lai Nan Lu" based on his personal experience. His article says: "It leaves the Luoxia River and ends at the mouth of Bianliang, and then flows across the Bian River to the Huai River... Gengshen, the lower Bian Canal enters the Huai River, and the sail reaches Xuyi." ("Complete Tang Dynasty" Volume 638) Late Pi Rixiu of the Tang Dynasty also said in the "Preface to Taihu Poems": "In the ninth year of Xiantong, I traveled from Beijing to the east, stayed in Taihua, Lejing Mountain, admired several girls, spent time in Jingyuan, and was poor in Songgao. I went to Jingsuo and Fubian. The channel reaches Yangzhou." (Volume 610 of "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty") One of his "Two Nostalgic Poems on the Bianhe River": "Thousands of dragon boats carrying green silk boats will never return to Yangzhou. It should be that Tianjiao opened the Bian River. There are no mountains in the rest of the land." (Volume 615 of "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty") Many other literati of the Tang Dynasty, such as Li Qiao, Bai Juyi, Quan Deyu, Ma Dai, Luo Yin, Wu Rong, Jingchi, etc., also traveled here. Leave a poem. It can be found from many poems that the intersection of the Bianhe River and the Huaihe River is no different from the intersection of the Jingshui River and the Weishui River. Because Tongji Canal is connected to the Yellow River in the north, it always looks like a turbid current with a mixed yellow line. Once entering the Huaihe River, the scenery suddenly changes: the gentle water flow and the clear water color constitute an unusually beautiful scenery, and the two rivers form a sharp contrast. For example, "The Bianshui River flows eastward, and the clear Huaihe River is full of spring. Look at the place where the ferry is scouring the sand, and how many people are crossing it." (Liu Yuxi's "Lang Taosha", "Complete Tang Poems" Volume 28) "Huaihe River" The color of the water is not dirty, but the water flowing from Bian is muddy and yellow." (Meng Jiao's "Qi Huai Shang Guan Gong Fa Tang", "Quan Tang Poems" Volume 380) "The clear Huai River shines in the distant sky, but the turbid waves of the Yellow River are irrelevant." (Xu Wei's "Zui Huai". "Inscribed on the wall of the Nantang house in Yi Zai", Volume 709 of "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty") Cen Shen's poem says: "The bottomless green river in the Qinghuai River is deep, and I stay in the maple forest of Jinting." ("Cuicang Cao sent Judge Yin Yinchong Shixiang to the Huainan", "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty", Volume 201) Han Yu's poem says: "The clear Huaihe River has no waves and is as flat as a mat" ("Farewell to the Monk Chengguan", "The Complete Poetry of the Tang Dynasty", Volume 342), Liu Yuxi's poem says: "The spring waves in the Qinghuai River are soft" ("Huaiyin") "Five Poems", "Complete Tang Poems" Volume 364) and so on.
Those who refer to Tongji Canal or Sui Dynasty relics as "Bian Causeway" and "Sui Causeway": For example, the Tang Dynasty poet Wu Rong's poem "Sui Causeway": "The sun sets on Sui Causeway and scratches one's head, and there is no trace of it anymore." There are crows hiding in the remaining willows. The dragon boat is held by the old road. I used to laugh at the jade trees of the Chen family, but then I saw the Qionghua. Who believes that there is an ancient family in Liyang. "Complete Tang Poems" Volume 687) Historical records: After the Tongji Canal and Hangou were opened and dredged, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty ordered "to build an imperial road by the river and use trees to build it." ("Yuanhe County Chronicles" Volume 5, "Zizhi" Tongjian (Volume 180)) With the demise of a generation of tyrants, "Sui Diliu" has become a symbol of national subjugation. The great poet Bai Juyi's poem "Sui Diliu - Sympathy for the Subjugation of the Country" is the most representative: "The Sui Diliu has decayed over time. The wind is blowing and the rain is rustling, and there are three and two at the mouth of the Bianhe River. The old branches are diseased and the leaves are worried. Sharen, in the middle of the great cause year, the emperor was blessed, and the willows were planted in rows with flowing water from the west to the east of the Huaihe River. If you want to travel to Jiangdu, you should tie this willow to the dragon boat... For two hundred years, the sand and smoke on the Bianhe River have returned to dusk." ("Full Tang Poems" Volume 427)
Among the literati of the Tang Dynasty. , only Luo Yin, a poet of the late Tang Dynasty, adopted the correct name of "Tongji Canal" in his poem "Singing Water Tune on the Table": "The lingering sound of the plum blossoms in the garden, Tongji Canal goes to the edge and comes back. If you make Yanghuang The soul is here, and I should cross the river together for you.
