Rhyme, also known as rhyme, rhyme and rhyme, is to arrange words with the same or similar vowels at the end of a sentence according to certain rules. Generally speaking, there must be words with the same or similar vowels at the end of even-numbered sentences in poetry, which are called rhyme or rhyme.
For example:
The sun sets slowly near the western hills, and the Yellow River flows into the East China Sea.
By going up one flight of stairs, look further.
Among them, "Liu" and "Lou" are rhymes, and the vowels of these two words are "iu" and "ou" respectively, which are regarded as homophones.
2. Why does it rhyme?
Rhyme is the basic feature and requirement of poetry. The reason why verse is verse is because it rhymes first. Poetry and words are exquisite rhymes.
Why does it rhyme? It is to read "smoothly" and rhythmically, so that you can recite it or sing it. The "jingle" that ordinary people say lies in the word "shun". The effect of "Shun" here is mainly achieved through rhyme.
If you can't even rhyme, it's not even a "jingle", let alone poetry. The requirement of rhyme in poetry is much stricter and more complicated than that in jingle.
Moreover, rhyme is not only for the pursuit of "smoothness", but also for the poet to respond to his emotions through various changes in rhyme feet and enhance the appeal of poetry. Rhyme itself has become a rhetorical method with rich connotation rather than just form.
3. Rhythm of modern poetry
Modern poetry is the kind of metrical poetry formulated in the Tang Dynasty, including quatrains, metrical poems with five or seven words, and the arrangement of five or seven words.
The rhyme of modern poetry is usually in the last word of even-numbered sentences. For example, two or four quatrains and two or four hundred and sixty-eight rhymes. But the first sentence can also rhyme, but that will become another kind of meter. The rhyme of the first sentence is called "the rhyme of the first sentence", such as:
The foot of my bed is shining so brightly. Is there frost already?
I looked up at the moon and looked down, feeling nostalgic.
The first sentence of this poem begins to rhyme.
The rhyme of the first sentence is looser than other rhymes. What do you mean, loose? This involves the rules of phonology books. In ancient times, there were rhyme books specially used to write poems and songs. All words are classified according to different rhymes and divided into different rhymes. Poets call it rhyme, and singers call it cliche.
Some rhymes are close to the vowels of other rhymes, which are called adjacent rhymes. In the rule that you can't use adjacent rhyme, you can use adjacent rhyme in the first sentence, which is called looseness.
The rhyme of modern poetry is generally flat and oblique, and oblique rhyme is not advocated. Of course, there are cases where poets occasionally write rhyming modern poems, but they are not the mainstream.
4. What is leveling?
What the hell does this mean? In ancient times, tones were divided into four categories: flat, rising, going and entering, which were called "four tones". Flat tones are divided into Yin Ping and Yang Ping, so the "four tones" are also called "five tones"
According to Putonghua, the flat sound is one, the flat sound is two, the upper sound is three and the lower sound is four. These are the four tones of Mandarin.
So where is Rusheng?
There is no Rusheng in Mandarin, and Rusheng in ancient times is classified into four tones. Measures are actually very personal tone. It reads very short, and the voice is in the throat. Therefore, Rusheng characters are born with a sob and tragic temperament.
Yin is flat and Yang is flat, which belongs to flat sound. Going up, going and entering all belong to sound. According to Mandarin, one or two tones are flat, and three or four tones are grunts. In this way, four tones or five tones are simplified into two categories, and there is a theory of equivalence.
Sleeping sickness in spring unconsciously broke the morning, and the chirping of birds disturbed my sleep.
How many flowers fall after a stormy night.
This poem uses rhyme, the first sentence enters rhyme, and four sentences have three rhymes. Note that rhyming poems generally use words that don't rhyme, such as the "sound" in this poem "But now I remember that night, that storm", which is a sound in Mandarin and belongs to flat words.
By the same token, in a poem with a flat rhyme, words that don't rhyme should also be vague. In this way, the flat lines at the end of each sentence are in contrast, and the flat lines in one sentence are relative to the flat lines in two sentences, which is cadence and full of rhythm.
5. Rhyme of words
Because words are lyrics written for fixed music, each word must meet the requirements of music to be easy to sing, so the rhyme of words is not only more demanding than that of modern poetry, but also more complicated and changeable.
For example, the rhyme of Xijiangyue:
The moon on the horizon rose to the top of the tree, scaring away the magpies perched on the branches. The cool evening breeze seems to have spread to cicadas in the distance.
