2. Direct lyric and indirect lyric: Direct expression means direct expression of one's feelings, also called direct expression. To express one's feelings implicitly through the narration, description or discussion of something or a problem is indirect lyricism. China's classical poetry pursues implication, so it is often indirect lyricism, achieving a blend of scenes. "All scenery words are sentimental words", and the emotional combination of scenery and scene is a common technique in classical poetry. Whether the scene blends is a sign to judge whether the classical poetry has artistic conception; Whether there is artistic conception is also a sign to judge whether classical poetry is excellent or not. Such as Zhang Kejiu's "[double tone] Qingjiang Yin Yin? Qiu Huai: Xifeng came to Wan Li and asked me if I would come back. Wild geese crow in red leaves, people get drunk in yellow flowers, and banana rains in Qiu Meng. The poet firmly grasped the meaning of the topic and painted a bleak autumn scenery with west wind, wild geese, red leaves, yellow flowers, plantains and the sound of rain. And because of the arrival of the "west wind", it is related to the uncertainty of "return date"; Because of The Sound of Banana Rain, I was worried about fame and fortune, tossing and turning. Every sentence is a description of the scenery, and every sentence is the unity of lyricism, emotion and scenery.
3. Symbolism: Symbolism is a rhetorical way to convey a certain spiritual quality or abstract things with concrete and concrete things by means of the connection between things. Symbol is a way to express one's ambition with the help of concrete objects. For example, Yu Qian's Ode to Lime: "A thousand hammers cut out a deep mountain, and if the fire burns idle. I am not afraid of broken bones, but I want to remain innocent in the world. " This is a relatively simple and straightforward lyric poem, in which the word "naive" is not only a recitation of the external characteristics of the reciting object, but also a high summary of its charm and character. The value of this poem lies in its self-metaphor, which expresses a person's determination to be loyal to the country, not afraid of sacrifice and stick to noble sentiments. Lime symbolizes the poet's open mind and noble and innocent personality.
4, virtual writing and real writing: virtual writing, not writing the real scene in front of you, but writing the imaginary scene. When literary and artistic works are written in complex situations, the combination of reality and fiction is often adopted, which makes the structure of the works more compact, the image more vivid and the capacity more abundant. For example, Wang Changling's "Join the Army": "There are dark snow-capped mountains in Qinghai, and the lonely city looks at Yumenguan. The yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, and the loulan is not returned. " "There are dark snow-capped mountains in Qinghai, and the lonely city looks at Yumenguan" is an imaginary writing, describing an imaginary scene. Over Qinghai Lake, there is a long mist; To the north of the lake, there is a faint snow-capped mountain stretching for thousands of miles; Crossing the snow-capped mountains, it is an isolated city, standing in the desert of Hexi Corridor. Further west, it is Yumenguan, a military fortress far away from the lonely city. Imagine, if you don't have to write in vain, how can you show such a vast scene? This kind of environmental description has played a good role in expressing the lofty sentiments and ambitions of border guards. The actual writing is self-evident, so I won't analyze it.
5. Frontal description and profile description: For example, Qin Luofu was described in Shang Mo sung by Han Yuefu, with a bun on his head and a bright moon pearl in his ear. Qi is the lower skirt and Qi is the upper skirt. When Monkey saw Luo Fu, he straightened his shoulders and smoothed his moustache. As soon as the teenager saw Luo Fu, he took off his hat and put his hair on his head. The tiller forgets to plow, and the hoe forgets to hoe. In spite of resentment, he sat watching Luo Fu. The first four sentences are positive descriptions and the last eight sentences are side descriptions. The first four sentences exaggerate the beauty of Luo Fu's clothes to set off the nobility and beauty of the characters. As for Luo Fu, how beautiful is it? It's hard to describe. Therefore, the author did not directly write about Luo Fu itself, but wrote about the people around him who were attracted by Luo Fu. Through profile description, he left people with infinite imagination space. She is as beautiful as you wish.