"("Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty", Volume 665) Other poets generally use pronouns.
Synonyms for Hangou (Jianghuai Canal, Huaiyang Canal, Yangchu Canal)
Historical records : Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, in order to attack Nanchen, in April of the seventh year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (AD 587), he "opened the Yangdu Mountains in Yangzhou to transport canals" (Sui Dynasty, Volume 1, "Gaozu Ji"). After the Tongji Canal was opened in the first year of Emperor Yang’s Daye (AD 605), “More than 100,000 people from Huainan were sent to open Hangou and enter the river from Shanyang to Yangtze. The canal is forty steps wide, with royal roads built beside it and willow trees. " (Volume 180 of "Zi Zhi Tong Jian") During the Tang and Song Dynasties, people also called this section of the canal "Guan River". For example, Wei Zhuang, a Tang Dynasty man, wrote in his poem "Crossing Yangzhou": "In those days, people did not know how to fight, and brothels were everywhere every night. Song. There is always spring in the flower cave, and the moon is bright and there is a lot of wind on my clothes. After King Huai left, there were no chickens or dogs. Emperor Yang returned to bury Qiluo. Twenty-four bridges are empty and silent, and the green poplars destroy the old river. " (Volume 697 of "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty") This is because Yangzhou is a place where the official family (the then Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty) often visited, and there is a section of Hangou, and the official ships pass the most frequently. "Old Book of Tang" Volume 17 ( (Part 1): "The water of the old Cao River in Yangzhou City was shallow, and the boats were stagnant, so they could not make it as far as they expected. Now we start from the ancient Qili Port outside Changmen, open the river to the east, bend to the east of the Chanzhi Temple Bridge, and connect to the Jiuguan River, which is 19 miles long. "Volume 29 of "Tang Huiyao": "On September 2, the sixth year of Dazhong, Huainan Jiedu envoy Du Tai reported: 'The people of Hailing and Gaoyou counties spilled different rice into the Guan River for cooking. Call it Holy Rice. ’” Only Bai Juyi also called the Jiangnan River the Guan River: “From Qiantang to Yanguanjie, the Jiaguan River and Tian Lake should be irrigated, and the lake should be released into the river, and the river into the fields. The old method of using Huai salt and iron requires measuring the depth of the river water first. After the fields are irrigated, the original water level is returned. There is often a severe drought, that is, the lake water is not full. The embankment of the lake will be built this year, and the height will be increased by several feet, and the water will be added accordingly, which is enough. If it is not enough in the evening, Linping Lake will be added and Guanhe River added, and there will be more than enough. (Note: Although it is not a time to water the fields, if the Guanhe River is shallow, it can be opened by boat if the lake water is released to replenish the water). " ("Bai's Changqing Collection" Volume 68 "Qiantang Lake Stone Records")
Some scholars said that Hangou was also called Caoqu in the Tang Dynasty. However, after the author's research, "Caoqu" "The name is not limited to Hangou. Almost every section of the North-South Grand Canal can be called "Caoqu", because the main function of the Grand Canal is water transportation. For example, "Cefu Yuangui" Volume 497: Sui Dynasty In the fourth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign, Emperor Wen issued an edict: "To send Tongguan to the east and divert the Wei River to the west, we borrowed manpower to open the canals. "Volume 1 of "Book of Sui" written by Wei Zheng of the Tang Dynasty also contains: In September of the fourth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty "fortunately visited the Bashui River and watched the Cao Canal." "On Renwu in June of the 18th year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign of the Tang Dynasty, "the Luo River in the eastern capital swelled, damaging the Tianjin and Yongji Second Bridges and the Doumen of the Cao Canal. "(Volume 37 of "Old Book of Tang", "Five Elements Chronicles") In September of the second year of Emperor Yongtai's reign in the Tang Dynasty, Geng Shen said, "Yin Ligan of Beijing Zhao refused to give him any fuel from the capital. Open the canal and enter the capital from the entrance of the south valley to the East Street of Jianfu Temple. It reaches Jingfeng and Yanxi Gate in the north and enters the garden. It is eight feet wide and one foot deep. It will be completed, and it will be a happy and blessed door to watch. "(Old Tang Book, Volume 11, "The Chronicles of Daizong") "From the Sanggan River to Lusitai, eight hundred miles to Youzhou, Pang Ande also said: 'Beyond this point, the canal is blocked. '" (Volume 77 "Wei Ting Biography" of "Old Book of Tang")
