The Book of Songs is very rich in content, which reflects the social life of more than 500 years from different angles. Its contents mainly include the following aspects: ① It tells many legends and history from the birth of Hou Ji, the ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty, to the destruction of the Shang Dynasty by the King of Wu. For example, Gong Liu, Mian, Huang Yi and Daming in Daya are all histories written in verse. (2) Reflect social chaos, describe the sufferings of war, and blame reality. Zhou Liwang and Zhou Youwang had two generations of political corruption and serious foreign invasion, which resulted in many poems reflecting the corruption of the ruling class and the contradiction between the rulers and the people. For example, "Sang Rou" in "The Scholars" reveals the tragic scene of people's displacement, heavy casualties and diaspora in the turmoil. "Repression" in elegance. Then mercilessly criticize the decadent life of the ruler, perverse and useless, only knowing how to drink and have fun. At the turn of October, Xiaoya listed the names of seven people, including Zhou Youwang's concubine and Emperor Tai's father, and exposed their collusion and corruption with the "gorgeous wife" of you Wang. The First Month in Xiaoya describes the social inequality and points out that the ruling class owns property and can live a comfortable life, but ordinary people are in a miserable situation in social unrest. Xiaoya Cai Wei described the sad feelings of Sergeant Zhou Xuanwang, who was far away from home and hungry and cold on his way home: "I was away, and the willows were reluctant." The road is muddy and difficult to walk, and people are thirsty and hungry. The road is muddy, hungry and thirsty. I am sad in my heart, I don't know that I am sad! "(3) against exploitation and oppression. Representative works include Chopping Tan, Storytelling, Muyu by tang style and North Wind by Gaofeng. For example, "Cutting Tan" wrote: "Kan Kan cuts Tan, and the river is dry. "The river is clear and blue. No crops, no crops, no crops, no crops. No hunting, no hunting, is there a county (hanging) in Hu Zhaner's court? He is a gentleman, he is not a vegetarian. " Loggers work by the river all day, but they have nothing, and those "gentlemen" don't plow or hunt, but they are rice Man Cang full of prey. They questioned this, and there was anger in the questioning, which was even stronger in Shuo. ④ Describe love and marriage. This is a large proportion of wind poems, mostly ballads. Most of these poems are frank and bold confessions, with sincere and warm feelings, simple and healthy feelings, reflecting all the joys and sorrows, gains and losses and changes in love life, and the content is rarely repeated. Representative works include Zheng Feng? Zheng Feng General Zhong Ziqi, Gao Fengjing, Die Yi, Zheng Yan, Martin Zepi, tang style, Juan Er, Bo Xi, Qin Feng Chenfeng. For example, The Quiet Woman wrote: "A quiet woman is a girl, as long as I am in the corner of the city. Deliberately hiding for me to find, scratching my head. The quiet girl looks good. Give me a tong tube. Tong Guan said (Yue) is beautiful for women. This country exploits me, Meili Yi and is rare. Prostitutes are beautiful and embarrassing. " This poem describes a pair of lovers meeting in a corner of the city. When the man arrived, the lover deliberately hid. He was so anxious that he hadn't seen him for such a long time. He was overjoyed when he found that his lover had arrived as promised and gave him a handful of red and tender grass affectionately. He thinks this grass is "beautiful and different" because it is given by his beloved. The people in the poem are lively and naive, and the feelings in the poem are touching, expressing the interest of men and women in love with natural and simple language. ⑤ Describe the delivery scene. Many works in The Book of Songs are poems describing the working conditions of working people. For example, the mulberry bell of Yong, the tribute cloth of Tang style,,, and. Some poems are songs sung during labor, which can make readers feel the happiness of labor and stimulate rich imagination; Some also wrote about the hardships and busyness of labor; Others described how nobles forced slaves to do hard work. There are many noble works in The Book of Songs.
The Book of Songs is very distinctive in artistic creation. First of all, the works in The Book of Songs describe real life in many ways, express the feelings of people of different classes in real life, and truly reflect real life, which is one of its major characteristics. Later writers will follow the example of The Book of Songs as long as they oppose the tendency of poetry to be divorced from social life. Secondly, the Book of Songs used a lot of figurative techniques and achieved remarkable artistic effects. "Bi" is a metaphor and metaphor. In the poem, it is a simile to compare the hand with "soft ti" and the beauty with "jade". Shuo is not so much an exploiter as a mouse. It is people-oriented. "Xing" means "say something else first to arouse the words to be sung", which is the beginning of a poem or a chapter. For example, "Qin Feng Sword" begins with the bleak scene of "the sword is gray and the white dew is frost", which causes the following, making the poem more tortuous and euphemistic. The use of metaphor greatly enhanced the artistic appeal of poetry and enriched the artistic realm of poetry, which was inherited and developed by China's ancient poetry creation. Thirdly, The Book of Songs has its own characteristics in structural form, the most prominent of which is the repetition of chapters and sentences. A chapter sometimes indicates the degree and order of things. For example, the first chapter of Feng Wang Picking Songs is "I don't see you for a day, like March Xi". In the second and third chapters, "picking Ge" was changed to "picking Xiao" and "picking Ai", and "March" was changed to "Sanqiu" and "three years old". The repetition of chapters and sentences enhances the musicality and rhythm of poetry, and also better expresses the poet's feelings, which makes people endless. Fourthly, The Book of Songs has its own characteristics in genre. The Book of Songs is mostly four words and one sentence, which rhymes with other sentences, but it is not rigid and full of changes. The fu of later generations was mostly influenced by The Book of Songs. In addition to Fu, ode, praise, monument, remonstrance, remonstrance, inscription and other rhymes are generally four-character rhymes, which are also influenced by The Book of Songs. ?