In the fragrance of rice and flowers, people talk about the harvest of a year, and frogs croak in their ears, as if in a bumper harvest year. In the old days, Maodian was near the forest, and the road turned to the stream bridge.
"Xijiang Moon" is divided into two parts, and the beat of the two parts is the same, which means singing it again according to the same tune. Each article has four sentences, the first sentence does not rhyme, and the last word must be a vowel, such as "que", which is the four tones of Mandarin; The second sentence rhymes with the third sentence, and it must be flat, such as "cicada" and "year", which are flat in Mandarin, with vowels of "An", "Ian" and flat;
The fourth sentence also rhymes, such as "pian" and the vowel is "ian". But the difference is that this rhyme must be changed to a hyphen. "Pian" is the fourth sound of Putonghua, which belongs to the syllable. This kind of rhymes, but the levels and levels are different, which is called "levels and levels". This situation is more common in writing.
So is the next "Xijiang Moon".
There are many aphorisms that are rhymed, such as "dream", which is a rhyming aphorism.
I often remember the pavilion by the stream next to the pavilion until the sunset, intoxicated by the beautiful scenery and lingering.
Always had a good time, but lost to the swimming pool deep in Zhu Feng.
How to row a boat out, accidentally, but scared a group of Oulu.
In the first sentence, the vowels of "dusk", "road", "place", "cross" and "heron" are all "U", which are all rhyming words. The third sentence doesn't rhyme, so the word "boat" at the end is flat. The repetition of "fighting for crossing, fighting for crossing" is also a requirement of the meter, so it must be repeated.
And epigrams like Ding Fengbo have more complicated rhymes:
On a warm day, the blue yarn is reflected outside the window, and the small pool is full of spring and sunny. The number of begonia trees is red and forbearing, and the jade boudoir covers the years.
The embroidered bed is messy, heartbreaking, and tears wear on the face. The girl next door asked questions and heard her words, which made people feel ashamed and didn't go home.
This epigraph is also divided into two pieces. The first two sentences of the film rhyme, "yarn" and "chardonnay"; Two or three sentences also rhyme, but not with "yarn" and "chardonnay", but with another rhyme, and also with rhyme, that is, "doing" and "forbearing"; The fifth sentence goes back to the previous two sentences and continues to stress the rhyme of "yarn" and "summer", that is, the word "Hua". This change in rhyme is called "rhyme change" or "rhyme change".
So will the next movie. The first two sentences rhyme again, that is, "chaos" and "break", a new rhyme; The third sentence is changed to a flat rhyme, and then the last rhyme of "yarn", "chardonnay" and "flower" is "flower"; Four or five sentences, and then it becomes a rhyme, followed by the rhyme of "doing" and "forbearing" on the film, that is, "asking" and "believing". Then the last sentence turns back to the level rhyme and returns to the original rhyme of "yarn" and "chardonnay", that is, "home".
This epigraph is both flat and flat, and it is very complicated to change rhymes back and forth many times.
6, the charm of ancient style
Classical poetry has only one rhyme, and its form is similar to that of modern poetry, but the rhyme is more common.
The characteristics of ancient rhyme are mainly reflected in novels such as Gexing. It is mainly rhyming, leveling and changing rhyme, but it is much simpler than word rhyming. Generally speaking, the rhyme of a song line is related to content and emotion, which is used to distinguish the level of an article.
In narrative poems, the dialogue between characters often doesn't say who said it, but directly after you finish, I will go on to say that the characters haven't changed. At this time, we often change rhymes into hints.
And lyric songs, rhyme changes are related to emotions and plots, let's take a look at Li Bai's "Into the Wine":
Have you seen how the water of the Yellow River flows from the sky to the sea and never returns?
"Lai" and "Gui" are the same rhyme.
Have you seen the lovely hair in the bright mirror in the high room, although it is still silky black in the morning, it turns into snow at night?
Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he wants to go, and never point his golden cup at the moon empty! .
Change the rhyme once, "hair", "snow" and "moon", and adjacent rhymes are connected.
Since God has given talents, let them be used! As for the money, although it is scattered, it will get together again.
Cook a sheep, kill a cow, sharpen your appetite, and let me, 300 bowls, take a big drink! .
Then turn the rhyme into a flat rhyme, "come" and "cup"
Master Cen, Dan Qiusheng can drink and drink endlessly.
