Memory of membrane:
Linear leaf pair (mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes)
Ruthless sugar (centrosome and ribosome without membrane structure)
2. Discriminatory memory of easily mixed single-celled organisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
A. Prokaryotes: A (Chlamydia) including (Mycoplasma) fine (bacterial) blue (cyanobacteria)
B. Eukaryotes: A group of (Chlamydomonas) yeasts (bacteria) are moldy (bacteria).
C. Prokaryotes have unique organelles: Prokaryotes have nuclei (ribosomes).
3, the role of mineral elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium):
Eggs are (n) yellow (leaves turn yellow when nitrogen is lacking), (p) showers (green) (meaning leaves are dark when phosphorus is lacking), and (k) hepatitis A (stems) (meaning stems are strong when potassium is lacking).
4, biological growth and development of various hormone deficiency or excessive symptoms:
A. Symptoms of growth hormone deficiency or excess: A raw (auxin) pig (dwarfism) was dishonest and saw its acromegaly (gigantism).
B, the role of two kinds of cells in insulin: a) Aunt is very tall-that is, insulin A cells produce glucagon.
5. Hereditary diseases and various hereditary diseases in eugenics: immortal (dominant inheritance) single (single gene) is not enough (rickets), eating soft (achondroplasia) cakes (refers to albinism) dragons (congenital deafness) stupid (phenylketonuria) teenagers (diabetes) without brains (children) with many cleft lips (polygenes).
6. Individual development of animals:
Four stages: fertilized egg transplantation, polar implantation and embryo development,
The stage of differentiation of gastrula, tissue and organ.
The epidermis of the ectoderm is attached to the spirit, and the endoderm gland calls out the skin.
Mesembryoid circulates the true spine, and the visceral adventitia discharges muscles.
7, plant mitosis:
one
The plasma membrane disappears into two bodies,
The equatorial plates are arranged neatly,
Divided into two poles,
Eliminate two and build a new wall.
(Reproduction of membrane nucleus, loss of two bodies)
two
The disappearance of movie benevolence, two manifestations
Dotted central equatorial plate
The split body separates the two poles.
New wall building with two consumptions and two appearances
three
The membrane nucleus disappears, showing two bodies,
The equator with clear shape and quantity,
The number of point cracks increases uniformly at both poles,
Two, three, start again now.
four
Mitosis is divided into five segments, which are connected before, during and after.
First, the interval is prepared, during which the dye body replicates.
The membrane nucleus disappears into two bodies, and the equatorial plates are arranged neatly.
Divide it equally, pull it to the poles, two will be gone, and a new wall will be built.
five
The cell cycle is divided into five stages.
Connect the front, middle and back.
Prepare for the intermission first.
Great changes have taken place in both aspects.
Centromeres gather on the equatorial plane.
Spinning dyes are divided into two groups.
Two phenomena, two eliminations and the appearance of new walls
six
Before: two losses, two now scattered.
Chinese: Centromeres point to a plane, and the number and shape can be seen clearly.
After: Centromere is divided into two points, the number is doubled and removed.
Outcome: two now, two lost, one rebuilt.
8. Trace elements
one
New astro boy, fierce!
Zinc, iron, boron, copper, molybdenum and manganese
two
The iron slammed into the new barrel.
Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Mo and Cu
three
The iron gate woke the copper mother [donkey]
Fe-Mn-B-Zn-Cu-Mo
9, a large number of elements
When foreigners visit relatives, Dan stays to build a beautiful home.
O P C H N S P Ca Mg K
Person = person
10, the trace elements that make up protein.
TongTieXin nodded.
Copper, iron, zinc, manganese and iodine
1 1, eight essential amino acids
Methionine valine lysine isoleucine phenylalanine leucine tryptophan threonine
1, A brought a bright book.
Suppose you borrowed one or two books.
3. Bring one or two monochrome books.
4. Two agreements, with love letters (Valeriana officinalis, egg color Sulai)
5, Su Wei color, want to default, leave a handle at home.
6.a came to borrow a blue book.
7, stupid, and lai, but bright colors, easy to crack, is a pair of fake shoes. (Benzyl is bright, Isosu is valerian)
12, trace elements in plant mineral elements
The donkey cracked a new iron drum, fierce!
Molybdenum, chlorine, boron, nickel, zinc, iron, copper and manganese
13, Photosynthesis Song
Photosynthesis has two reactions, light and darkness alternate at the same time.
Light and darkness go in two steps, and light and darkness also provide hydrogen energy.
Pigment has two purposes: absorbing light, dissolving water, releasing oxygen and secretly supplying hydrogen.
A D P becomes T P, and light becomes unstable chemical energy;
Light completes the dark reaction and then fixes it first.
Keywords carbon dioxide stomata, C 5 combined with C 3,
Multi-step reduction of C 3 requires enzymes, energy and hydrogen.
