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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
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Nal Phonetic Alphabet, originally meant as "International Phonetic Alphabet" or IPA for short, was formulated by the International Phonetic Association.
1888, initiated by British H. West, completed by French P. Passy and British D. Jones, was published in Phonetic Teachers (the predecessor of the International Phonetic Association, Journal of Phonetic Teachers Association), which is the first international phonetic symbol in history.
It consists of 20 vowels, 28 consonants and ***48 phonetic symbols.
48 international phonetic symbols (English pronunciation)
vowel
monophthong
prevowell[I:][I][e][？ ]
Middle vowel [? ] [? :] [? ]
Post vowel [u:] [u] [? :] [? ] [A:]
diphthong
Open and close diphthongs [ei] [ai] [? I] [? [au]
Focus on diphthongs [me? ][ε? 】【u？ ]
consistent
plosive
Voiced consonants [p] [t] [k]
Voiced consonants [b] [d] [g]
fricative
Clear consonants [f] [s] [? ] [θ] [h]
Voiced consonants [v] [z] [? ] [? ] [r]
affricate
Clear consonants [t? ] [tr] [ts]
Voiced consonants [d? ] [doctor] [dz]
Nasal sound (voiced consonant) [m] [n] [? ]
Tongue sound (voiced consonant) [l]
Semi-vowel (voiced consonant) [w] [j]
Symbolic description
The International Phonetic Alphabet was created by scholars in Britain and France, and is mainly used for marking and printing forms.
European languages, African languages and some minority languages. After its publication, it became popular in European linguistics. Most Americans still use their own symbols to learn the language of American Indians.
Some sounds in Chinese dialects cannot be listed in this table. For example, the vowels [] and [] on the tip of the tongue in Mandarin were updated by Swedish sinologist Gao Benhan. Most palatalized consonants [], [] and [] in Wu dialect were put forward by the phonetician Zhao Yuanren.
The International Phonetic Alphabet only has eight tone symbols, namely flat, rising and falling, and two concave-convex tones * * *, which is not enough to study and describe tonal language. Zhao Yuanren put forward the "fifth tone symbol" of tone, which is called "tone letter" and published it in Phonetics Teacher 1930. It is applicable to all tonal language and has been adopted by most international scholars. The four tones of Putonghua are [], [], [] and [], which have become common sense.
International phonetic symbols are distinguished from ordinary letters by brackets [].
In addition, for the convenience of recording, the International Phonetic Society has also stipulated a set of "descriptive symbols", "contemporary symbols" and "special symbols" for some important phonetic accompanying phenomena. For example, the symbol "* *" is nasalized, "ph" is strongly aspirated, "P" is weakly aspirated, "A:" is full length A, "A." is half length A, "* *" is light tone (* *) and so on. General symbols and special symbols are not illustrated.
function
The International Phonetic Alphabet strictly stipulates the principle of "one symbol and one sound", that is, "one phoneme, one symbol and one phoneme" is an essential pronunciation method for reading English words well.
In languages that use pinyin schemes, the same letter usually has several pronunciations in different words. For example, the "I" in English like and lit is phoneticized by international phonetic symbols, that is, [ai] and [e], and another example: A in Mandarin bān (class) and bāng (state) is phoneticized by international phonetic symbols [a] and [e] respectively.
In addition, the same sound has different spellings in different languages. For example, English sh, French ch, German sch, Polish sz and Czech S are actually the [*] sounds of international phonetic symbols.
These are the advantages of international phonetic symbols, that is, they can record and distinguish sounds more scientifically and accurately (there are 72 consonants and 32 vowels in general phonetic symbols, which is roughly enough for phonetic symbols). The arrangement of international phonetic symbols is easy to analyze and master (consonants are roughly located according to the pronunciation position and method, and vowels are located according to the position of the tongue).
Wide phonetic symbol
The so-called wide phonetic notation is to sort out a phonetic phoneme system on the basis of strict phonetic notation, and then label pronunciation according to phonemes, that is, only remember phonemes, not phoneme variants and other non-essential accompanying phenomena. So wide phonetic notation is also called "phoneme phonetic notation". For example, in modern Chinese, there are many low vowels on the tip of the tongue, such as [ε], [a], [A], [ι] and so on. And the wide phonetic symbol only needs /a/. With wide phonetic symbols, the number of phonetic symbols can be limited to the phonology of a language or dialect, which can be reflected concisely and clearly.
International phonetic alphabet classification
The most common phonetic symbols in China English dictionaries are the International Phonetic Alphabet (DJ) with British pronunciation and the KK Phonetic Alphabet with American pronunciation. The former is based on the English Pronunciation Dictionary compiled by daniel jones (1963), and the latter is based on the American English Pronunciation Dictionary compiled by John S. kenyon and Thomas A. Knodt (1956). It is worth mentioning that all the symbols used in KK phonetic symbols come from IPA, Kenyon &; Knodt only cuts off symbols suitable for American English.