Different names for Jiangnan River
Historical records: Ten years of the sixth year of Daye (AD 610) In February, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty "ordered to cross the Jiangnan River from Jingkou to Yuhang, a distance of more than 800 miles and a width of more than ten feet, so that dragon boats could be connected, and a post palace and Caodun were built side by side, in order to move eastward to Kuaiji." " (Volume 181 of "Zi Zhi Tong Jian") Mr. Shi Nianhai said in the article "Water Transportation of Canals and the Yangtze River and the Cities Along Its Coast in the Sui and Tang Dynasties": In the Tang Dynasty, "Jiangnan River and Yongji Canal still had the same name, and no new names were seen. say. " (Shi Nianhai "Research on the Historical Geography of the Tang Dynasty", China Social Sciences Press, December 1998, first edition, page 314) In fact, this is not the case. According to the author's research, not many people in the Tang Dynasty called "Jiangnan River" See. Because the "Jiangnan River" was dug, many lakes and rivers in the south of the Yangtze River were used. Therefore, ancient names such as "Songjiang", "Loujiang", "Lize" and "Wujiang" were often used in Tang Dynasty poetry. To refer to it. Volume 10 of "Gusu Zhi" written by Wang Hao of the Ming Dynasty has an explanation: "Today's three rivers, one starts from Taihu Lake and enters the canal from the north of Catfish mouth in Wuxian County, passing through the Loumen of the county, which is the Loujiang River. The one from Taihu Lake to the northeast of Changqiao in Wujiang County and combined with Pangshan Lake is Songjiang. One branch from Dayao crosses Dianshan Lake, reaches the border of Jiading County in the east, and joins Huangpu in Shanghai County. It flows northeast from Huangpu through Jiading, Jiangwan, and Qingpu. It is also called Wusong River and is called Dongjiang River. ""Yuanhe County Map" Volume 25 "Shannan Road One" "Suzhou Wuxian" records: "Songjiang is fifty miles south of the county and enters the sea through Kunshan." "Zuo Zhuan" says: "The Yue army attacked Wu, and the army was at Lize," which is this river. For example, Song Zhiwen, a scholar in the early Tang Dynasty, wrote in his poem "Crossing the Wusongjiang River at Night to Reminisce about the Past": "The sails shook Zekou, and I crossed the Songjiang River at dawn." The boat is flying with the energy of fish and dragon, and the boat rushes towards the flock of wild geese. The cold wave suddenly felt full, and the Anpu was about to break up. On the birthday when the Qi comes out of the sea, the light clears the lake and the clouds rise. The water town is full of heavenly guards, sighing for Wu Jun. The counselor fell on his sword and died, which is still sad to hear. "(Volume 53 of "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty") Wu Rong, a poet of the late Tang Dynasty, said in "Thirty-two Rhymes of Zhu Feng": "I have two hectares of fields, hundreds of miles east of Changzhou. The area is surrounded by paint, and the buildings are connected and beautiful. The Songjiang River flows beside it, and there are many bitter waters in spring and summer. If the embankment is not maintained from time to time, there will be no end to flooding... Therefore, it is hidden in the west of Maoshan, and now it is in Lize River. " (Volume 685 of "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty") Mou Rong's poem "Sending Fan to the Lord" says: "It is the end of autumn when we say goodbye, and the Loujiang Road nearby is blocked for repairs. " (Volume 467 of "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty") Xue Feng's "Sending Liu Lang Zhongmu to Hangzhou": "One state spans the Zhejiang Bay, and the pavilions are scattered among the green trees. Downstairs, the tide returns to the waves, and clouds rise from the mountains and rivers beside my pillow.