Organic matter as a reduction product in which energy is stored,
C 5 reacted after leaving and circulated endlessly.
14, differentiation of tissues and organs
Liver and pancreas are eliminated internally, and exogenous factors lead to longevity.
15, meiosis formula
Sexual germ cell preparation
Premature mother cell association
Homologous separation after plate arrangement
Dyeing is never a pair.
The second mother seems to be like silk.
A row of plates after cracks
Sisters say goodbye to each other.
Again, the quality problem.
Dyeing-merging-splitting
The number of homologous species is halved.
Sperm and sperm divide eggs in different ways.
Solve problems in the future
16, digestion and absorption of food
The digestion of starch begins in the mouth,
Saliva, intestine, pancreas and glucose;
Protein's digestion starts from the stomach,
Gastric juice, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice become amino;
Fat is digested in the small intestine,
Bile emulsification helps first,
Particles are mixed into pancreas and intestine,
Convert into glycerol fatty acid;
Oral esophagus does not absorb,
The amount of alcohol ingested by the stomach is very small,
The small intestine absorbs six nutrients,
Water enters the large intestine without support.
17, Prokaryote species
1, blue sweater (cyanobacteria, bacteria, actinomycetes, mycoplasma, chlamydia)
2, fine thread woven blue clothes (bacteria, actinomycetes, mycoplasma, cyanobacteria, chlamydia)
18, 12 pairs of cranial nerves
One sniff, two eyes, three eyes, four slides, five forks and six abduction.
Seven listens to all directions and nine tongues swallow, and the deputy god is lost under the tongue.
19, pigment chromatography (from top to bottom)
Hu Ye (leaf), ab leaf.
20, suffering from X recessive genetic disease.
Mothers will suffer because of their children,
A son is always a father;
Fathers are always the same,
If a woman suffers, so does her father.
2 1, amino acid classification:
Asparagus Valley, Laijing Group, Styrene-acrylic cheese fragrance.
Cross-strait poetry and books are half-shouldered, and dry cakes are limited.
【 Note 】 Asparagus and millet are acidic, while Lai, Jing and Zu are alkaline. Phenyl propyl, color and cheese have benzene rings. Silk, perilla, cysteine, egg, asparagine and glutamine are polar, while sweetness, propylene, valerian, brightness, brightness and preserved fruit are nonpolar.
22, the human body common endocrine glands:
My aunt's surname is Jia, and her waist is drooping. (islet, gonad, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland)
23, DNA structure characteristics:
Double helix structure, opposite polarity and parallel.
The bases are complementary and paired, and the arrangement order is infinite.
24, judging the growth trend of plants:
"Not long"-"Really" (auxin)
"Bending or not"-"Uneven" (auxin distribution)
"Uneven"-Light and Force
25, DNA crude extraction and identification steps:
1, 4,6 Filter 2,5 solution, and 3,7 precipitate 8 for identification.
26, meiosis and mitosis judgment:
Silk is homologous and unpaired, and it is difficult to pair without ⅱ.
Synapses form tetrads, and homologous segregation is negative ⅰ.
27, innate behavior and acquired behavior:
Pioneers gallop-innate behavior: tropism, unconditional reflex and instinct.
Post-impression acquisition behavior: impression, imitation and conditioned reflex.
28, auxin coleoptile tip sensitive and bending parts:
The sensitive tip is bent under the tip-the sensitive part is the tip and the bent part is the lower end of the tip.
29, microscope use essentials:
1, "three turns" when aiming light: converter, shutter and reflector.
2. When looking for an object: At first glance, the object is clear and fine-tuned.
30. Color-changing characteristics of anthocyanins: acid red, basic blue and neutral purple.
3 1, anatomical memory formula
Femoral vein (V), femoral artery (A) and femoral nerve (N)
The arrangement of the femoral triangle just constitutes the English word van.
Ligament connecting vertebrae
There are mainly five types, including three long ligaments (supraspinous ligament, anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament) and two short ligaments (ligamentum flavum and interspinous ligament), which can be summarized as "three long and two short"
Eyeball structure
One hole (pupil), two bodies (lens and vitreous body) and three membranes (adventitia, media and intima).
Eight carpal bones
Boat-moon triangle beans, big and small head hooks.
Branches of abdominal aorta
The middle and upper kidney moves with the testis [female ovarian artery], the upper intestine and the lower abdomen.
The main structure of entering and leaving the hilum
(pulmonary artery-artery, pulmonary vein-static and bronchial-branch) arrangement: from front to back (the left and right lung roots are the same), pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery and bronchus, from top to bottom, the left lung root is pulmonary artery, bronchus and pulmonary vein, and the right lung root is bronchus, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein. Because of the different arrangement of front and back and up and down, it is easy to remember upside down and make mistakes.