International phonetic alphabet
International phonetic alphabet (IPA)
The International Phonetic Alphabet, which was formulated by linguists of the International Phonetic Association in 1888, is a set of phonetic symbols that can be used internationally. They want to use a symbol to represent a sound and avoid the inconvenience caused by using a set of their own symbols.
American traditional dictionary
AHD phonetic alphabet (American traditional dictionary of English)
In other words, the phonetic symbols used in traditional American dictionaries are characterized by their national pronunciation and conciseness. Webster's dictionary, etc. A similar phonetic symbol system is also used. AHD phonetic symbols can be found in Kingsoft's traditional American dictionary.
dj phonetic symbols
DJ Phonetic Alphabet (daniel jones)-British Phonetic Alphabet
He compiled an English pronunciation dictionary of British English according to IPA (from 1 to 12, and the last edition was published in 1963). His Dictionary of English Pronunciation represents a pronunciation called "Receiving Pronunciation" (RP), which is common in educated British people, especially in southern England. DJ phonetic symbols have 47 symbols, including 24 consonants and 23 vowels.
KK phonetic symbol
KK phonetic alphabet (written by kenyon & Knodt phonetic alphabet)-American phonetic alphabet
The symbols used in the American English Pronunciation Dictionary (1956) compiled by the author are all from IPA, Kenyon &; Knodt just cut out the symbols suitable for American English and added the unique children's voice of American English to become the KK phonetic symbol of American English. This is the most commonly used and authoritative phonetic notation. From then on, people used to call the standard pronunciation of American English KK Phonetic Alphabet. KK has 44 phonetic symbols * * *, including 24 consonants and 20 vowels.
Q brain phonetic symbol
Q Brain Phonetic Alphabet (by Cortone &; Q thinking phonetic symbol)
Q Phonetic Alphabet is a pronunciation rule designed for children in China, which has made great contributions to English in China. Q Brain Phonetic Alphabet is the only multimedia phonetic alphabet system in China. First of all, it satisfies the problem that children in China learn English by themselves. Mastering Q-brain phonetic symbols is no longer a problem for children in China, which clears up the English difficulties for children. The phonetic symbols of Q brain include 48 phonetic symbols, diphthongs is the marshal in Q brain, and the single vowel is the soldier. Q Brain Phonetic Alphabet includes the original international phonetic alphabet and seven newly added courses Q Brain Thinking Phonetic Alphabet.
Voice password
Phonetic code, simply speaking, is the pronunciation law of 26 English letters in millions of words, which is a major breakthrough in international phonetic symbols. The discovery of phonetic codes is a major breakthrough in English teaching in China and even in the world. First of all, it fundamentally solves the problem of word recognition in English learning. Mastering the phonetic code will have an important impact on English learners' listening, speaking, reading and writing, clearing the first obstacle for any adult or child who wants to learn English in mother tongue and non-mother tongue environment. Phonetic code includes seven parts of knowledge: 26 letter names, 26 letter sounds, 26 consonants, 20 vowels, 108 letters and letter combinations represent five categories, 44 basic sounds, 468 uninterrupted sounds and 60 common suffixes.
Characteristics of International Phonetic Alphabet
International phonetic symbols have the following characteristics and advantages:
(1) accurate record. The International Phonetic Alphabet is a sound, a symbol and a sound. That is, a phoneme is only represented by a symbol, and a symbol can only represent a fixed phoneme. For example, "pa, zhang, ai, ian" in Chinese Pinyin, in which four A's are actually four different phonemes, but they are all represented by one letter A, while the International Phonetic Alphabet uses (or) four different letters to represent these different phonemes, and only uses A to represent the phonemes composed of these phonemes; Another example is the I in Chinese Pinyin, which stands for three phonemes. The International Phonetic Alphabet is represented by three different symbols I, I, I, and I represents the phoneme composed of these three phonemes.
(2) The text is concise, easy to learn and use. Article 5 of the Principles for the Formulation of International Phonetic Alphabet stipulates: "The appearance of new letters should be similar to that of old letters, and you can think at a glance what sounds they represent." Therefore, the phonemes represented by international phonetic symbols are as consistent as possible with those represented by traditional Latin letters. For example, the letters B, P and M are lip sounds, and IPA is used to represent the phonemes of the lips. Among them, the p of lip sound consists of the additional symbol' (which can also be represented by the small H attached to the upper right corner of the letter), and others such as D, T, G and K are in line with international habits.