The water of Wujiang River is as wide as the embankment, and the sound of people pounding can be heard across the bank. The shepherd of the holy generation has no distance, so that he can be able to serve in leisure. " (Volume 548 of "Full Tang Poems")
Different names for Yongji Canal
Historical records: In the first month of spring in the fourth year of Daye (608 AD), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty issued an "Edict" More than a million men and women from all the counties in Hebei were sent to open the Yongji Canal, which diverted the Qinshui River, reaching Yuhe in the south and connecting Zhuojun in the north. "(Book of the Sui Dynasty, Volume 3, "Yangdi Chronicles") Also according to "Yuanhe Prefecture and County Chronicles", Volume 16, "Hebei Daoyi·Xiangzhou": "Neihuang County... Yongji Qu, whose real name is Baiqu, Sui Yang The imperial guide was Yongjiqu, named Yuhe, and he went north to the county for 200 steps. "Yuanhe County Map" Volume 16 "Hebei Daoyi·Beizhou": "Yongji County, the land of Beiqiu County in the Han Dynasty, south of Linqing County, in the seventh year of the Dali calendar, Tian Chengsi wrote in Zhangqiaoxing Market was built, and Xijing Yongji Canal was named after it. Yongji Canal is located in Xiguo of the county. It is one hundred and seventy feet wide and two feet four feet deep. From Ji County in the south, the Qing and Qi Rivers are diverted from the northeast to Baigou, and pass through this county to Linqing. According to the Han Dynasty, the river broke through Guantao and divided into the Tunshi River. It passed through Beizhou and Jizhou in the northeast and entered the Bohai Sea. This canal was built on the Tunshi's ancient ruins and was built by the Sui family, so it was named Yongji. "Volume 13 of "Yu Gong Zhuizhi": "Yongji Canal is the Qinghe River in ancient times, the national water in "Han Zhi", and the Qing and Qi rivers in "Shui Jing". Cao Gong stopped the water from Fangtou and turned it into Baigou, also known as Baiqu. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty directed it to Yongji Canal, which was named Yuhe, and is now called Weihe. "Mr. Yan Gengwang, in the article "Tang Dynasty Traffic Illustration: Sui and Tang Yongji Canal", after detailed examination, he believes that the flow of Yongji Canal from "the east of Wei County to the north to Duliukou is about 500 kilometers (in straight line terms)" , which is actually slightly consistent with the flow of Qishui River and Qinghe River (the lower reaches of Qishui River is named Qinghe River) by Li Zhu... It can be seen that the construction of Yongji Canal actually followed the old river courses of Han, Wei and Northern Dynasties. ”
It can be seen from the above that the excavation of Yongji Canal also made use of the original river channels such as Baiqu, Qinshui, Qingshui, and Qishui. Therefore, in the poetry of the Tang Dynasty, every time " The elegant names of the waterway such as "Baiqu", "Baishui", "Qinghe", "Qingchuan" and "Qishui" are actually Yongji Canal.
As for Yongji Canal, it is also called "Yuhe", This is also a general term. For example, "Shi Huo Zhi" in Volume 24 of "Book of Sui" records: "In the eighth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign... a canal was opened to divert the valley and Luo water from the garden to the west and to Luo from the east. It also leads the river from Banzhu to Huaihai, which is called Yuhe. A royal road was built along the river, and the trees were made of willows. "Henan Daoyi" Volume 5 of "Yuanhe County Map": "Bianqu... has been blocked since the Northern Expedition of Wu in the Song Dynasty." In the first year of the great cause of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, he ordered Caidao, named Tongji Canal, to divert the valley and Luoshui from Luoyang Xiyuan to reach Yuhe River, from Banzhu to Biankou, and from the east of Daliang to Si, to reach Biankou. Yuhuai, from Jiangdu Palace to the sea. It is also called the Royal River. A royal road was built along the river, and the trees were covered with green trees. Emperor Yang visited the palace and entered the sea from Jiangdu Palace. "Volume 15 of "Taiping Huanyu Ji": "Ten Dao Zhiyun: 'Since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Pengcheng has been a key place. In the Sui Dynasty, the imperial river has been built. Yu Si. '" and so on. In Tang poetry, the moat surrounding the capital was also called the "Yu River." For example, Wang Zhihuan's poem "Farewell" says: "The willow trees are in the east wind, and the green is sandwiched between the Yu River. The pain of climbing up and down recently is probably due to the many separations. " (Volume 253 of "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty").
From the above investigation, we can see that the Sui and Tang Dynasty Grand Canal, which has flowed for thousands of years, can be called a river containing extremely rich cultural mineral deposits. Natural changes can Its river course, water color and flow direction have changed, but due to the maintenance and use of it by the officials of the past dynasties, and the attention and praise of it by the literati of the past dynasties, its existence form has always been preserved in our ancient documents as a piece of world culture. As a heritage river, we must start the archaeological project of canal culture in a timely manner so that people today can continue to have new understandings and discoveries about it, thereby providing more detailed historical data and reference for our heritage application and protection work. , Only in this way can the cultural life of this great river be truly activated, and the cultural richness of this great river be fully demonstrated to the world.