Suppose a comrade surnamed Qin is called "Comrade Qin" (static, dynamic and branch-that is, the order of left and right lung roots from front to back); The English name is "Comrade Qin" (Comrade Qin-dynamic, dynamic and static, that is, the top-down arrangement order of the left lung root), and finally inverted (ambition is the same as Qin-dynamic and static, and the right lung root is arranged from top to bottom).
32, physiological memory formula
Factors affecting oxygen dissociation curve.
Convert the pH value to [H+] to remember:
[H+], pCO2, temperature, 2,3-DPG increase,
The oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right.
Examination questions of western medicine this year -9.
Characteristics of microcirculation:
Low, slow, big and changeable;
Factors affecting venous return:
Blood volume, posture, three pumps (heart, breathing, skeletal muscle);
General characteristics of hormones:
No management, target, small quantity and high efficiency;
Effects of glucocorticoid on metabolism;
Raise sugar, dissolve eggs and remove fat;
Physiological effects of aldosterone:
Preserve sodium, water and potassium, etc.
Regulation of autonomic nerve on visceral function
Sympathetic nerve excitation, rapid heartbeat, hypertension and sweating,
Pupil dilation, urine retention and gastrointestinal peristalsis are inhibited;
Keywords paraexcitation, slow heartbeat, glandular secretion of bronchial stenosis,
Pupil contraction gastrointestinal peristalsis, relax sphincter.
33, biochemical memory formula
Eight essential amino acids (the first one is easier to read)
1. "One or two pigments are lighter" (isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, threonine, phenylalanine, lysine, methionine, valine).
2. "Write a book of courage pigments" (valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, methionine, leucine, tryptophan, threonine, lysine).
3. Chicken crisp, dry (bright) dry (bright), the true color depends on it.
Sugar-producing, ketogenic and ketogenic amino acids:
Ketogenesis+sugar production and ketogenesis = "one or two pigments are old" (isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, threonine, phenylalanine, lysine, tyrosine), in which the ketogenic amino acid is "bright"; Except for these seven amino acids, the rest are sugar-producing amino acids.
Acidic amino acids:
Glutamate-the millet in the sky is very sour, (aspartic acid, glutamic acid);
Basic amino acids:
A delegation to Beijing-nothing to explain, (Lys, Arg, His).
Aromatic amino acids have the maximum absorption peak at 280nm.
The color is old and stupid-it can only be expressed in words, (tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine), and the order must be clearly remembered. Cheese >: Benzene C, this year's western medicine exam-19.
The origin of a carbon unit
Hepatobiliary obstruction-well understood, (glycine, methionine, histidine, tryptophan, serine).
Competitive inhibition of enzymes
According to the conditions, development and results of things, hierarchical memory is carried out;
1. "Competition" needs two sides-between substrate and inhibitor;
2. Why can there be "competition"-the two are similar in structure;
3. "Competition focus"-the active center of the enzyme;
4. "Inhibitors occupy the active center of the enzyme"-the activity of the enzyme is inhibited.
Uronic acid, an enzyme that synthesizes vitamin C.
Mrs. Gu Long, the Tang Priest, loves to raise thrush (gulonolactone oxidase).
34, biological formula
Chloroplast: the outer membrane is double-layered, the basal particles are like cakes, the pigment is on the top, and the enzymes in the cyst are on the bottom. Germ layer differentiation: the outer layer is attached to the spirit, the inner layer has no respiration and pancreas and liver, and the others come from mesoderm.
The important period of metaphase mitosis: the equator is homogeneous, with clear shape and quantity.
Essential amino acids: one or two pigments are lighter, such as isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, threonine, phenylalanine, lysine, methionine and valine.
Essential amino acids: bring one or two monochrome books, isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, threonine, phenylalanine, lysine, methionine and valine.
The heart of birds and mammals:? The atrium is above and the chamber is below. Atrial vein (heart) ventricular connection (pulse), left ventricular systemic artery (pulse), right ventricular lung (artery), remember the staggered circulation.
Blood composition change song:? The arteries and veins of the heart remain unchanged, and organs should be exchanged. Static (pulse blood) changes (pulse blood) flow through the lungs. Other organs become static (pulse blood).
Four kinds of chlorophyll, the chromatographic order is: Hu Ye? A, B also. (carotene, lutein, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b)
Biological trace elements: iron, manganese, boron, zinc, green molybdenum and copper (iron falls into a new green bucket)
Essential amino acids: one borrowed (Valeriana officinalis) one (different) benzene blue (brilliant) color book (Su).