6. Allusions: Stories or words in ancient books are often quoted in classical poems, which are called action allusions. The use of allusions enriches the content of poetry. Such as 1996 college entrance examination poetry appreciation of a Song Yuan, Aruvi's "[disyllabic] laurel?" Yong Shi: Who is the hero in the world? There is wine near the river, which is transverse to tso. Purple covers the yellow flag, which should be borrowed, and the east wind in Chibi. Even more shocked by Wolong in Nanyang, he became famous in the Eight Arrays. Three points tripod, one point west Shu, one point east. The main technique used in this poem is "allusion". For poems with allusions, we need to understand the meaning of allusions in order to understand poems. The most typical is Xin Qiji's Song of Eternal Sorrow? Five allusions have been successfully used in Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou.
7. Set-off: Use similar or opposite conditions between things to highlight some things with some things as a set-off. Using the approximate conditions of one thing to set off another thing is called positive contrast; Using the opposite condition of one thing to set off another thing is called contrast. For example, "the cicada forest is quieter, Tonamiyama is quieter", "Birds sing in the spring stream when the moon rises" and "the trees are shaded everywhere, and the nightingale is quiet when she dreams".
8. Contrast: put two opposing things or two different aspects of the same thing together and compare them with each other. Use contrast, or make the contradiction of opposing things stand out clearly, reveal the essence, and give people profound enlightenment; Or make the two opposing aspects of things set off against each other and complement each other, giving people a deep impression. For example, Gao Shi's Ge Yanxing: "Half of our soldiers died at the front, but the other half is still alive, and there are beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the military camp." Comparing the death of soldiers on the battlefield with the indulgence of the general, the image is vivid and profound. Another example is "the four seas have no idle fields, but farmers still starve to death" (Li Shen's "Agricultural Compassion"). The sharp contrast between "no idle fields" and "starving to death" reveals sharp class contradictions.
9. Ask questions: pretend to ask questions without doubt, and then answer them yourself; Or pretend to ask questions and not answer, so that readers can think about the experience. For example, Du Fu's "Shu Xiang": "Where is the Hall of Fame? In a pine forest near the Silk City. The green grass in spring stained the steps and the birds sang happily under the leaves. " The first sentence is caused by asking. Where is the ancestral temple? Jin Guancheng, thousands of miles away, looking from a distance, saw the cypress forest early, lush and extraordinary weather-that is where Zhuge Wuhou Temple is located. This couplet, straight to the point, falls freely, answers two sentences and opens itself.
10, metaphor: through the similarities between two different things, compare things with things. For example, Li He's History of Horse: "The desert sand is like snow, and the Yanshan moon is like a hook. When you are a golden brain, step on the clear autumn. " For metaphor, it is especially necessary to find out the similarities between ontology and vehicle. Comparing one thing with another is a similar association. Wan Li in Pingsha is like a battlefield scene covered with frost and snow in the moonlight. Most people may only feel sad and cold, but it has an unusual appeal to those who are determined to serve their country. Hook is a kind of machete, which is associated with the weapon image from the bright moon and also means eager to participate in the battle. Comparing one thing with another is based on the need of conception, so our understanding of metaphor must also take into account the theme of poetry.
1 1, analogy: a rhetorical way of writing things as if they were things B. Including personification and simulacra. Personalize things, enliven inanimate things, concretize abstract things, inspire people to associate, and make people feel lively and interesting. At the same time, it can also express rich thoughts and feelings, such as making the lovely more lively and lovely and making the hateful more hateful. "Hibiscus is still worried about the heat at dusk, and its face is covered with an umbrella" (Yang Wanli's Walking on the Lotus at dusk). Through the anthropomorphic description of the lotus in the pond, the shy and immature modality of the lotus is written, which is fresh and lively, full of scenes and interesting. "I'm afraid I can't bear a lot of worries" (Li Qingzhao's Wuling Spring), the author turns the invisible and boundless worries into things with quality and quantity, carries them by boat, and writes the inner world of the characters incisively and vividly by imitating things.