Various ways of creating letters in the International Phonetic Alphabet, such as using lowercase capital letters, inverted letters, double letters, inverted letters, combined letters, letter deformation, and adding additional symbols, not only make full use of traditional letters, but also innovate on the basis of traditional letters. It can be said that new letter forms appear without creating words. When people see the international phonetic symbols, they are familiar with each other, so they are easy to accept and popularize emotionally. Moreover, the International Phonetic Alphabet is easy to read and write, which meets the needs of various languages in the world to remember various phonemes. If designers don't use letters flexibly at first, it will be not only technically difficult, but also difficult for people to learn a set of symbols again, and it will be difficult to promote international phonetic symbols.
(3) Flexible use. The symbols on the International Phonetic Alphabet are limited. When recording some languages, we will inevitably encounter some special phonemes, so we can create new symbols according to the principles formulated by the International Phonetic Alphabet. For example, 1979 adds a vowel before the tongue, and the low and round lips, that is, the round lip sound [] of [a], are composed of two letters, O and E, which conforms to the composition of international phonetic symbols. In addition, the International Phonetic Alphabet also provides unified additional symbols, with more than 30 kinds, which are internationally recognized. For example, putting "~" on vowels means nasal vowels, "h" on the upper right corner of letters means aspirated pronunciation, ":"on the right side of vowels means long vowels, and so on. This not only accurately distinguishes the sound quality of phonemes, but also avoids creating new letters.
Phonetic symbol learning method
In order to master the accurate pronunciation of each international phonetic symbol, you can confirm the pronunciation accurately when you see a phonetic symbol. You must strengthen your training and practice. To strengthen the pronunciation training of international phonetic symbols, specifically, we should do the following:
(1) Listening training: Learning international phonetic symbols requires knowing 48 phonetic symbols and strengthening memory through repeated listening exercises. Listening training, if possible, you can listen to the teacher read the phonetic symbols more, or you can listen to the sounds repeatedly with tapes. Every phoneme in this courseware can be heard in cycles to strengthen memory.
(2) Imitation practice, learning the pronunciation of international phonetic symbols, we should pay attention to observing the teacher's mouth shape, observing the changes of pronunciation parts, and actively imitating pronunciation. Beginners can imitate exercises in front of the mirror, especially the tongue position of vowel pronunciation. Opening mouth is closely related to timbre. We can observe the difference of mouth shape through the mirror, and observe the activities of the tip of the tongue, the surface of the tongue and the leaves of the tongue, such as U and O, I and E, E and ε.
(3) Pay attention to comparison. This comparison has two aspects. One is to compare the similarities and differences of phonetic symbols themselves, distinguish the characteristics and avoid confusion, such as [ε] and [? ], [s] and [z], pay attention to the difference of pronunciation timbre; Second, pay attention to the differences between the phonemes of Putonghua and those of foreign languages or dialects, such as the similarities and differences between the phonemes [p], [k] and [t] of Putonghua and those of English [g] and [d]. By comparison, we can effectively identify the differences of phonemes and pronounce them accurately. Pay special attention to the differences between Mandarin phonemes and English phonemes, such as voiced phonemes like [g] and [d], which are not found in ordinary phonetic systems. Beginners should not be confused with some consonants in Mandarin.
(4) Speech action is the key and core of strengthening practice. Listening, imitating and comparing will eventually come down to the goal of pronunciation, so frequent movement is the key to mastering the pronunciation of international phonetic symbols. As the saying goes, "don't write for three days, don't read for three days", that is to say, we should strengthen the cultivation of our ability to speak with our hands. Therefore, when learning the International Phonetic Alphabet, we should always strengthen pronunciation training, speak frequently, practice repeatedly, compare and experience differences in practice, so that practice makes perfect, and then we will naturally master the pronunciation of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Editing of 248 phonetic symbols
Concise memory formula
International phonetic alphabet 48, vowel 20, auxiliary 28, vowel single and double, unit 12 double 8.
vowel
12 single vowel
long vowel
/i:/ /？ :/ /a:/ /？ :/ /u:/
short vowel
/i/ /e/ /？ / /? / /? / /u/ /？ /
8 diphthongs /ei/ /ai//? I//? Would you like to? / /e？ / /u？ /
consistent
Consonant 28
Voiced consonants
/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /？ / /h/ /t？ / /ts/ /tr/
voiced consonant
/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /？ / /z/ /？ / /r/ /d？ / /dz/ /dr/ /j/ /w/ /m/ /n/ /？ / /l/
10 pairs: /b/ /p/, /d/ /t/, /g/ /k/, /v/ /f/, /z/ /s/,/? / /? / 、 /? / /θ/、/d？ / /t？ /、/dr/ /tr/、/dz/ /ts/
Three nasal sounds
/m/ /n/ /？ /
1 language sound
/l/
Two and a half vowels
/w/ /j/
Phonetic symbol input
There are two main ways to input international phonetic symbols:
1, input and display with special phonetic alphabet font. For example, Jinshan phonetic symbol Plain, GWIPA and so on. These fonts display ordinary ASCII characters as phonetic symbols. Copying the pinyin symbols input in this way into an environment that does not support or install the font will be displayed as the original ASCII characters.