Mitosis: intermittent replication plus synthesis, early elimination, mid-term queuing on the equatorial plate, and finally reflection on the front plate wall. (Reverse: just the opposite of the previous period; Plate: a cell plate is formed at the equatorial plate position and then a cell wall is formed) About the formation of urine: a small tube is curved and long, with a renal capsule at the end; There is a glomerulus in the capsule, in which arterial blood flows; Blood flows through this filter, resulting in the original urinary tubule; Renal tubules are so greedy that useful substances are absorbed; Waste salt and a small amount of water form urine and send it to the stomach; The small belly is full of urethral secretions, and the internal environment is balanced and healthy.
2)
Borrowing Poems and Proverbs to Help Understand If poems and proverbs are skillfully used in biology classroom teaching, students' understanding of biology knowledge will be deepened and their interest in biology will be improved.
Such as: as you sow, you reap? -Explain the heredity of living things. A mother gives birth to nine children, and nine children are different? -It shows that biological variation (gene recombination) takes root-vegetative propagation has no intention of planting willows in the shade-vegetative propagation has moths to put out the fire-stress and phototaxis are not suitable for one mountain but two tigers-mantis catches cicadas in an intraspecific struggle, yellowbird comes last-it preys on big fish eat small fish and small fish eats shrimp-it preys on snipe mussels for interspecific competition. Born in Huaibei, it is bitter orange-the influence of temperature on biology is not perfect-the influence of altitude on biology. A single spark can start a prairie fire-this shows that grassland ecosystems are easily destroyed, wildfires never completely burn them down, and they grow taller in the spring breeze-which shows that grassland ecosystems are easy to recover. It shows that the relativity of adaptation is that once bitten, twice shy. -Effects of mineral elements on organisms
Characteristics of Cruciferae, Leguminosae and Compositae in Plant Teaching:? Cruciferae, four strong stamens bear pods. ? Butterfly corolla is a leguminous, dimorphic pod. ? The flower head is compositae, and polyandry stamens have achenes.
The basic law of living matter: water and inorganic salts, form determines function. Sugar and lipid, the energy source of cells; Variety and function have also changed. Nucleic acid protein, unit is the key. Amino and carboxyl groups are dehydrated into peptide bonds; Five-carbon sugar phosphate base, * * * together form nucleotide.
Amino acid classification: asparagus valley, Laijing group, styrene-acrylic cheese fragrance. Cross-strait poetry and books are half-shouldered, and dry cakes are limited. 【 Note 】 Asparagus and millet are acidic, while Lai, Jing and Zu are alkaline. Phenyl propyl, color and cheese have benzene rings. Silk, perilla, cysteine, egg, asparagine and glutamine are polar, while sweetness, propylene, valerian, brightness, brightness and preserved fruit are nonpolar. Poppy chrysanthemum convolvulus, banana papaya (with milk tube), rhododendron walnut, mulberry plum grape (endophytic mycorrhiza).
1. Chapter 1 Memory line of cell membrane in cell structure: Two leaves (mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes) have no sugar (centrosome and ribosome have no membrane structure).
2. Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes and Easy-to-mix Single-celled Organisms Differentiate Memory Prokaryotes: One (Chlamydia) Branch (Mycoplasma) Fine (Bacterium) Blue (Cyanobacteria) Eukaryotes: One (Chlamydomonas) Mass (Algae) Yeast (Fungi) Mold (Fungi) Prokaryotes only have organelles: Prokaryotes (prokaryotes) have nuclei (ribosomes.
3, the role of mineral elements (N, P, K) eggs (N) yellow (leaves turn yellow when nitrogen is lacking), (P) showers (green) (leaves turn black when phosphorus is lacking) (K) hepatitis A (stems) (stems are strong when potassium is lacking)
4. Symptom identification when various hormones are deficient or excessive in biological growth and development. Symptoms of growth hormone deficiency or excess. The first born (auxin) pig (dwarfism) was dishonest, and its acromegaly (gigantism) was sawed off. B. The role of two kinds of cells in insulin (a) Aunt is very tall-that is, insulin A cells produce glucagon.
5. The content and proposer of five-realm classification: Prokaryote (biological) original (biological) taste (Wittke) true (bacterial) beauty (beauty)-The five-realm classification proposed by Wittke in the United States and its contents include prokaryotes, protozoa, fungi, animals and plants.
6. In biological evolution (1), human evolution has four stages: difficulty (Australopithecus) ability (Homo erectus) ambition (wisdom-Homo sapiens). (2) Sagittarius (Maba) Ding (Dingcun) found among Homo sapiens in early and late human evolution ate jujube (early Homo sapiens) mud (Neanderthals for short) and there were Luo (Croman) bowls (late Homo sapiens) in caves (Neanderthals).
7. Genetic diseases and various genetic diseases in eugenics (dominant inheritance) lack of single gene (rickets) eating soft (achondroplasia) cakes (also referred to as albino dragons (congenital deafness) stupid (phenylketonuria) teenagers (diabetes) anencephaly (children) cleft lip (polygenic inheritance) complain more.
Geography is memorizing maps. You should draw by yourself, read more and memorize more.