Let me sing you a song! Please listen to me.
What are bells and drums, delicacies and treasures? I hope I will never wake up.
Ancient sober people and sages were forgotten, and only great drinkers can be immortalized.
This passage rhymes again, and it is replaced by another rhyme, namely "life", "stop", "wake up" and "name". The word "awake" here means "awake with wine", which was a flat voice in ancient times.
Chen bought a barrel of wine with 10 thousand gold coins at a banquet in the temple, and everyone laughed and said one-liners
Why do you say, my master, your money is gone? , to buy wine, we drink together! .
Once again, the rhyme is changed to rhyme, that is, "music", "banter" and "discretion", and the three syllables have the same rhyme.
Five flower horses, Hsi Chin, give them to the boy in exchange for good wine. Whatever you want, sell eternal sorrow.
Change the rhyme again, that is, "autumn" and "sorrow"
If you find that words don't seem to rhyme, it's caused by different pronunciations in ancient and modern times.
This is the rhyme of this poem. You can see from the content. Every change in rhyme is accompanied by changes in content and emotion. It should also be noted that the sentences before rhyme don't rhyme, and they are more even than usual. If there is no rhyme before the flat rhyme, it is usually the end of the vowel.
7. Rhyming taboo
Modern poems, words and songs with metrical requirements rhyme according to metrical requirements. It is a problem that rhyme violates the requirements of meter.
In this kind of poetic style without strict requirements, we must pay attention to one problem, that is, "flat and even rhymes." The phrase "blending with flat and even rhymes" doesn't mean that a poem can't be converted into flat and even rhymes, but that a word has different rhymes but flat and even rhymes and can't rhyme. For example, the flat voice "Lan" is worse than the flat voice "rotten" and the flat voice "Yang" is worse than it.
Of course, it is also possible that two sentences rhyme with the peaceful sound "Lan" and then two sentences rhyme with the peaceful sound "Lan", because this is a rhyme, not a mixed rhyme.
In addition, there are the following common rhyming taboos, which are not found in metrical style (modern poetry, ci, qu) and ancient style:
The first kind, heavy rhyme. In a poem, the rhyming words are the same. For example, it is not acceptable to rhyme "An" in front and "Lan" after a few words.
Second, synonym juxtaposition. For example, "fragrance", "flower" and "sorrow" cannot be used as the rhyme of a poem at the same time.
The third kind, rhymes. In ancient times, "Dong" and "Dong" were not in the same rhyme, so some poems could not be read continuously, so they fell into rhyme. Some people simply call it "rhyme".
Fourth, rhyme. Rhyme means using a very awkward word in a rhyming position, which is a rhyming word at first glance.
Fifth, rhyme backwards. Inverted rhyme is actually a kind of rhyme, that is, just to rhyme, the positions of commonly used fixed phrases are reversed, such as "spring, summer, autumn and winter" written as "spring, summer, autumn and winter" and "left and right" written as "left and right", resulting in an embarrassing state.
Sixth, polysemous words are not intentional. For example, the word "fresh" and "fresh" cannot be used as "rare" to complement the rhyme of "obvious". For example, a poem originally used the rhyme "bitterness", and one of its sentences ended in "throat". You can't say the word "Yan" because you can only read "Ye" according to the meaning here.
8. About rhyme books
Whether it rhymes or not is not based on your pronunciation, nor can it be said that it rhymes in my dialect. Whether it rhymes or not is judged by independent standards.
The ancient tradition is that the phonology used in poetry and songs is different from that used in ancient vernacular and ancient mandarin, and it has a set of independent and special phonological rules. The first royal norm of this rule was formulated in the period of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty. Later generations are basically based on this, and every dynasty and generation has official revisions.
Although it has great overlap with Putonghua, it is still a system with special pronunciation, which is mastered by singers and used for singing. Therefore, poems, words, songs, etc. that serve singing must follow this set of phonological norms. Although some of these styles were later divorced from music, they still continued the tradition of standardized phonology.
This question is very interesting from design to phonological development and dialect change, and will be discussed as a special topic in the future.
So far, we have written poems, words and songs, but not for singing. Even the singing and music scores of the ancients are not clear. But some people still insist on writing old poems with ancient rhymes.
Of course, there are also a group of people who advocate using the rhyme of Mandarin to write while reading, which is more suitable for reading in Mandarin.