2. Directly input Unicode characters corresponding to phonetic symbols. The default "Lucida Sans Unicode" font installed in Windows can support the display of Unicode phonetic symbols. The phonetic symbols thus input have good portability.
When using Unicode phonetic symbols in HTML, you need to tell the browser to display them in a font that supports phonetic symbols, for example:
& ltspan style = " font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode；" Lang="EN-US "> phonetic characters
In addition, the webpage is required to adopt UTF-8 encoding. If BBS does not support the specified font, it is impossible to input some special characters in phonetic symbols.
So how do you find the Unicode characters corresponding to phonetic symbols?
1. Use software that supports phonetic input. For example, the new word book of Jinshan 20 10 has a very easy-to-use pinyin soft keyboard.
2. Section 4.2 of the resource "English Phonetic Alphabet and Unicode" lists the special characters needed by English Phonetic Alphabet, which can be saved. Copy and paste if necessary.
3. In office software, you can use the method of automatic correction to correct the easy-to-remember character string into the special characters needed by phonetic symbols.
4. On the webpage of the reference "Input of English Phonetic Alphabet", click on the phonetic symbol on the webpage, and you can insert the corresponding characters in the editing box below. Users can copy the input phonetic symbols into an editor that supports Unicode encoding and set a font that supports phonetic symbols.
5. Most Chinese input methods have phonetic symbol input function.
Fast memory method of English 48 phonetic symbols (just remember long sounds): (students with weak foundation can click on full-time English courses)
1. Monovowel: [i:], [i], [? :]、[? 】、【u:】、【u】、【？ :]、[? ]、[ɑ:]、[? 】、[e]、[？ ]
[I:]-homophonic is easy; A number like 1 is easy to remember.
[? ]-The homonym is: Oh (0); Oh, this phonetic symbol is like an O.
[u:]-the homonym is: Wu; There is a lot of fog on the cup.
[? :]-The homonym is: Hungry (E); A goose fainted from hunger.
[ι:]-The homonym is: ah (a); Phonetic symbols are pronounced the same as pinyin.
[e]-the homonym is: ai; This goose likes to walk at night.
Second, diphthongs: [ei], [ai], [? Me], [me? ]、[? 】、【u？ 】、【au】、【？ u]
[ei]-homophonic: eii Goose has a sister.
[AI]-the homonym is: love (AI); Phonetic symbols are pronounced the same as pinyin.
[? I]- the homonym is "oh, er, one", which can be remembered according to the pronunciation of the letters o and i.
[me? ]-Homophonic and similar in appearance: 12
[? ]-The homonym is: starve to death; Shaped like three geese; Three geese are starving to death.
【u？ ]-The homonym is: house goose; A room full of geese are packed in cups.
[au]-the homonym is: ao; The cup is too proud to drink.
[? U]- homophonic: Europe; A goose is looking for seagulls in a cup.
Third, the consonant: [? ]、[? ]、[? ]、[? ]
(Note: There is little difference between the pronunciation of most consonants and pinyin, which can be homophonic; There are also some consonants that have no corresponding pinyin fonts, and our memory method is mainly aimed at these four consonants. )
Where [θ] and [? ] These two phonetic symbols do not have similar pinyin to correspond, but mainly rely on mouth memory.
[θ]-Shaped like upper and lower teeth biting the tongue; [? ]-shaped like a tongue resting between upper and lower teeth.
And [? ] and [? ] These two phonetic symbols, you can find approximate pinyin as homophonic.
[? ]-The homonym is: Hush (Xu); Shh, there is a long snake here. Keep quiet quickly!
[? ]-homophonic: Yu; Shaped like 3. It rained three times today.
Word pronunciation rules
First, the pronunciation of vowels in stressed syllables
Vowel pronunciation example
A syllable [ei] at the beginning is called flat Jane baby cake.
In the closed syllable [? ] Bao Dad hat figure black back
On the first syllable [I:] they are from China.
In the closed syllable [e] bed let pen desk yes egg.
I'm at the beginning of the syllable [ai]. Bike flies, driving time, beautiful kites.
In the closed syllables, fish drink and swim in milk.
In the first syllable [ou], o thinks close go hoe home no
In the closed syllable [C] clock not box shop sock
U at the beginning of the syllable [ju:] Students excuse their duties on Tuesday.
Jump for lunch in the closed syllable [^]bus cup
In the initial syllable, the vowel letter u is pronounced as [u:] after the consonant letter j l r s, for example, June blue ruler super.
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