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, society changed dramatically. During this period, pre-Qin prose played an important role in the history of China literature. The cultural atmosphere of letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend has promoted the prosperity of literature, ushered in the cultural moderns, especially the theories of Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Legalism, and laid the foundation of China's traditional culture.
Pre-Qin prose can be divided into historical prose and various schools of thought prose. Generally speaking, historical prose is mainly narrative, and various essays are mainly reasoning. Historical prose includes Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo Zhuan, Warring States Policy and Mandarin. Chunqiu is the earliest chronicle of the Warring States compiled by Confucius. This paper describes the major events that happened in various countries in 242 years from the year of Luyin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of public mourning (480 BC). Confucius also made some judgments on those events according to his own point of view, and chose the words he thought appropriate to imply praise or criticism, which is what people often say. Imitating its style, Zuo Zhuan recorded Lu 12 emperors in the order of recluse, Huan, Zhuang, Min, Nuo, Wen, Xuan, Cheng, Xiang, Zhao, Ding and Ai. The 30-volume book describes in detail the political, diplomatic and social events of various countries and the activities of some representative figures in the Spring and Autumn Period. From a literary point of view, it has a high artistic achievement. He created various precise text structures and charming literary language, vividly described a series of characters, and was especially good at writing complex war events in subtle style. For example, the battle between Qilu and Changshao, the battle between Chu Jin and Chengpu, and the battle between Qin Jin and Chu Jin were tense and dramatic, which became the model of narrative prose in later generations. The Warring States Policy, also known as the National Policy, is an anthology of historians or military strategists of various countries during the Warring States Period, which has been passed down to this day. It was compiled into thirty-three articles by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. It mainly describes the political ideas and struggle strategies put forward by counselors and strategists at that time when lobbying countries or debating with each other. There are biographies, stories, debates and letters, which reflect the sharp and complicated political struggle between countries at that time. It is another famous historical prose after Chunqiu and Zuozhuan in the pre-Qin period. In artistic creation, compared with Zuo Zhuan, it has developed. It often vividly depicts characters' words and deeds in complex political events, portrays many vivid characters and writes many tortuous stories. If you travel, Jing Ke enters Qin, moving Zhao Fei, and Su Qin begins to Lian Heng, which are all well-known masterpieces. This book pays special attention to the art of language and uses a lot of exaggeration and metaphor. Parallelism and other artistic techniques, mixed with fables, show the distinctive characteristics of "passing on" and "arguing freely". Guoyu ***2 1 is said to have been written by Zuo Qiuming. This book focuses on several events in the history of various countries. The style of writing is unpretentious, characterized by being good at remembering words and describing characters' demeanor. ?
Hundred schools of thought's essays can be divided into three periods: the first period is the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period. Among the main works, The Analects of Confucius is written in style, and Laozi uses rhyme, all of which are handouts and abundant. Mozi began to develop into a well-organized prose form. The second period was the mid-Warring States period. His major works are Mencius and Zhuangzi. Their vocabulary is richer than the previous paragraph, and their reasoning is fluent. The third period is the end of the Warring States period, and the main works are Xunzi and Han Feizi. The representative articles in hundred schools of thought's essays are rigorous in logic, in-depth in analysis, gorgeous in wording and remarkable in achievements. Some words in hundred schools of thought's essays are good at expressing characters' personalities and describing their behaviors, which makes people feel that they are smiling. There are many such words in The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, and the Gongbo articles in Mozi also belong to this category. For example, in The Analects of Confucius, Lu, a disciple of Confucius, wrote his forthright, reckless and strong-willed character. Yan Yuan wrote about his silence and eagerness to learn, and his happiness in poverty. There are many vivid sentences in The Analects of Confucius, such as "Learn from pine and cypress when you are cold" and "The three armies can win the position of commander in chief, but every man can't win the ambition". The second is to illustrate the theory vividly with profound fables. Zhuangzi has made the most outstanding achievements in this respect. There are so-called fables, tautology and nonsense in Zhuangzi. Zhuang Zhou thinks that the whole world is "gloomy" and can't talk about Zhuang, so he uses fables and repetitions of "absurd words, absurd words and endless words" to express his thoughts. Fables include some fairy tales and fables that are often said; Repetition is to quote some historical stories and the words of the ancients; Speech is an abstract theory. The artistic achievement of Zhuangzi lies in its romanticism and rich poetry. For example, at the beginning of "Happy Journey", it says, "There are fish in the northern ghost, called Kun, which is so big that I don't know how many miles it is. Adult bird, its name is Peng, and Peng Bei doesn't know its thousands of miles. " From the beginning, I talked about the vastness of heaven and earth and wrote about the arbitrary changes of Kunpeng. Wrote a very open artistic conception. In art, many later poets and essayists love to learn Zhuangzi's style and skills. His imaginative fables and tautology inspired later writers. The third is to pay attention to abstract analysis. At the same time, it is also rich in literary talent, such as Xunzi and Everything is Wrong. In Xunzi's view, persuasion, nature theory and evil nature theory are all good at reasoning, eloquence and calmness. The five comments, loneliness, anger and unspeakable secrets in Han Feizi are all steep in style and meticulous in reasoning. They all had an important influence on later prose.