12, metonymy; Don't say the original name of the person or thing you want to say directly, but borrow the name of the person or thing that is closely related to the person or thing instead. The use of metonymy can highlight the characteristics of the described object, arouse readers' association and make them get a clear and profound impression. For example, Li He's "South Garden": Why don't men take Wu Gou and accept fifty states in Guanshan? Please go to see the paintings of the founder heroes with pictures. Another scholar was once called the aristocrat of a million families? "Wu Gou" is a kind of machete in ancient Wu. This represents cutting-edge weapons. "Taking Wu Gou" refers to the action of joining the army, wearing a saber and going to the battlefield. How heroic this spirit is.
13. Duality: Duality, also called duality, refers to the symmetrical arrangement of two sentences or phrases with equal or roughly equal words, the same or similar structure and related meanings. Duality can make the meaning of expression more full and clear; Make the melody appear cadence, clear rhythm and harmonious. Structurally, duality can be divided into strict pair and wide pair. Strict requirements, the upper and lower sentences are required to have the same number of words, the same structure, the same part of speech, flat and parallel, and cannot be used repeatedly. Such as "However, when China keeps our friendship, heaven is still our neighbor" and "Leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward". The former is five or six sentences in five-character poems, and the latter is five or six sentences in seven-character poems. The second couplet (three or four sentences) and the third couplet (five or six sentences) in metrical poems must be antithetical sentences. These two cases fully meet the strict requirements, with neat form, harmonious rhythm, cadence and catchiness. In China's classical poems, metrical poems pay attention to the parallelism and antithesis of words, so they are often strictly opposed. Tolerance is not so strict. Forgiveness is not used in formal poetry, but in prose and parallel prose. Judging from the relationship between the upper and lower sentences in meaning, there are basically three kinds of duality: positive, negative and string. On the contrary, the meanings of the upper and lower sentences are the same, similar or complementary. For example, "two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky." The window contains the autumn snow in Xiling, and the boating gate in Wan Li, Wu Dong ",which are two complementary opposites, depicting the scenery of the thatched cottage observed from the inside out. Objection, the meaning of the upper and lower sentences is opposite or relative. For example, "Mei Xu Xun's snow is three points white, and the snow will lose a piece of Mei Xiang. "String pairs (flow pairs), the meanings of the upper and lower sentences are related (there are relationships such as inheritance, progression, causality, assumptions, conditions, etc.). ), such as "But you can broaden your horizons for 300 miles by walking up a flight of stairs" and "Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south, and then go north-to my own town! ".The former is a hypothetical connection, and the latter is an inheritance.
14. exaggeration: deliberately exaggerating or narrowing a certain feature or character of the expression object to enhance the expressive force of the text. Exaggeration can strongly express the author's emotional attitude towards the person or thing he wants to express, or praise or derogate, or affirm or deny, thus arousing readers' strong * * *. It can also arouse people's association and imagination, which is conducive to revealing the essence of things. For example, Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall" can be recited by preschool children, which shows the spectacular scene of the waterfall flying down in an exaggerated way and is full of the poet's praise for the magical power of nature.
15, inhibition: say the negative and positive aspects at the same time, and only emphasize one of them to achieve the purpose of inhibiting one and promoting the other. According to the form, cadence can be divided into two types: first rising and then suppressing. Give an example of trying to suppress before promoting. For example, Li Shangyin's Jia Sheng: the propaganda room asks for a virtuous person to visit the minister, and Jia Sheng's tone is even more incoherent. Poor midnight is unprecedented, and Mo Wen people ask ghosts and gods. The first two sentences of this poem are written from the front without any derogatory meaning, as if they warmly praised Wendy's thirst for virtue, his open-mindedness and his admiration for Jia Sheng. But after reading the last two sentences, I suddenly realized that the original intention of earnestly seeking talents, asking for advice with an open mind, confiding in one's heart and even "confinement" is not to seek the way of governing the country and reassuring the people, but to "ask ghosts and gods"! What exactly is this pursuit of sages, and what does it mean to sages? Irony, meanness, deep feelings and no inhibition can not achieve this effect.